Overview
This lecture covers the history, geography, development, and cultural significance of Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland.
Geography and Origins
- Edinburgh is situated on Scotland’s east coast, south bank of the Firth of Forth (a fjord formed by glacial activity).
- Edinburgh Castle sits on a volcanic rock (Castle Rock), providing a strong defensive position.
- The city’s landscape features a 'crag and tail' formation, with the Old Town running down the tail.
Name and Early History
- The name Edinburgh may have originated from "Din Eidyn" (Fort of Eidyn), not from King Edwin as sometimes rumored.
- Also called "Auld Reekie" due to smoke from coal and wood fires, and "Athens of the North" for its cultural significance and topography.
- The Old Town’s elevated position is similar to the Athenian Acropolis.
Growth and Development
- Edinburgh is divided into the Old Town (medieval street plan, Royal Mile) and New Town (built after the Jacobite rebellions).
- Overcrowding in the Old Town led to early high-rise buildings, sometimes up to 14 stories.
- Expansion created The Mound from soil dumped in the former Nor Loch; major galleries are now on this site.
Political and Cultural Role
- Edinburgh became the capital of Scotland in 1437, replacing Scone, and hosts the Scottish Parliament.
- The city’s control switched between England and Scotland due to border disputes and Anglo-Saxon/Danish rule before the 10th century.
- King James IV moved the royal court to Edinburgh, solidifying its capital status in the 15th century.
Cultural Significance
- Edinburgh is internationally famous for the Edinburgh Festival and the Edinburgh Fringe, held annually in August.
- The city’s preserved historical character earned it UNESCO World Heritage status in 1995.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Firth of Forth — A large estuary/fjord opening into the North Sea.
- Crag and Tail — A geological feature with a rocky hill (crag) and a tapering ridge (tail).
- Auld Reekie — Nickname meaning 'Smoky', due to historical chimney smoke.
- The Mound — Artificial hill created from soil during New Town construction.
- Royal Mile — Main street of Old Town, running from Edinburgh Castle.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Explore interactive maps of local museums and Scottish castles if additional information is needed.
- Read about Edinburgh Castle for deeper insight into the city’s centerpiece.
- Use travel guides for information about visiting or studying in Edinburgh.