I mean all these things are pH maintenance Where to look who are getting this kids DCTT is mass waste of children It is equally important to get out first So mark this as excellent in nai mp why mark 2 because children 5 marks from this particular topic The question is bound to arise, I am telling you It is okay to read those five which are important You people get this question about numbers The question will be given exactly that the nephron Please tell me its structure in detail or urine Tell me in great detail how is this being made It happens in concentrated form because of The counter current mechanism IMP is already I am writing this down so that you don’t forget this When it is asked, it is said that when it merges with him and capillaries form a bundle of Then what do we call it kids waste R xcrete in one is free forms right It is already important in three forms I am telling you very I am writing MP because this is not asked amayan lik isn't it ammonotelic ureotelic uricotelic What did you call this space in the middle? It's been called Hailam where your from renal artery is coming out vein is coming out And the ureters are also coming out then at one place The amount of filtrate produced in one minute what do you call him hello kids welcome to next toppers my name is manu Mr. Pachauri and we are here for the future of the country Let us make the children who are going to study today This is a very important chapter of biology which The name is Xcrete Products and there Elimination friend we have already eaten food We ate food after reading all the chapters We created energy from respirators It also helps in circulating blood inside our body I took it to mean all the important things Thi means useful or non useful We got the substances circulated as well But now it is such a simple thing friend, now that It is now becoming waste inside us It's your turn to take it out, no matter how much waste or undigested matter or it is of no use to us because of which our There might be toxins inside his body now It's time to take it out, yes kids This is the chapter where you will read that How is urine formed? The first thing is this and urine When it leaves, what things go with it? comes out which is in the form of a wedge Well, we all know that isn't it The main part that lives in humans is the one that plays It does this for the thing which is the vital organ yes that is the kidney but apart from that There are also many such organists where We get to see the excreta, that's the only difference There is so much that we have very big this organ is present but they do not have it Apart from that I mean apart from the kidney there are many other things there are all the things due to which If we could do elimination then there would be many eliminations It is essential to keep us healthy You will remain healthy, right? No matter how much Completely wasteful things go away like this no just like you have a lot inside you If you are full of depression or tension When it is released, there is so much relief You get so much peace just like that whatever waste or whatever is there is inside us too any harmful product just like our body we will get eliminated You will get the same amount of relief without it without wasting time we start our work This chapter is called Excrete products and their elimination then children All the living organs are there, right? We have to eat food to stay alive and no yes but the food we eat Whatever we ate got digested, but The undigested part is thrown out It is also very important to get out, apart from There are extra things like salts etc. is it done or there is extra water etc. or Then we can say that whatever nitrogenous Children, its release is also a waste It is necessary for our health If it is good then all the living organist mus need a source of To Stay Alive and Consequentially Undigested material and metabolic waste need to be expelled from the body theek hai So expelled means getting out very Whatever we do for our body is more important Waste stays inside and it comes out is very important because if this materials are accumulated in the body it can be Deter Mental Health to the point of not taking the risk of the organist is okay if it doesn't come out So it is like I said that Toxins will start forming inside our body And somewhere our body needs children will cause harm just like any other If things become too much in quantity Inside the body, they say, there is something accessible too many things are not good Nothing is ever good, that's true okay kids so accept it inside you Feeling very depressed or stressed So it is not a good idea to release it It is more important for our body as well throw out any waste material that is inside Nikalna is very important otherwise she It can affect our health Elimination of the metabolic waste products from the animal body to regulate the composition of body fluids and tissue is called what excrete so whatever Whatever elimination is happening is okay Waste products are being eliminated or whatever body fluid compositions it is there are a lot of compositions in it okay anything can happen it can be salts Water can be many things so when he goes out that way Children, what do we call this process Xcrete speaks You are IMPR, isn't it, the definition of excrete? People should know what is right and this product includes ammonia uric acid urea carbon dioxide ions such as chloride phosphate sulphate can be anything, even co2 So we were just taking the kids out, right? two we knew it was waste for us That too was a way out, okay if there is more CO2 inside the body then Some ions can also cause problems, such as Chloride, phosphate and sulphate can also be harmful it is necessary to remove ammonia uric acid urea when all these things What do we say if we have to go out? children say excrement ok understand If the story comes in then see it here first In the Animal Kingdom, you must have seen it, friend I have read a lot of things in Animal Kingdom We have learned a lot about each animal. I have read it in detail, that means their digestive What is the respiratory system like? We have read everything about excretory recirculatory So here we will look at animals Go West at Animal Kingdom excrete in vth forms there are three It is important in the forms, please tell me beforehand I am writing very IMP Because this is not asked, it is amazing, isn't it? ammonotelic ureotelic uricotelic these words are asked due to which many confusion gets created ok so i You already know about IMPS Neither ammonia, urea, or uric acid okay these are the three forms which are there children Waste comes out now look at the animals We call them excreting ammonia ammonotic which are releasing ammonia said monotonically simple okay like that Bony Fishes Aquatic Amphibians and insects but now the organist mus I told him that we are extracting urea urethrallic ok ureo ok example Here we come, Terrestre Amphibians So what do we extract from urea? Let's find out, sorted, I understood till here But the organs that remove uric acid what do we call him kids uricotelic organisms such as Reptiles, Birds, Land Snails, All of these How do organist mus stay uricotelic which organisms excrete ammonia We call it ammonotic which Organists extract urea from it and we urethral and yes that organist is uric The acid that is removed is called uricotelic they say okay so we are humans who they live they live ureotelic okay what we live is what we live we are urethrallic what means we are Excrete Urea is fine as an excrete What products we are extracting Urea we are taking it out okay kids so first this note it down i will drink some water till then you guys please note this down now we let's see or as I said every An orgasm consists of different organs or Then we can say that there are sales or Tubes can speak tube like structure because of which Elimination happens as we talk about ourselves We have kidneys inside us, but what about Everyone has kidneys, no, why not? Because friend, we have seen this thing in Animal Kingdom I had read it, friend, about children, every friend Some different excretions in orgasm organs we get to see accretion or for elimination then first of all so they know that in most of the Invertebrates that have a structure called a tube The like structure is seen to be different and If we speak our mind, we have What can be seen when looking at the kidney so what will we do now children forest by one by one organist in sum means Obviously friend, from the top all the way to the bottom So we don't discuss it but yes at least let's find out about those about whom We must know and we must know that friend this organist has these things it happens for excrete then first of all Let's see if Proto Nephridia is okay or not Then you can tell us about this thing called Flame Cell Where do we see flat worms like that planaria so kids pay attention to this here guess whether this is an excrete structure flame cells or not flame cells or Proto Nephridia Plat Helm Planaria or in flat worms we can see gets for the excrement then her After that you talk about rotifers and some elites And the Safe Cordette is there to see us too who gets the same thing so proto Nephridia Are The Primer Concerned With The Iconic fluid and volume that is kiss remains responsible for the osmoregulation is fine concentration of is This is what remains to be maintained Flame cells or protonephridia It is important in their body now Nephridia Talking about normal nephridia If Nephridia remains then it is also a tube like structure which is like an earth worm or something it is seen in the annelid okay so Children, let us discuss each thing one by one we are knowing that every What are the excerpts in an organist's sum if there are organs then right now we have done a proto have read nephridia or flame cell and Now we are studying Nephridia. Nephridia Helps to Remove the Nitrogenous Waste and Maintain a Fluid And the iconic balance comes again what about you Malfeasance Melfi Gian It is seen in tubercles insects Like the Cockroaches Come Again Melfi Gin Tibumena Nitrogenous waste and again the same It is used in osmoregulation then last do children get antennal glands or then the green gland that performs the Excrete function in the cutesh like prawns This is the thing we like the most about prawns okay so in prawns We have the most green glands or Antennal glands as a part of excretory organs okay now we'll talk about we do it because it's about ourselves Ultimately we should discuss only about ourselves If we want to do it, then friend, we have it No, waste waste is coming, a lot of it is coming But to remove that waste anyway There are many organs, such as your skin It's done, the skin is also producing sweat etc. It is okay to remove salts etc but The main organ which is a vital organ what do we call kidney so now we will read are human Ex Katrina kids which kidney is that if it is there then first of all give it to him mark with impp why mark because kids this is this particular topic This makes a question worth five marks I'm telling you okay so here if you First look at pair of kidney pair of ureters urinary bladder and urethra okay so if I talk about this diagram just wait a minute if i talk about this If you look carefully at the diagram, we will see what are you getting to see kids then pair Of kidney means these two so these are paired forms I'm going to see the kidneys again These are two ureters right? What are these two? Ureters are fine, these should also be seen in pairs who is getting the ureters, doesn't that mean that The urine will come down okay then after that what is a huge single what is a The urinary bladder can be seen through this We call it the urinary bladder where The urine gets stored, okay then now What is the best urine store there So it's done okay now whenever you feel like it Now it comes to whether to pass it on or arg off Where is the thing we call urination? it comes out through the urethra fine If it is there then it will come out through the urethra comes out union okay so same here It is said that the pair of kidney ureters The urinary bladder and urethra are the overall Is your entire kidney structure fine? So if I talk about the kidney then this Where can we see Thorax and the thumb third lumbar vertebra level close to the the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity ok so where do you see this Thoracic Between the Thoracic and the Third Lumbar We get to see the vertebra level side okay so thoracic and this is behind it if If we talk then we want to see that side okay if I talk about kidney The shape of this kidney is exactly like a bean They say beans are like rajma or kidney beans The structure is same as it is, so is rajma The structure is reddish brown in colour And if I talk about the length then it is 10 to 12 cm Its length is 5 to 7 cm width and 2 to 3 cm is its thickness and if I take the average If I talk about weight then it is 120 to 170 grams Whatever it is, children have to wait for it Kidney's okay through a notch here you you see we call it hailum as If I talk about Hylam then it is something like this If I talk about the structure, here in the middle The space that's right, this one in the middle There is space, what is it called hylum where your renal artery comes from The vein is coming out and the ureters if you are going out then there is a place where What was he told? All these things came out it is that word we have used children hilum is okay so hilum gets to see then the ureter blood vessels and the nerves enter the kidney that particular place and yes the kidney can be divided into two Layers: outer cortex and the inner medulla outer cortex means that you pay attention to this You will see that it is said that inner medulla the inside portion and the outside portion It is called cortex, so this is the kidney I am telling you about the portion inside where But what you are looking at is that particular kidney If I talk about kidney, I have I just told you about the word hylam hylam The hilum is where your renal artery originates Veins and nerves etc. are coming out, it's okay Then after that the inside portion What have we told about the kidney, Medrich? I have told you and the outside portion what did we tell him kids cortex I said it's sorted, okay, then after that Now this is pyramid shaped isn't it? So what do we call it? Medlar Pyramid is fine then medlar a bit of cortex in the middle of the pyramid The part is coming, look carefully, it means the middle I'm getting a little part okay this is it the middle portion so that middle portion What have we told you kids about the null column? also know by name okay and this which is inside It looks like this, round to you, right? what did we tell him calyx I said okay, now we will discuss it one by one will do ok i understood and its overall outside which is maintaining the shape This portion is in a capsule-like shape And renal means related to kidney, right? It is renally related to the kidney only, it is ok so it has a capsule like shape so it It has been said that capsule is okay so here you Look, this was the diagram now inside the hylam has broad funnel shaped space which we have called renal The pelvis which we are talking about inside are with projection of the calis to calis that we have already talked about the funnel shape What is this structure called? Renal palvinai this portion here color it I will change it and tell you aa I guess pink radish is done, let me tell you okay This portion which is inside, Renal Palvini has been told ok let's go Inside the kidney, two genes are visible the outer cortex and inner medulla The cortex is the outer portion, I am that I have already told you about the inner portion, medulla okay so the medulla is divided into medlar pyramids projection into the the calyx is the same thing said and the Cortex Extend Between the Medlar What is the name of the pyramid called column? off bertini okay so here if you look What should we name the pyramids that are being built? given is the column of Bertini okay the Function of the functional unit of the kidney If we talk about it, we call it nephron and We know this thing friend, if inside the kidney filtration is happening kids so that This is happening because of the nephrons, such as Basic structural and functional unit of Life is like the cell was called Who was called the fundamental unit of kidney it is called nephron, it means I I can say that the overall filtration which who's doing that nephron and every At least nine million nephrons in the kidney Can you imagine how small they are? This must be happening if it reaches one million There are so many small nephrons in the kidney what size they would be and how fast Filtration must be happening and guess what if If this gets worse, they will read it too write this first [music] Now let's see the main thing, which is Diagram of a nephron ok friend anyway if I say that friend about nephron so first you guys should know I know it from before but still I feel like this It's not bad to say it again Well, first of all, know this, This glomerulus is a nephron which has two main It is made from things, first is Glomar Us and the other one is renal The tiburons are different then the glomeruli are If I talk to you kids then what do you think about Glomar? You get to see that here you can see him Renal corpuscles are also known as renal also know it as corpus okay and Apart from that, all the tube like structures what do we call it renal what looks like tibumana bunch What have you said about what it looks like Glomar as then its just below you guys what are you looking at, such a cup shape like You are looking at the structure, what did we tell him? Dia Bomas Capsule is like a cup which The structure is visible, what do we say to it Diya Bomas Capsule and there are many such in it The whole thing is like a bunch of things If you have put it then what should we say to him I have given it to you, I have told you gloomy ass, okay After that, whatever things come out from here what have we got from it being in tube form Renal has said it tibumona proximal connate tiburon Loop of Hadley or Nullez loop, say it is one there is an ascending loop and a loop and there is a The descending loop then comes to your last what distal convent tiburon ti bull comes ok someone there is no problem, it happens ok so most First look at this here and at last You can see a collecting duct there in the collecting duct where urine is collected it happens he has been told but we Renal tibumen is not considered Collect Tiburons Connect Means Collect okay so first of all you Look carefully at what I told you that there are two main things, one is gloom As and one is your renal These two things are found in every nephron Children, you will definitely get to see okay there is one your gloamer ass so The second one is renal tibumen, in this case you will find what am i getting to see Told that bunch of capillaries can be seen it is going well and here you have paid attention You might have noticed that here you have an opportunity Artel is seen Artel means that from the artery and when small, thin, such It comes out like a bunch and we call it artery. They say that the children are artl is fine then arent This is how Artel brings Glomar to her And when they take the blood from there, that means when they go away Carries it through its efferent artery They say that she brings blood like this We say away from the alien artel and blood Where should I take him from Glomar? We will take him from there what do children say about free artery there is a difference between the two a and ee a ee ok remember It's okay to keep the blood from the gloominess carried away by the errand artery ol artery oh i have told you kids its ok now Here Renal Dibu starts with the Boms Capsule that continues with the tubular part divided into PCT Proximal Convent Tiburon First of all understand this like this, this is Bowman's capsule There is gloom inside it as it is just below First starts the PCT pistol proximal contate tribue then after Little by little it comes in such a wavy form that is loop of drain and lastly there is a little There is a portion which we call distal Contents What is the collecting duct? This is what happens to your proper nephron the diagram that I just explained to you Now listen carefully here, The Melfi Zion tiburon whom do you call if bomas Will you call the capsule and glomar us together? So you use the word for that: mail Feezing Tiburon or Na and PCT DCTL in the cortical region cortical Where did you mention the region that is outside the kidney Part: Let me tell you one more thing here. there is no confusion, neither the kidney is out The part is the cortex inside cortex is the inside part Medrich Ti Buel Mal Fijan Ti Buel Meaning Whose combination are you talking about whenever This word is Melfi Jan Tible, you must understand it ma'am Who are Glomar and Vamus talking about Maile Fizan Tibble is talking about capsules also has another name that is renal corpuscles ok mix that pct and dct stool Convent Tribu Distal Convent Tribue all these things tell us about the nephron seen in the cortical region and The loop of canal that remains is called the medulla. Nor is it seen in the medullary part it means inside you are thinking everything is We are connected, right? That means I told you first I was told about the kidney being normal then I told you about its internal structure and then we are reading about him and inside in that means about nephron and then We are finding out which part of the nephron is the Which part is it in which part of the kidney we get to see okay so let's go If we move forward then in majority of nephrons so the loop of hanle which remains mostly loop of hanle in nephron you will find a little I will get to see Chota and where can I see him? You will get a little bit of what will remain, that is the medulla You will get to see only a little bit of the side What do we say in that case? cortical cortical nephrons speak Children, what do we say in that case? cortical nephrons say okay to you Difference between IMP can be asked would have written it in advance okay okay but some nephrons have loops The off headley is a little longer and a little It goes deep into the medulla meaning the medulla side It remains quite a lot in that case we Juxt what does medlar say what does nephron say okay cortical nephron jks If it is given in one line in Medulu then Make sure you know right now The efferent artl emerge from the gloom us form a fine capillary network around the Renal Tiburon is like this when he merges with it and forms a bunch of capillaries then what do we call him kids known as peritubular capillaries okay peritubular capillaries okay now a minute vessel of this network runs parallel Look around you people don't look at these people around some minute vessels of you that It looks like reddish color around okay isn't it a little different thin around The thin layer remains inside it and we call it They say what is the loop of drain Slightly minute sea vessels around The one moving parallel to it appears to be moving what do we call it, it is u shaped the structure of the speech but this speech is for children In which case cortical nephron is absent or in small quantity is ok cortical nephron this is what I'm telling you about hmm okay note it down first then Let's move ahead, it's okay, I hope this one You must have understood the topic, friend. We have read about nephrons. We move forward Let us now discuss urine formation How is urine formed, children, friend urine It is made in three steps, one is is your filtration fine whatever Some things are getting filtered again It also gets reabsorbed and then finally So this is your main three steps Formation of urine is one thing for children Understand carefully that I am telling you diagram of nephron very well now I have explained it to you, now think from the same nephron We have to read everything in fact we will discuss the functions as well, okay But first, let us see what happens with urine How can it be made, it starts from there only It is good to remember this from Glomar so urine is a There is a liquid like that wherever you look that friend is removing the kidney and its main The purpose is to filter the blood. Do all the waste that is in the blood They should take it out like urea uric acid excess water which is in the blood then what happens after that Bhaiya we know this thing that in the kidney There are many nephrons present such as I told you about millions of nephrons Datchi and Structural Functional Unit of what is iteration called nephron ok so here you can see that the nephron is Urine plays a major role in what to make or filter blood So there are three steps for this, the first one is yours Is filtration the second thing to reabsorption? and the third one is children's safety so first of all So keep this in mind that the filtration Where can one see this beach of blood In the part that is gloomy as where you're going to see a whole bunch If the capillaries are fine then the afferent artery is Whoever remains, his evolution also remains fine Hai to blood riches gloamer as by the afarent Blood will come through Artel Afferent Artel and what's here is a bunch of capillaries okay so because of which what is there to see You will get an increase in blood pressure, right? Is there any pressure to see you more? okay so let's assume that from here its The blood is coming through very fast now If it is coming very fast then it means Filtration will also happen very fast, so there There is an evolution of three layers in Pe na When filtration starts, it's okay. There is this layer, isn't it? There is a middle layer and a layer of the same type okay then after that your PCT will come So the first layer which is there we call it what do you say endoleak blood vessel is fine which is the first one This is the layer which lets you see the gloomy side we get it, we call it andol then After that at the bottom which is the Bomas capsule What do we call it when we see it epithelium of woman's capsule and both of these This is what is seen in between what do you call it BM means basement membrane okay so here you look its cells are epithelium of The cells of the bombay capsule are called we call it podocytes and in these cells Small pores are present meaning Small holes are presented to us What do the names of slit pores say in children also know from okay which is fine It helps the most in filtration okay there are little holes for you to see we will meet like this okay let's move on now further fine filtration of the blood through the Three layer membrane is termed as the There is ultra filtration, right? What is the use of all this? The filtration of which is happening very fast Very fine filtration is visible We call it ultra filtration and Normally 1100 to 1200 ml of blood it is filtered by the kidney per minute thik hai Thereafter the amount of filtrate formed by The kidney unit is called its per minute If we talked, what would we say to him? is the glomerular filtration rate i am Please write this down brother because it is asked that brother what is GFR so as much Is there filtrate or is the filtrate formed By the kidneys, in one minute, as much filtrate as possible It is made of what do you call it Glomar Filtration rate because it is made from glomar It has happened to a healthy person Approx you will get 125 AA per minute It is available What happens sometimes is that the GFR of children We see the rate going down a bit There is a special sale at that time. kids its ok just like glomar apparatus The one we know by name is a special one There is a cell which gives you access to a different artel and DC Distal Conte tibumina ok sometimes in exceptional It is asked that the juctaglomerular apparatus you should know what happens then Friend this is a kind of special sale for kids Where is the afferent artery seen? Where else do you get to see it in the Olds Distal Contate The tibumina release an enzyme that What do these enzymes release on time release due to which the Glomar as filtration rate is that back It becomes normal if it decreases a little if yes then it is ok then the juctaglomerular apparatus This is very important right now reabsorption reabsorption whose You will get to see many things at 99 what is there is the filter filtrate what remains it gets reabsorbed that's what we mean do approximately 1.5 liters of urine We release whatever it is every day but How much of the filtrate that is produced remains 180 litres that means 99 rupees What does the filtrate get reabsorbed? it happens and through what is it reabsorbed It happens renal and tubular epithelial cells in different Segments of the Nephron Perform This Here By the active and passive method it is ok You know, active and passive What is the mechanism where energy is used I am already there where she is not looking I told you in the last few slides I am done, okay so some substances like Glucose has become amino acids, A has become those who remain get reabsorbed are actively and as if the water has become no like I'm saying nitrogenous It got wasted so I am a nitrogenous waste If I talk about it, through whom is it reabsorbed? It happens by passively, okay now it's last Sakri is the secret of some things my friend It is very important to be successful, right? such as the tubular cell secret substances like hydrogen ion potassium why ion ammonia so that this body balance The balance of body fluids If you can maintain the kids, then yes. ammonia in to the filtrate during the urine fault formation this helps with the Maintenance of the ice and acid balance Base Balance inside the body fluids IMT Bhaiya I am working so hard Are you guys also doing it or not, read it ok that number five is important This question comes to you people It will be given exactly that the nephron's Tell me the structure in detail or urine Tell me in great detail how it is being made This is not a joke, right? We will do it and come But I don't know how to make it right So brother note this down and then move ahead Let's move on, let's discuss it now about functions so friends kids So far we have read that functions how is urine formed okay so Now read the functions of each one. Let's see which one has which function So first comes your PCT which What have we told children proximal Conte tibumna laced How to Live Tiburon Cubo Idols some live in cubicle idol shape in this manner and in this manner lightly A brush-like formation is seen What else do you do on the border? These are the surface area increases for children let's do it for the reabsorption okay so You look carefully at what stays between 70 to 80 What things undergo reabsorption? What does electrolytes and water mean? The largest segment resides where reabsorption is seen PCT is electrolyte i.e. salts ice etc all these things and help to Maintain the pH and ionic balance of the body fluid through the selective secretion Some things also have secrets like hydrogen is ionized ammonia potassium ice into the filtrate like if I take this If I tell you in diagram then in this diagram Look at the PCT here at the PCT in What is happening to all the absorption reabsorption is taking place and hydrogen what is happening to ammonia it is getting released means this arrow is pointing inwards that is for the secret and this is for the If reabsorption is correct then this diagram will show It is also given in your book, children then Where do we come in our loop of drain children who live in the Loop of Hanley Minimum means at least we get reabsorption Where can we see the ascending limb In this case, I am in an ascending limb, meaning upwards. The one that is going, it is like this in shape neither ascending limb means the one which goes upwards you call it what is coming downwards if we call it descending then this What does it do? Maintains high osmolarity that osmolarity is maintained Where does medlar interstitial fluid come from right, now after that look at descending lime What remains is the descending limb which is below If it is coming towards you then the descending limb remains The most permeable thing is water, isn't it? meaning water gets ultimate permission but For whom does he remain impermeable? Children For whom does it remain impermeable? Electrolytes or we call them salts can i oppose it The Limp that Remains The Ascending Lim that Remains He is impermeable, meaning he is the opposite It remains impermeable even after water kids whose electrolytes are those Can it allow electrolytes? Permeable Impermeable All this We Sell Chapter I have read ok now as the concentrated filtrate pass upward it get diluted Due to the passage of electrolytes to the Medlar fluid is fine due to which dilution Now we can see the diluted form It's not right for things to happen right now we will read further in the topic ok let's go now Distal DCTC what has happened is the loop of drain is ok it is here you look carefully it is coming now Distal Contate Tiburon, which one is this of yours, descending Loop of Hadley, this is a little thin It is right there if you look in the ascending Although this is also thin but some portion of it what is it kids it is thick it is about ascending right The portion on top is a little thick ok well let me tell you one more thing friend this which is your collecting duct in the collecting duct as we say that friend the urea should be completely removed but A little bit of what is there comes back okay what is back mixes into a fluid So that the balance is maintained in the body flood ka ok now distal convet tiburtina Ise potassium Ise and ammonia and it maintain the pH of the sodium Potassium balance means all these things that are Also responsible for pH maintenance Where can we see this kids DCTC that I told you the arrow is up is going towards that is for the reabsorption that is going inward that's okay water from here what are you getting to see reabsorb It seems to be happening and what have we seen Reabsorption of water is very important Otherwise there may be water deficiency in the body. ok last comes what is your collecting What remains in the collecting duct It's a weird thing, I can understand the name itself This is the place where urine is collected hey kids okay so look here it Extends from the cortex of the kidney to the inner part of the medulla and yes water is reabsorbed from this region to It is okay to produce concentrated urine Making the urine too concentrated It is important children pay this attention to this Understand that if it is in diluted form then you People will be sitting in the washroom the whole time, right? if it is there then that is why it is kept in concentrated form It is very important to do That's it, water gets reabsorbed ok so maintain the osmolarity by align The passing of the small amount of urea Let's also get urea passed, okay a little You can also see the amount of urea will come out and selectively secret What does it secrete? Hydrogen potassium iis and yes all these things that it is getting strict why is this happening So that it can balance the pH or the temperature of the body fluids. I can maintain the balance till here, it is ok I understood that overall it is the same thing that you are reading it again and again, okay note this Down it and then we will proceed as we are now that I told you that friend of urine Being in concentrated form is too much It is important, otherwise what will happen the whole time If you guys keep sitting in the washroom then most First let us discuss the mechanism ok so what is the mechanism Removal of water makes the urine filtrate more concentrated is ok which when water is removed it happens because of which now accept it any liquid you have is ok any liquid and there is a lot of it did you add salt or sugar If you take out a lot of water from it If you take it, how will it become concentrated will it be in form or same amount of water I you and salt and or sugar whatever you keep on pouring you keep on pouring the water Even if you are keeping the same amount, it is still concentrated it will be in form okay you guys You have studied this in chemistry, okay? You must have read it in the solution chapter. So if we talk about us there too friend So children, our urine should be It should be in concentrated form, it is ok And this concentrate means this which It happens in concentrated form because of The counter current mechanism IMP already I am writing this down so that you don’t forget this It is asked whether there is counter current mechanism If children are asked, please you all immediately Listening carefully is not rocket science is what I've told you all about before If you are going to read about his behavior then do something Understanding this, counter current mechanism There are two things that play a major role in it one is your loop of Henle and the other what happens kids what is vas rect ok two Things happen, one is your Lupo Funnel and secondly what happens to your vasa recta ok so here you should understand carefully know that you live on the Descending Loop of Hanle it is permeable to water means water may go in and out but if I If I talk about the ascending loop of drain then that which Only electrolytes remain this is permissible for us just now You have read it in the previous slides. The counter current things that come here because of whom is this happening and which two Getting in the middle of a loop getting off Hanley and one is getting your vas rect right So these people play a major role in counter current mechanism is ok because of which the osmolarity remains she maintains it okay t that increases And it also increases osmolarity Meaning how much should the increase be from where to where It can cost you from Rs. 300 to Rs. 1200 It is visible and where to see it The one for 300 is available in Cortex And the one with 1200 is in the inner medulla If you get to see it then first of all you should Understand, this is the diagram that I am telling you I am wanting it okay this is your loop of drain and this is your vas rect and r write it I am fine so accept it as it is friend this afferent artery comes ar okay so It comes very fast, kids, and that speed what are you bringing from? are you bringing blood So the blood is such a feeling that it is obvious If blood is filtration then blood If filtration happens then this is proximal Converted I told you that the tiburon is of red colour And you told it to be of loish color, okay So understand it carefully, it will turn it pink. hmm try to understand this carefully that here which is as I told you here But let's see that You look at that The second one means the ascending of the vase rectum from this part this part this The ascending part of the rect is ok Okay, so now let's look at something else here. Urea Enters the Ascending Limp of Loop Off nale which transported back to the by collecting the interstitial fluid how will the tiburons be transferred will go back due to which this transport off the substance facilitated by the arrangement of what did we call the drain and the wass rect It is counter current mechanism so friend The exchange which is happening here is major Whose role is being played? Children, here we read that He will travel in reverse direction, okay, you understand story that suppose it is above it and it Down there, we are like this, I don't understand it I made it upside down, okay, you Understand that suppose this is your loop off nale then this is ascending one and this is descending so what do you want anyway You will get to see this ascending If you get it then you will get to see this descending Meaning their arrangement is something like this opposite form so that this material were able to exchange because of which A.S.A. or urea due to which those things Made in concentrated form and finally The urine that comes out of us is in the same form I left, okay so this was yours important counter current mechanism now we let's see about the regulation okay that's Regulation means what are those things If it regulates then first of all write this down Friend, let's discuss after that, okay I hope you guys understood this thing there must be counter current, tell me once again okay so that you have a way If children can do revision then please come here what are you looking at what is this your ao ok this is the loop of Hanle and this is the vase rect It remains permeable in descending water That's why water is coming out from the side where is he going straight to this side place pay that means ascending of was right and from here whatever is ncl3 to 400 is ok its osmo polarity it kept increasing it kept increasing and then all of a sudden It has decreased but then it is obvious that If I go here then I have to maintain that thing also It is very important for children to have osmolarity There should not be too much increase there should be a lot of decrees okay and urine is so concentrated in the form we get to see now we Who reads about the regulation of kidneys, my friend? There is such a thing, look, till now there are many Things you have read in the regulation We have studied about digestion and respiration breathing, circulation, everything We have already discussed it, now we are reading it If it's about the kidneys then the hypothalamus is fine Anyway the next chapter is from our brain itself It is related but still A means first of all A yes We will read the chapters in the coming time He will also read about brain related things but it is ok You got to know I Guess in 10th standard You may have read it, but if you don't know, So in your upcoming sessions If you will understand then yes due to the diser passion in the blood volume and iconic Balance Osmo Respirator That Lasts What happens to the receptor that remains? gets activated what does that do stimulate the hypothalamus and what does that do is release screen what does that ADA do is anti diuretic hormone okay and that Where and through whom does it scan what does it do through the hypothalamus which reabsorb the water to increase blood volume He increases and the same osmo Receptors are closed through the negative feedback The mechanism as the blood volume increases is correct If so, it is very important to have it Anti diuretic hormone is used again your blood comes renin angiotensinogen If someone plays a role then first of all you should understand this Assume that if glomerular filtration rate it's okay if it decreases when there is a decrease in the glomar blood pressure is ok or you You can tell if the filtration rate is low Then this is the most major role plays so I'll give you a diagram I had also told you in that I had told you that my friend is one Made up of special type of cells what do you call it, it contains an enzyme The present remains, to which we had told what renin so this renin is okay this is a Angiotensinogen is an enzyme It converts Angio Tens One from If it is okay in angio tens two then this is a It is an enzyme, right? Let me tell you first, it is a the enzyme that breaks down angiotensinogen in tense two which is a kind of work Veso does the work of a Veso contactor Contactor means the blood vessels that remain kids it narrows it down okay Because of which whatever remains as a result Glomerular blood pressure which remains increases kids and this happens angiotensinogen and increases the absorption of sodium ice Where does the distal content come from Tibumana is not that much that's why it is called It is said by the name of Raas, the meaning of Raas is also This is renin angiotensinogen it becomes enzo tension one or enzo tension two in overall why is this happening that if these Gloom appears to be easing case pressure If the glomerular blood pressure is low If it seems to have happened then how can it be increased? You have been told what to do, then after that Last comes the atrial nut in your heart natriuretic factor sometimes it's ok to fumble which we also know as NF and This is absolutely negative feedback of Raas what does that mean is this is a hormone which The heart contracts which decreases by increasing blood pressure Vasodilator feedback to the RAS mechanism If it is necessary then this negative acts like feedback okay now we Let's see what mixture is mixture Meaning that the process of urinating is mixed with They say it isn't it, anyway I feel that way Many people might know this but yes, this The fact is that the process of toleting michan says okay so the process to release the urine is called what mixture When the bladder is filled with the urine of your which is the urinary bladder which is very large I told you when it's full the urg of urination happens that we have now I need to pass urine I need to pass urine what do we call it mixture What is filled here, the urinary bladder The urinary bladder is filled with blood let's move forward so yes receptor present in the wall of the urinary bladder and send the signal to the CNS central It sends signals to the nervous system The central nervous system passes on the motor message which initiate the contraction of the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder and the relaxation is okay so what is obviously happening here The thing is that if she is getting a contract then she If it is necessary to remove it then just remove the ureter here The sprinter is present when he comes out When urine is passed, what does it look like he relaxes ok when it is full If there is urine then there is contraction How will he be once he comes out of here? The bladder will relax if it is okay This happens when the DNS which is nearby Who sends the message, is it a motor message? motor message which initiates the contraction to the smooth muscle contraction of the smooth muscles of the urinary bladder okay so this So your mixture was about sh now Apart from this, what other excrements are there The organs are present as I have I told you in the beginning of this topic that Friend this is not the only thing there are many things There is sweat and there are tears okay there are lungs, there is liver These are all the things that are in the intestine If it does take out the waste, it is the first thing We all know about sweat glands, friend Extra things like salts etc. he takes it out just like sweat The gland that remains secretes sweat in which off steroids hormones and vitamins and drugs all these Eliminates things then large intestinal epithelial cells of the large Intestine remove salts such as All this has become calcium phospho phosphate Meaning of things in the form of fees it takes it out okay so it's through the fistula he takes out all the things so these are the Excretory organs other than the kidney there are many okay kids so first of all Write this down, then we will come to the last topic are in a hurry so let's discuss disorders now Disorders means brother what if something happens What to do if something goes wrong what are the things that can happen ok are the first to be Eustachian disease is a disorder where It means that there is up and down or bad functioning When the kidney starts to malfunction even a little bit We get to see this so good Functioning of the Kidneys Leads to the Acumen Of urea when urea starts accumulating in the blood then there i will tell you Uremet means artificial dialysis then dialysis is suggested Renal failure comes, renal means completely Remember this is related to the kidneys of children ok so kidney stop functioning and Bacterial Infections High Blood Pressure internal deposition of calcium or Hemorrhages are the cause, it's okay, these are the ones who live What are the causes of renal failure and the The kidney which is said to Get the transplant done, it's okay at the what is said in the last that bhaiya you Get a kidney transplant because renal Failure means the kidney has failed due to which Because there are so many things to see Calcium deposits are visible The hemorrhage that remains may be the cause Or it could be due to bacterial infection could okay so most of the time you'll see In Renal Calcula So in Renal Calcula what is precipitation of the uric Acid and or you can say acumen of oxalic crystals is fine as which we call it stones okay so there You get to see either that stone you get to see in the kidney either Ureters where urine passes Kidney stones in children are either crushed by given lithotripsy and removed surgically It can happen both ways but yes late Let me clear this to you that this is for the kidney The stone that is in me is not that easy This too has to be taken out, this is a problem somewhere okay now understand here pyelonephritis so what is it is caused by the bacterial infection such as that UTI urinary tract infection which Bacteria play a major role This thing happens because of those bacteria This disease is seen where Inflammation means swelling is seen of the pelvic calyces and the interstitial fluid there so you can see inflammation whoever gets it you can tell me here glomer as nephritis again second so it is Caused by the damage to the kidney or Bacterial toxins and drugs reactions or too much drugs which Continuous people who take drugs etc. Drugs are not the kind of drugs you think You are talking to me in the form of medicines I am saying that you are at an extreme level only then They say friend, there are not many medicines Take it because it has to be somewhere on the kidney It impacts because the main work of the kidney is what remains is wasted to the children it is excreting it is extracting but Now if you keep taking drugs continuously then it will happen How much more burden will be put on it? If you are understanding it, then somewhere or the other he too There is a major reason due to which Infection is now seen in Glomer There is one main thing and its solution What is it, you must have seen many people While doing dialysis which we call hemodialysis It is also called artificial kidney you can say anything ok here what are you looking at there is a kidney Transplant is a different story, friend. Kidney is matching by matching blood group If it is there then you can transplant it all the things but it's not that easy As much as we think that there is a match, friend the more that thing will go If it gets complicated then for that first of all that's a different thing but hemodialysis you must have noticed that yaar impor what do people do to get blood Purification is also done as per requirement If it is ok then you can look here The patient with the total kidney failure undergoes the Dialysis to remove the urea and other waste Removing urea from the blood by accumulating in the blood or to remove whatever waste there is So overall it means purifying the blood Want to know what is the other wise toxicity After some time, the cause of death will start happening Does this contain an artificial kidney Tube made of the cellophane with a semi perm Able Living which are suspended in a tank field with a dialysis fluid dialysis Whatever is with the fluid is treated is and this fluid is in this fluid What do children get to see in water Glucose remains the same remains in the form of concentration which remains in our blood in concentration water and glucose to the patient's blood is lead from the radial artery and pass through the semi param able cold selfin tube ok So blood is taken out from there and this It is passed through the tube and the tube Ala Allow Small Amount Small Molecule Sach as urea creatinine and uric acid to pass out in the dialysis solution then friend what is done with all these things here pass on is done and macro The molecule is retained in the blood keeping the proteins etc. present in them Let's do it so that the thing stays right there yes and then as soon as that blood is pure That which is from the other side of the human body It is put in the body, meaning on one side If you take it out from here then put it from the other side okay okay let's look at the kidney now transplantation to some patients also for the kidney transplant which is not easy as i told you that my kidney Transplanting is not easy, okay? Here you can see the donors and the receipts and other functions which remain Everything must match so that no one We don't want our children to see complications If the criteria are met then what remains is matches that means you in the last What the doctor says is that you have kidney disease You can get that transplant done but it is very this happens only in a rare case i am not this I can say it always happens because most of the time People who go there go for dialysis rather than transplant When does it happen when there is no scope left is there any need to leave a person every single day or to keep the same person One day at a time, one day at a time, every day I have to go If it is for dialysis then what in the end The doctor says that friend now you Get a transplant done if possible or match if you get a kidney while doing it then it's okay This was your overall chapter which was enough It was very easy kids but there were some questions This is important which you have to solve ok Now friend these are such questions which are in the exam from my point of view i have taken it out ok Teachers can ask her something in the exam If you have any questions then solve this as well Because this is very important, isn't it? You may get these types of questions in exam so give reason why aquatic Animals at Most Ammonotonous in Nature Ver Terrestre forms are not to be confused with ammonia If we talk about ammonia then If ammonia needs to be removed then large There is a requirement of amount of water is it ok or whatever toxins etc remain are so to conserve water terrestre Adapted to produce less toxic Nitrogenous waste like urea, uric acid All these things are about ureotelic In ureotelic animals ammonia is produced released as a result of metabolic activities is converted into the urea in their liver and released into the blood that is filtered and excreted by the kidney ok then after that explain why in the Loop of drain The Glomar filtrate gates concentrated in the descending limb end Diluted in the ascending limb to yaar ye I have already told you all these things I have already told you friend that the counter current one Which things are supremely capable and which are impermeable All these things are in our complete answer We'll see what happens next after that I have already told you that it is ureotelic Uricotelic urea uric acid or ammonia Those people who take out those animals, Ammonotelic Uricotelic and Ureotelic then after that what is the What is the composition of sweat or not? The composition that we are talking about is sweat Contains Sodium Chloride Meaning [music] ok so this was important for you Questions that you guys please solve at home do it plus take a good look at it The chapter is fine from exam point of view. Hope it will be very useful to you and You have asked very good questions regarding this. You will be able to solve it, so keep studying like this Come on and make my name shine, see you in the next class bye