hello and welcome back after a short Hiatus to all you need notes for Edexcel IGCSE history and today on the second part of superpower relations from 1943 to 72 on the early developments in the Cold War from 1945 to 49 so just after the second world war and in this video I'll be giving two effects of everything in the specification to help you especially with question B but also for question C and for question a to know the facts of what happened and in the photo there you can see a picture from the Berlin airlift crisis which is the last part in this section of the specification so to begin with then the Iron Curtain Speech the first effect of this was that it promoted the idea of the Soviet sphere of influence so Churchill gave a speech he'd been the former prime minister of Britain in America in March of 1946 and in this he talked about the Declaration on liberated Europe if you remember from the first video this had been agreed upon at the Yalta Conference and it was where Stalin had agreed that all the Eastern European countries which the Soviets had occupied would have free and fair elections in Eastern Europe however he only paid lip service to this idea he was not in fact promoting democracy he was not promoting free elections in these countries Churchill said that that's starting to Brokenness agreement um and he claimed that the satellite states which the Soviets had invaded after the war um had well during the war had control from Moscow and they were under Stalin's influence the Soviets and the Communists were controlling these countries they were not be give they were not being given Democratic elections there was no opportunity for for different political viewpoints to take power of these countries they were firmly under the Soviets grasp and he gave an example with the Polish government so before the war there had been a Polish government and they had been evacuated to London and they were called the London polls after the war when the Soviets came in they set up their own communist government which became known as the London polls and what happened then was that these two uh governments came together post-war and government Poland together however members of the London polls have been disappearing mysteriously and Churchill used its disabled obviously the Soviets had taken them um and this means that selling can't be trusted he's not allowing Democratic elections in these countries he's not allowing the will of the people he's removing any political opposition and he is not obeying free and fair Democratic elections the second effect of the speech was that Churchill was showing a difference between the Communist um and the capitalist areas of Europe so the Communists in the East and the capitalists in the West so both sides and Communists and capitalists solve each other as opponents both sides saw that the other was trying to destroy their side and was trying to take over the world essentially and this divide this Rift between these two sides of Europe led to Stark differences across uh Europe so Marshall 8 was given to Western European countries by the us we'll see this in two slides time um and it meant that Western European countries were covered much quicker uh and were performing much much better than Eastern European countries and this led to a clear difference in the quality of life between the capitalist countries which had recovered to pre-war Levels by 1952 were doing really really well and the Eastern European countries which was still um feeling the consequences of the war had not been rebuilt and were very very poor and so Churchill described this as the Iron Curtain this border between the nice Western European countries which had a good quality of life and the really poor Eastern European countries and it was really hard to cross the sideboard um and so so this was the design curtain which which was the Border there was a huge difference between the two sides and it did lead to people trying to to move across from Eastern Europe to Western Europe the next thing then is the Truman Doctrine the first effect of this was that America committed itself to help fight communism so President Truman uh on the 12th of March 1947 gave a speech to Congress in which he announced a huge economic package of 400 million dollars which he would give to Greece the Greek government at the time was trying to fight communist rebels who were trying to take over the government but this money allowed the Greek government to keep fighting the communist rebels and to keep democracy in Greece and Truman then pledged to help any country with money with military assistance with whatever they needed to help fight the communist rebels if they weren't a threat and this led later to America get involved in Korea in the Korean War Vietnam in the Vietnam War and Cuba as well essentially trim was very very scared about the companies trying to take over so I wanted to stop this and this leads on to the second effect which was that America implemented a policy of containment so Truman had received The Long Telegram so-called because it was very very long um and in this essentially it said that the Soviets were trying to spread communism all over the world um and especially in Europe Atrium was very very scared about communist spreading it was the direct opposite of capitalism it opposed everything he believed in and he did not want this to happen so he thought the best policy would be to stop it spreading I.E to contain it he couldn't do anything about the country's already communist um the Soviets had their boots on the ground in the satellite States America could not just go in and invade them all and stop it the Soviets were too strong and powerful for this so we couldn't do anything about the countries that were already communist but he could stop communism spreading and this led as we'll see on the next slide to the Marshall Plan where America gave 13 billion dollars to um Europe to help them rebuild and because they could rebuild this would mean that communism was less likely to spread to those countries because if people were happy if people had jobs in healthcare and houses and were where um were fed and healthy this would mean that they were less likely to say well how about we try communism because they're not in such a poor desperate state so the martial planet the first effect of this was that Europe was rebuilt so America gave 13 billion dollars to countries in Europe uh in June of 1947 including France Germany Britain there were 17 in total and these countries use this money to buy food to buy to raise employment levels to build houses to increase the availability of health care so that these countries were then less susceptible to Communism people were happy so they would not want to try to change the political landscape dramatically in order to accept this money countries had to agree free trade agreements with America and this just confirms Stalin's own fears that America was trying to spread capitalism everywhere and America was trying to make sure that all the countries could trade with America without taxes um and he started really did not like this however the money did work and the economy of the countries the economies of the countries that accepted the money were boosted to pre-war Levels by 1952 so very very quickly these countries really recovered from the war the second effect was it created a rift in Europe so Stalin really disliked this he accused the America of what he called dollar imperialism so trying to make Europe economically dependent on America with all these free trade agreements um and so he banned the satellite States from taking the money and this led to a rift along the Iron Curtain so the western side the capitalist side rebuilt much much faster they had a better quality of life they had more money more food more Health Care Etc Eastern European country is very very poor um and what doing as well Stalin tried to stimulate the economies of Eastern Europe but failed so we set up Comic-Con in 1949 but this didn't work out and we'll see Comic-Con in two slides time so on to common form then so there are two different organizations which you need to know about common form and copycon the common part in both of them stands for communist inform stands for information so think propaganda and econ sense of Economics so think money to come informed and first effect was that it strengthened Stalin's control over Eastern Europe so this was set up in September of 1947 and it represented All European communist parties including those from the satellite states which were the leading governmental Powers but also the ones from countries like France and Italy these communist parties weren't in government but they were still strong and they they were still under Stalin's influence and this made sure that starting could ensure loyalty in Eastern European governments so that these communist parties were typing the line were following the Soviet Union to make sure that satellite States stayed loyal to the Soviets and this Theory common form um these parties could share propaganda they could share it across Europe to all the different European communist parties it would show it they could try to increase the attraction of Communism and this just made sure that Stalin could spread his own views of Communism to all these countries making sure that they followed the stalinist Communist approach and so it increased Stalin's influence over the Communist parties of Europe but especially of Eastern Europe the second effect was that these countries um in Comic-Con tried to raise anger against the martial plan so as we saw Stalin accused martial Aid of dollar imperialism Europe was reliant on America and so he made sure that all con that the countries um where communism was the ruling party rejected martial Aid so that none of these European countries were allowed to accept Marshal Aid it was offered to them but they had to refuse it and so they recovered much much slower from the war in terms of the Western European countries because their communist parties were represented in coming from um they had to organize strikes against martial Aid basically Stalin feared that because the countries um that accepted this Aid uh would have better economics um would have better Healthcare better jobs better housing Etc it would weaken the attraction of Communism so these countries would be less likely to to accept a copying stop rising and this meant that he had to try and stop this and so the Communist party is in France um in Italy for example organized strikes from workers so in France two million workers went on strike against martial Aid it didn't make much of a difference so France still accepted it the second uh thing that was set up was coming Khan so the first effect of this was that Eastern Europe developed slower than Western Europe so coming home was set up in January 1949 and as I've alluded to it was set up to oppose martial Aid and to try and improve the satellite States Marshall had been given to the Western European countries to try and successfully improve them Eastern European countries had Comic-Con which didn't in order to to help improve jobs food Health Etc you needed a lot of money and the Americans have 13 billion dollars to give the Soviets were cash strapped after the second world war they had very little to give and so there was very little Improvement and so Comic-Con failed Stalin hated this idea of dollar imperialism he didn't want America to have an economic Reliance um sorry for European countries have an economic Reliance on America but because he wasn't plowing money into the into the satellite states countries they had to uh there was a huge split in quality of life across their own curtain they recovered a lot lot slower um and so there was this huge Rift uh in the quality of life across the anchor the second effect was that Stalin affirmed his sphere of influence so through Comic-Con he discouraged any trade whatsoever by satellite state countries with America he wanted Soviet Union he wanted the satellite states to be independent to be completely self-reliant to to be able to um to have everything they needed for themselves without having to trade but what happened through Comic-Con was that each of the satellite States put money into um a group sort of funding allocation but the Soviet Union used that money not to give it to these countries to develop Healthcare or whatever they used it for themselves to to help um develop the Soviet Union and so the US didn't gain economic Power Rangers in Europe that's true Stalin maintained his influence yes so we made sure that satellite States weren't trying to get close to America but obviously it meant the satellite States weren't very good they didn't recover at all um and Soviet Union was very very selfish and it used any money whatsoever for itself so the satellite States really did struggle the final thing in the specification crisis of 1948 to 49 also known as the Berlin airlift crisis not to be confused with the Berlin Wall which happens a few decades later when you do need to know about so don't confuse them um this is a huge part of the specification so not only do you need to know the effects of it which we'll look at in the next slide but you need to know what caused it and what happened because for example uh question C might ask you what the biggest cause of the Berlin airlift crisis was for example um so you do need to be aware of what happened in this one so let's go through it in 1947 if you remember after the war Germany was split up into four different zones of occupation for America for Britain for France and for the Soviets and the American and the British zones of occupation decided to join together to become what they called byzonia and to be a strong bull Arc against communism um because if if those two zones were covered well economically then communism was less likely to spread through to Western Europe um but Stalin thought that America and Britain were just trying to make their old enemy strong again they've been fighting against Germany just over two years ago together um and Stalin was very very scared that they were trying to make the old enemies stronger again in order to defeat or at least to try to defeat the Soviet Union so he was very very suspicious about what the US and the UK were doing byzonia accepted um a new currency adoption new currency and this made them become more successful than the Soviet zone of occupation and stone was very very jealous about this byzonia was getting stronger and he was very fearful about the intentions of this and so in June 1948 he shut off land routes to Berlin if you remember Not only was Germany divided into four sons of occupation but Berlin which was in the Soviet zone was also divided into four zones for each of the four countries and so what silent did was he stopped access by road to Berlin so that the American um and the British Center Berlin all weren't able to get supplies from their main zones in Germany so the citizens in Berlin would starve uh and this was a direct challenge to President Truman Stalin was trying to get in uh to completely give up control of Berlin and this will be a huge propaganda victory for Stalin to say the U.S and UK were fleeing from Berlin and that he was now in complete control of the German capital and so he tried to shut off land roots however this did not work instead of just giving up Berlin Britain America decided to fly in supplies starting to cut off land Roots but it would be very hard for him to cut off air roots and so they sent airplane after airplane a thousand tons of supplies in total um so a food a fuel whatever the citizens needed not to starve and to remain alive and this happened for nearly an entire year until Stalin couldn't do anything about it and so he entered the blockade in May 1949 this was a huge propaganda defeat for him um and American Britain seemed stronger and in the picture there you can see loads and loads of airplanes coming into unload all the supplies for the citizens of Berlin so what the effects of the Berlin crisis then well there were two main ones you need to know which was specified in the specification first of all East and West Germany were created so after bisonia because Britain America saw that styling could no longer do anything about it they joined with the French Learning occupation to become the Federal Republic of Germany in May of 1949 which later became known as West Germany Stalin in retaliation made the Soviet zone the German Democratic Republic in October of 1949 which later became known as East Germany and was very ironic title because there was absolutely no democracy there um and this meant that Germany was split down the middle there was a divide between capitalism and communism and crucially it showed that the Allies who had been fighting Germany those years before now no longer collaborating and in complete opposition Germany was split into two different countries that was a rift again quality of life the federal republic West Germany becoming a lot lot better for the war um and now these two sides were in complete opposition to each other the second effect was that NATO was created so American Britain had seen this huge threat to Berlin by the Communists and they were very very worried about what Stalin might do so they decided to make an alliance known as NATO which is still going today so this was set up in April of 1949 and they decided that if one member of NATO was attacked by any country then every other member of NATO would come to try and assess them in whatever way they could so this meant that if Stan tried to attack one of the members of NATO all the other countries would cut to try and stop it and this gave America a much greater involvement of responsibility in protecting Europe um and West Germany in in protection Europe and most certainly when it joined uh from any sort of communist attack much Germany joined a lot later it joined in 1955 and this led retaliation to the Soviets creating the Warsaw Pact we'll see this in the next video um but so it's great to have also packed because most definitely joined based all uh the us and the UK trying to revive their old enemy they were very scared of this and so they created the whistle pact as a similar thing for the satellite States someone attacked the others would attack um the attacker just just do remember if you're quoting that that Stalin had died by 1955 so Starling didn't create the water pact the Soviets did but just to keep his information there but that the end of this video of all you need notes for Edexcel IGCSE history on the early developments in the cold world war in the Cold War uh from the end of the second world war um in the superpower relations topic for paper one uh if you didn't join 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