[Music] The brain is comprised of the cerebrum, cerebellum,
and brainstem. The cerebrum is the most prominent region
of the brain. It is divided into left and right hemispheres. The hemispheres have many of the same functions,
for example, each perceives touch on one side of the body, but some functions demonstrate
laterality, meaning they are primarily controlled on one side of the brain. The cerebral hemispheres in humans have many
folds to increase the surface area of the brain. The ridges are called gyri and the grooves
are called sulci. Large sulci are often called fissures. The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are
divided into four lobes. The frontal lobes are the most rostral, located
in the front of the brain and are responsible for higher level executive functions, like
attention, critical thinking, and impulse control. They are the last brain region to fully develop,
not completing development until individuals reach their 20s. The frontal lobes are also the location of
the primary motor cortex, the region of the brain responsible for planning and executing
movement. The primary motor cortex is located in the
precentral gyrus. The central sulcus lies caudal to the frontal
lobe and divides the frontal lobes from the parietal lobes. The parietal lobes are important for processing
sensory information. The primary somatosensory cortex is located
in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe and is responsible for the perception of touch
and pain. The parietal lobes also perform higher-level
visual processing. The temporal lobes are located on the side
of the brain, separated from the frontal and parietal lobes by the lateral fissure. Like the parietal lobes, the temporal lobes
play a role in sensory processing, specifically with hearing, smell, taste, and higher-level
visual processing. The temporal lobes are also important for
speech and memory. Beneath the cerebral cortex, deep in the temporal
lobes, lie the hippocampus and amygdala, two regions of the limbic system, a circuit important
for emotion and memory. The last lobes are the occipital lobes, the
most caudal lobes located in the back of the brain. The occipital lobes’ primary function is
processing of visual information. The cerebellum lies inferior to the occipital
lobes. The cerebellum is also divided into two hemispheres,
like the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum is best known for its role
in regulation and control of movement, but it is also involved in cognitive functions
like emotions. The brainstem is located between the cerebrum
and the spinal cord. It is important for regulating critical functions
like heart rate, breathing, and sleep. It is also the location of most of the cranial
nerves. The spinal cord, which is part of the central
nervous system but not part of the brain, is responsible for receiving sensory information
from the body and sending motor information to the body. Involuntary motor reflexes are also a function
of the spinal cord, indicating that the spinal cord can process information independently
from the brain. [Music}