hello there and welcome to the Mr sin Channel today we are going to review classical conditioning to start we need to talk about the behavioral perspective in Psychology which is all about how we learn from our environment the focus here is how an individual's actions are influence through their environment often times learning here happens through conditioning which involves forming associations between two events or responses conditioning is a type of learning where an individual will link one stimulus to another this connection often causes a certain reaction to occur now I mentioned the word stimulus a stimulus is an event object or thing that triggers a specific reaction we can see there is a neutral stimuli which are stimuli that elicit no response from a subject for example the objects in the background of this shot even though you've seen them multiple times in my videos they probably never have really gotten a reaction from you the next type is an unconditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that naturally triggers a response there's no teaching that's needed here for example going for a walk with your dog will naturally excite your dog the walk is the stimulus and it leads to an unconditioned response which is excitement an unconditioned response is a natural response that happens without any learning in this case the dog is getting excited by the walk lastly there is a conditioned stimulus which is when a previously neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus triggering a learned response also known as a conditioned response remember a conditioned response is a learned response to a conditioned stimulus while an unconditioned response is a natural response that happens without any learning for example let's say that every time you're going to take your dog on a walk you first go get the dog leash eventually the dog sees the leash and gets excited even though no walk occurs in this example the leash is the conditioned stimulous and the conditioned response is the excitement the leash used to mean nothing to the dog however ever now the dog Associates the leash with a walk now I realize these terms are easy to mix up so to make sure that you don't mix them up I created different practice problems for you that give you different scenarios where you'll have to identify the different stimuli and responses plus I included explanations for each problem to make sure that you understand why the answers are what they are now the process of developing a connection between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus is known as acquisition one famous example of acquisition and class classical conditioning is pavo's experiment with dogs Pavo noticed that dogs naturally salivate when they taste food which would make the food an unconditioned stimulus and the drooling of the dog in unconditioned response Pavlov wanteded to see if he could condition a dog to associate food with a neutral stimulus for his experiment he chose the sound of a bell which on its own really meant nothing to the dog during the process of acquisition Pavo would ring the bell every time he was about to give the dog food eventually after repeating repeting this process many times the dog started to associate the bell with the arrival of food changing the Bell from a neutral stimulus to a condition stimulus now when the dog heard the Bell Pavlov noted that the dog started to salivate even before the food was presented to test these results Pavlov eventually stopped bringing the food out after he rang the bell the result was that after the dog heard the Bell the dog would still salivate now if pavlof continuously rang the bell but did not present the dog food the dog would start to Elevate less and less this is known as Extinction which is when the conditioned response gradually diminishes this happens when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus causing the association between the two to weaken interestingly enough though Pavlov also discovered that if time passed without the dog hearing the Bell say an hour or so the dog would still salivate to the Bell again this is known as spontaneous recovery this is the reappear after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response we can see this process graphically when acquisition is occurring we have our neutral stimulus paired with our unconditioned stimulus as time goes on the strength of the conditioned response intensifies in Pavlov's case this was the Bell which was the neutral stimulus and the food which was the unconditioned stimulus now we can also see if we just have the conditioned stimulus by itself without the unconditioned stimulus Extinction starts to occur and as more time passes notice that the strength of the CR decreases however if we pause for a period of time we can see spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response occur but if we have the Cs alone again Extinction starts again now pav also want to see if after conditioning occurred if the dog would respond to other stimuli that were similar to the original Bell what Pavlov discovered is that certain tones that were similar to the Bell would cause the dog to salivate as well this is known as stimulus generalization which is when an individual responds to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus Pavlov also found that the dog could be taught not to respond to similar sounding stimuli for example if Pavlov only gave food to the sound of a particular Bell the dog would start to not salivate to other sounds this process is known as stimulus discrimination which is when an individual learns to differentiate between the condition stimulus and other similar stimuli now one other concept that we need to talk about when it comes to conditioning is higher order conditioning this is also known as second order conditioning and it is when a neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus is paired with another unconditioned stimulus for example say that we have a dog that is conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell we could change things up and turn on a light right before we ring the bell and then give the dog food if we continue to repeat this process eventually the dog would associate the light with the food food and would salivate at the light alone even though the light was never directly paired with the food now I realized in that quick overview of classical conditioning we talked about a lot of Concepts so to make sure that you have extra practice I created some practice quizzes on conditioning and put them in the ultimate review packet make sure to check them out once you're done with this video all right now one way in which classical conditioning is used in the real world is in counter conditioning therapy here therapists use classical conditioning to help clients unlearn harmful emotion responses the goal here is to replace an unwanted emotional response such as a fear with a more positive or neutral response for example if a person has a phobia of spiders a therapist might have their client relax in a space where they feel comfortable in surrounding the client with relaxing music and visuals and then gradually showing the client images of spiders as the client becomes more comfortable with the images the therapist then might start to slowly show videos and eventually maybe the real thing over time the client can learn to feel more relaxed instead of anxious around the spiders and Associate the spiders with a more neutral response another way in which classical conditioning impacts individuals is through taste aversions which is a type of classical conditioning where an individual learns to avoid particular tastes flavors or food because they associate it with illness for instance let's say that you and your friends went out to eat at a new restaurant you have a great time with your friends but later that night you end up getting sick and you're on the toilet all night and it's a bad day you probably are going to associate sickness now with that restaurant and will be hesitant to even go back in the future notice that in this example it only took one negative experience to associate the restaurant food with sickness taste aversion only requires one pairing of food and sickness to form a strong Association this is referred to as one trial learning since it only takes one pairing to create an association taste diversions can happen after one pairing generally because our bodies and brains are wired to quickly identify harmful associations this survival technique where people and animals naturally form associations between certain stimuli and responses is known as biological preparedness we can see that humans and animals are biologically predisposed to associate food with illness more quickly than other stimuli this is to help them avoid harmful foods in the future which is just one of the reasons why restaurants take food safety so seriously one negative customer experience can end up permanently tarnishing their reputation all right now we have one last concept left to review and that is habituation which is when an organism gradually stops responding as strongly to a stimulus that is repeated over time with habituation and individual is learning from a repeated stimulus which then results in a decrease in the individual's responsiveness to the stimulus now don't get this confused with sensory adaptation which is when an individual gets used to an unchanging ing stimulus all right there you have it another topic review video done now you know the drill by now go take those practice quizzes in the ultimate review packet and check out the other resources as well also remember if you found value in this video consider subscribing so you get notified when I post new psychology videos as always I'm Mr sin thank you so much for watching and I'll see you next time online