Overview
This review covers foundational concepts from Chapter 2 of American Government 3e, focusing on the origins, development, and components of the U.S. Constitution.
Influences on American Political Thought
- Colonists were influenced by John Locke's ideas in the late seventeenth century.
- The social contract theory states citizens consent to be governed in exchange for protection of their natural rights.
Road to Independence
- Key tenets influencing independence included liberty, equality, and individual rights.
- British actions, such as taxation without representation and harsh laws, convinced colonists to seek independence.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
- The national government could not impose taxes under the Articles of Confederation.
- Shays’ Rebellion highlighted the inability of the national government to maintain order or address economic issues.
The Constitution and Representation
- The Great Compromise created a bicameral Congress: House representation based on state population, Senate with two senators per state.
- Delegates resolved the slavery issue with the Three-Fifths Compromise, counting 60% of enslaved people for representation and taxation.
Ratification and Federal Power
- The separation of powers means dividing government roles among different branches to prevent abuse.
- The Federalist Papers were written to encourage New York to ratify the Constitution.
- Alexander Hamilton argued a single executive was less dangerous and could act faster in crises.
The Bill of Rights and Amendments
- Many opposed ratification due to the lack of a Bill of Rights, which was later added to protect individual freedoms.
- Three-fourths of states must ratify an amendment for it to become law.
- The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments, protecting personal liberties.
- The Fourteenth Amendment protected individual rights against state infringement.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Social Contract — Agreement where citizens consent to be governed in exchange for protection of their rights.
- Articles of Confederation — The first U.S. government framework, lacking strong central power.
- Great Compromise — Bicameral legislature with proportional House and equal Senate representation.
- Three-Fifths Compromise — Counted 60% of enslaved persons for representation and taxation.
- Separation of Powers — Division of government into branches with distinct powers.
- Federalist Papers — Essays advocating ratification of the Constitution.
- Bill of Rights — First ten amendments guaranteeing civil liberties.
- Fourteenth Amendment — Provided equal protection and due process under the law.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Chapter 2 key terms and summary for further understanding.
- Complete any assigned critical thinking questions in the textbook.