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# BIOL 108 Introduction to Biological Diversity
Topic 3: Taxonomy
> Lecture A2
> Yan-yin Wang
Context
Proposed idea: Human most definitely share a tendency and necessity to group things together.
Taxonomy: Discipline of naming organisms and placing them into containers of classification.
Nomenclature: A system of rules for naming things that is agreed upon by most scholars.
> https://www.pinterest.com/pin/AQmBaSPrpq2NsUHQkJOmRxCw4V8OeEQPDaHvcSZzu5xtQbS L1pPznwM/
> # taxonomic cabinet.
( (
(Common Language and Intuition are not Enough
Inconsistency across cultures
Example: Crow = Krhe = = ( )
Do not always representing biological relationships
Incorrect relationship (e.g. Magpie)
Non-existing relationship (e.g. fish names in fishery)
# Fish names in Ilhabela, Brazil.
# the Black-billed magpie ( Pica hudsonia ) (left) and
# the Australian magpie ( Gymnorhina tibicen ) (right)
https://australian.museum/learn/animals/ birds/australian-magpie/
@Yan-yin Wang Ramires, M., Clauzet, M., & Begossi, A. (2012). Folk taxonomy of fishes of artisanal fishermen of Ilhabela (So Paulo/Brazil). Biota Neotropica , 12 , 29-40. Folk Taxonomy
All languages have words for organisms and categories of organisms (e.g. deer, trees, critters).
This vocabulary implies a traditional, informal taxonomic scheme, which can evolve together with the language.
May not be a rigorous scheme to capture biological relationships.
# Fish names in Ilhabela, Brazil.
Ramires, M., Clauzet, M., & Begossi, A. (2012). Folk taxonomy of fishes of artisanal fishermen of Ilhabela (So Paulo/Brazil). Biota Neotropica , 12 , 29-40.
# Different colours of the same teleost species, Amphilophus labiatus
Lehtonen, T. K., Candolin, U., & Wong, B. B. (2023). Environmental variation promotes colour morph-specific behavioural differences in a cichlid fish. Animal Behaviour , 197 , 123-130. The Linnaean System of Nomenclature
First developed by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linn), 1707-1778
Description: Classification system in which species were grouped together on the basis of similarity
Pre-evolutionary, most definitely has a creationistic context
Two prominent features
Classification is hierarchical constituted of groups called ranks based on similar appearance, structures functions, etc.
Unique reference to a species by binomial nomenclature.
> Carl Linnaeus (by A. Roslin, 1775)
Example on Hierarchical Ranks
Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:
Order:
Family:
Genus:
Species:
> https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/biology/taxonomy/taxonomy-history
> # The Chinese alligator, Alligator sinensis .
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Crocodylia
Family: Alligatoridae
Genus: Alligator
Species: sinensis
> @Yan-yin Wang
Example on Hierarchical Ranks
The Linnaean classification starts from lower ranks (e.g. Species), and form increasingly broader groups at higher ranks (e.g. Family).
Major ranks from inclusive to specific: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species.
Taxon/Taxonomic unit : a unit of classification at any rank.
> Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V., & Jackson, R. B. (2024). Campbell biology (4th Canadian ed.). Pearson.
# Hierarchy of the beaver, Castor .
> https://www.reddit.com/r/comics/comments/11czbkl/plans/
The Binomial Nomenclature
Biological species are designated by a unique, two-part name.
Binomial name must contain:
Genus name.
Species/Specific name.
Binomial name must follow a strict format.
Iris germanica (Linnaeus, 1753)
binomial (in italics )
genus (starts with capital)
species (all lower-case)
authority (person who first named the species)
year the species was first named
brackets indicate that the species has been moved from its original genus (in this case, Xiphium )
> # The delicate beauty, Iris germanica .
> https://www.gardenia.net/plants/genera/iris-germanica-bearded-iris
Limitation of Linnaeus Classification
At high-level ranks, groups and family lineages of organisms are not always comparable.
Features/characters may be informative in one group but not the other (e.g. having a backbone).
The number of features available would be different among lineage.
It does not depict evolutionary relationship between taxa at multiple levels.
The foundation is similarity, which may not represent genealogy or evolutionary relationship (e.g. dessert plants)