Lecture Notes: Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan

Introduction

• The Shogun fell ill upon hearing about a foreign naval squadron at his doorstep, likely due to shock.
• Advisers attempted to manage the crisis as messages arrived rapidly.
• Orders were given to great clans to maintain vigilance.

Commodore Perry's Arrival

• A squadron of guard boats was sent to surround the American ships.
• Japanese officers ordered the Americans to leave, but Perry ignored the orders.
• Perry believed that by being exclusive and demanding respect, he would earn it from the Japanese.

Japanese Reaction

• 5,000 Samurai Warriors lined the shores as a show of force.
• Perry refused to leave and emphasized the superiority of the U.S.
• Tensions rose as Perry's crews prepared for action and presented demands to open Japan for trade.
• Perry planned to return for an answer and was willing to use force.

Cultural and Leadership Challenges

• Perry's manner was seen as arrogant, causing national insult and frustration.
• Perry was viewed as a devil by some Japanese, causing fascination and fear.
• The Shogun's death left the new Shogun unfit to lead, and advisers struggled to make decisions.

Divergent Views

• Debate over how to respond: Open the country or expel the barbarians.
• The shogunate gathered opinions from the Daimyo, breaking tradition.
• Indecisiveness led to inadequate defense preparations.

Perry's Return and Negotiation

• Perry returned with a larger force, increasing tension.
• Negotiations began, lasting 23 days.
• The treaty was a compromise, allowing both countries to benefit.

Treaty Outcomes

• Perry established U.S.-Japan relations without Japan losing control over foreign relations.
• The shogunate's decision to choose peace preserved Japan's sovereignty.

Cultural Exchange

• Social evening arranged before the treaty signing, featuring sumo wrestlers and cultural exchanges.
• Perry gifted technological items like a telegraph and a camera, which intrigued the Japanese.

Aftermath

• Japan soon signed trade agreements with other Western powers.
• The Tokugawa dynasty's rule was ending, leading to the modern era.
• The samurai class was officially disbanded, though its ethic remained ingrained in Japanese culture.
• 1868 marked the end of Tokugawa rule, ushering in a new phase for Japan.