Lecture Notes on Epigenetics and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Introduction to Genetics

• Genetic Code (Genome): Inherited from parents, serves as an instruction manual for body growth and development.
• Influence of Experiences: Life experiences affect how the genome is read and reacted to.

Understanding Epigenetics

• Definition: Study of how behaviors, environments, and life experiences affect gene function.
• Gene Functionality: Genes can be turned on or off like switches.
  • Master Switch Genes: Control the activation of other genes.
  • Dynamic Switch Genes: Frequently switch on and off (e.g., circadian rhythm genes).
  • Stable Switch Genes: Remain consistently on or off throughout a person's life.

Impact of Environment and Experience on Genes

• Role of Environment: Social and environmental stimuli can affect gene expression, leading to alterations in health, development, and behavior.
• Lasting Effects: Epigenetic changes can significantly impact individual well-being and development trajectories.

Connection to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

• Early Childhood Experiences: Adversity can lead to epigenetic changes.
• Health Outcomes: Early adversity linked to negative health outcomes and risky behaviors.
• Genetic Expression:
  • Genes predisposed to conditions like depression or obesity may not be expressed without environmental triggers.
  • Adverse environments can switch on harmful genes, increasing long-term negative outcomes.

Intergenerational Implications

• Generational Changes: Evidence suggests some epigenetic changes can be transmitted to future generations.
• Genes are not Destiny: Interventions at early stages can prevent negative epigenetic effects.
• Breaking the Cycle: Early interventions can reverse negative outcomes linked to ACEs and intergenerational trauma.