Overview
This lecture analyzes Macbeth as a tragic hero, exploring how Shakespeare builds and complicates his character in the play, especially focusing on ambition as his tragic flaw.
Macbeth as a Tragic Hero
- Macbeth fits Aristotle's definition of a tragic hero: highly renowned, suffers a reversal from good to bad, and falls due to a personal error (hamartia).
- Aristotle’s “hamartia” refers to the protagonist’s tragic flaw, which in Macbeth’s case is ambition.
- Macbeth’s reputation as a brave and respected warrior is established before he appears on stage, through the sergeant, King Duncan, and Banquo.
- The play’s violent setting values strength and battlefield prowess, making Macbeth’s initial nobility credible.
Ambition and Downfall
- Macbeth’s ambition is triggered and vocalized after hearing the witches' prophecy in Act 1.
- Banquo, who also hears the prophecy, serves as a foil, reacting with skepticism, unlike Macbeth who is visibly affected.
- Macbeth’s soliloquy in Act 1 Scene 7 reveals his self-awareness that “vaulting ambition” drives him toward murder.
- As Macbeth follows his ambition, he descends into greater evil, ordering multiple murders.
Changing Perceptions of Macbeth
- Other characters’ opinions of Macbeth shift: initially described as “noble,” later labeled “tyrant,” “hellhound,” and “dead butcher.”
- Macbeth becomes emotionally numb, as seen in his response to Lady Macbeth’s death.
Retaining Audience Sympathy
- Shakespeare keeps some sympathy for Macbeth by keeping major murders offstage and having him order rather than commit them.
- Structural choices, such as Hecate’s speech, remind audiences Macbeth is not purely evil.
- In his final scenes, Macbeth’s bravery and refusal to surrender echo his initial heroism, evoking pity.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Tragic Hero — A protagonist of high status who falls from grace due to a personal flaw (hamartia).
- Hamartia — The tragic flaw or error leading to the protagonist’s downfall.
- Foil — A character who contrasts with another, highlighting the latter’s traits.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review Macbeth’s soliloquy in Act 1 Scene 7 for evidence of his ambition.
- Note how other characters describe Macbeth throughout the play.
- Prepare for further analysis of Macbeth’s character in future lectures.