hello everyone this is the first video for our review for the comparative in government and politics exam so let us be let's begin this will all just be general terms and concepts so the first one political socialization that's how you develop your ideas about politics and about the role of government who impacts your political socialization your family has the greatest impact but school does your peers class even the media and the government can impact that as well and this will eventually become your political ideology which is the set of values and beliefs that you have about government about public policy or politics in general all right now as we look at various statistics in a comparative government if you have an empirical statement that is something that can be proven by facts it is objective but if you have a normative statement that's a value judgment that is a subjective based on the data that you're looking at you will make a normative statement ok correlation versus causation if you have two variables that are correlated there looks that there is an association between them but the relationship is not clear oftentimes this is just a coincidence whereas causation you can prove that one variable changed another if X happens and it leads to Y and you can prove that had a direct impact that is causation ok your rights liberties and freedom in a civil society there are formal organizations and there are informal organizations they are not part of the government they operate in public okay civil society we have voluntary organizations that are autonomous they have their own organization their self-governing they focus on a different cause they bring people from different groups together again they are separate from the government civil society thrives when you have competition when you have freedom equality fair elections there's transparency and a democratic process your civil liberties are these freedoms such as speech assembly religion property and the right to a fair trial but your political rights are the right to vote you can Lobby the government you can protest or you can run for office okay sovereignty state and nation sovereignty is when you have independence as a legal authority over a particular territory it's based on your right to self-determination it's basically I think it's just independence now a state is an organization that has control over a given territory there's a political foundation there they have policies and it's a defined territory then a nation is a group of people with common traits such as race religion language and ethnicity so you will sometimes see a multi nation state this will be a state that has multiple nationalities and sometimes it's a problem it does lead to civil war could lead to one group wanting to secede from the state and it does sometimes lead to a lack of legitimacy for the government all right democracy is ruled by the people ok different elements of democracy are free and fair elections if you have regular and competitive elections civil liberties and independent judiciary you have rule of law some of these terms I will go over in a second peaceful transfer of power and citizens are eligible to run for office when there's widespread acceptance of democracy then democracy is consolidated you have to have multiple parties to choose from in a democracy and then in a liberal democracy not only do you have free and fair elections but you also have civil liberties in an illiberal democracy such as Russia they do have regular elections and there I guess relatively competitive I'm not gonna say anything negative about Putin out here but that was just a joke but there are people that don't have civil liberties within the country okay legitimacy and transparency political legitimacy is the general belief that the government has the right to rule so what gives a government legitimacy if there's a Constitution if you have a have a charismatic leader a tradition religion can provide legitimacy or competitive elections and then transparency that is when the government is completely open to the public it disseminates accurate information to the public it allows things to be circulated freely and citizens can access whatever information about the government's decisions and the decision-making process all right an authoritarian regime that's a form of government that has a strong central power and they limit individuals political freedoms so now all those freedoms are subordinate to the state there's no accountability there's often not any rule of law you have a lack of choice on the candidates and even the people who are running they might be vetted by the government and they can weed out certain people sometimes political opponents are intimidated to even run social media is often restricted and authoritarian regime and the regime can use bureaucracy to distribute benefits to people in return to for loyalty for each country I'll go through the examples of that all right hybrid regimes those are ones that are both democratic and authoritarian they have elements of both two examples would be Russia and China of countries that are somewhat democratic because they do hold elections but then the governments are also authoritarian okay federalism versus a unitary system all right so when a federalist system you have a division of power between the federal government or at or central government or national government and the local units so there's clear division on the national level and the sub-national level Russia is a federalist system Mexico is a federalist system and Nigeria is a federalist system this can make the lawmaking process difficult because if you have a dispute between the national government and the sub-national government but it also allows for a good representation of different ideas and various policies the United States which is not on our exam the United States is an example of federalism as well we have a federal in DC we also have state governments now in a unitary system there is not a symmetrical power sharing in the unitary system the authority is at the top central authority federal government that's where the authority is then that central government can give power to the local units so all the power constitutionally is at the national level but they are allowed to give more power on the local units if they want Great Britain China and Iran are examples of a unitary system and if they decide to give more power to the units to the local units that is called devolution Great Britain did this with Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland that's an example of devolution it does give the government more legitimacy and can avoid possible revolutions all right rule of law is what everybody is accountable to the law it is applied consistently and universally rule of law is promoted when there's an independent judiciary if you have separation of powers checks and balances officials can be removed either by impeachment or vote of no-confidence authoritarian regimes they try to resist the rule of law because they're worried about losing power so often those regimes are corrupt they even punish their opponents okay regime change first change of government so if you have a regime change that means the entire system is different regime change is an example of a complete transformation so for 70 plus years pre was in power in Mexico in 2000 pre was removed that's an example of regime change the USSR goes from the net Soviet Union to the Russian Federation that's an example of regime change change in government is when you just have like a new political party in office or new leader so if you go from David Cameron to Theresa May that's a change in government you go to madinah jawed to Ronnie that's in Iran that's a change in government it's a saundra money I hate when I forget something all right parliamentary versus presidential system in a parliamentary system the legislate and the executive branch they're together they're part of the scene there's a fusion of their power so the Prime Minister actually comes from the legislative branch so Theresa May was selected as a member of the House of Commons so that's how she rose to power although by the time you take the exam who knows that she'll still be there in a parliamentary system if you don't get one party to win a majority then you're going to need to form a coalition so multiple parties will have to come together to figure out who the Prime Minister will be and that is what happened in Great Britain the legislative branch can also declare a vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister now if you have a presidential system there's a clear separation you have two separate branch separate branches you have the executive branch the legislative branch the executive is elected or selected one way and the legislative is elected another way so you could actually have two different parties that are ruling each branch okay both of these systems however could have a legislature that has two parts to it that's called bicameralism the UK Russia Mexico and Nigeria they all have bicameral legislative bodies all right very very important here so proportional representation so if we have a legislative body and we give seats based on the percentage that the party received that's proportional representation so if your party wins 17 percent of the vote you receive 17 percent of the seats or roughly close to that so parties are basically competing for multiple seats within multiple districts and there's a better chance that minority candidates can win a seat in this system Russia allows this to a certain extent in the duma mexico allows this to a certain extent in its legislative body okay and if you don't again we said before sometimes you will have to form a coalition if there's no one party that has 51% of the vote now the opposite of that is called first-past-the-post this is what we use in the United States this is when you have separate districts one person represents each district and against the most votes wins winner-take-all single-member they call it sometimes first-past-the-post what happens usually is because you only have one chance to win it really leads to a two-party system so people are in the the minority parties are usually discouraged from running if you have a first-past-the-post system all right corporatist versus pluralist system in a corporatist system interest group okay so you have interest groups that have specific goals and objectives that they want to accomplish in a corporatist system those interest groups they actually have a formal relationship with the government they're actually business and labor and the representatives of the government they come together they work within the system their relationship is cooperative so a business labor in the government all together in a pluralist system you still have multiple interest groups but they don't have direct access to the government they're not linked to any part specifically so they have to compete to try think of lobbyists to try to get influence in the system Great Britain New Mexico used to be corporate estates but they are no longer they are now pluralist alright next a referendum this is when the people vote on a specific issue in the government the advantage of a referendum is that the responsibility now lies with the people it's far more democratic and it's you know forces a decision to be made and the truck swap debate although obviously that is a ridiculous thing for me to say given the fact that Briggs it has been an absolute nightmare for the people when we do the Great Britain video I will go through Briggs it because I'm pretty confident that's going to have to be a question this year another example of devolution I'm sorry of a referendum is when they voted to give more power to Scotland in the devolution vote and they also decided to let the Mayor of London be elected directly by the people but greggson is the one we're going to review cleavages are divisions within society I'm sure you got it pretty much understand this it could be any religion class gender urban rural we'll go through some of the cleavages for each of the countries and leaders sometimes use cleavages to try to get more support maintain power but obviously it also leads to major conflicts like we have in Nigeria and frankly frankly most of the country's political parties I think we know what that is but if you have a multi-party system you have more people being represented if you have a two-party system it makes it easier for the people to make their decision they don't have much to research and if you have a one-party system you have continuity of ideas and uniform policies but when there's more competition it leads to more democracy all right supranational organizations and some other groups here the European Union is one example of that please remember though that the European Union's court that will override any of the decisions by the courts in the home countries they have open borders in the European Union there are no tariffs and environmental laws must be followed again brexit is the key part of that that will go over the European Union UN NATO sometimes even a terrorist group like Boko Haram they can all challenge the sovereignty of a state and then you have multinational corporations like I think shell in Nigeria they sometimes challenge state sovereignty because they have so much control over the resources even sometimes over policies new technologies make it a lot easier for these corporations to spread their ideas and just be aware that Nigeria is in the Economic Community of West African states all right and independent judiciary almost done everyone individually sharing will strengthen democracy because it keeps up the idea of checks and balances it really enforces the rule of law they make sure we have free and fair elections they need to be able to be separate from the rest of the government policies and authoritarian regimes try sometimes undermine this by only appointing judges who will be loyal to the leader sometimes even rewarding them and in the worst case scenario authoritarian regime simply will just not follow the judicial decisions and they might even just remove judges all right a cabinet is the advisors to the executive they are very much involved in the policy-making process cabinet members in a parliamentary system they come from the legislature the majority party leader usually will select them in a presidential system they can be removed by impeachment in a parliamentary system they can remove by a vote of no-confidence and that's basically for the cabin all right welfare state and austerity well first e is when you have policies that are designed to help people through the government so health care in Great Britain that's an example of the welfare state people pay taxes and they're all part of what's called the National Health Service we'll review that closer detail when we get to Great Britain if you have unemployment insurance that's the welfare state if you give pensions to people that's the welfare state sometimes they call it a social safety net we have social security for example in the u.s. now the opposite my opposite but on the other side if you are really struggling as a government to pay your bills sometimes you may have to go on an austerity budget sometimes school districts have to do this if the budget doesn't pass so if there's a lot of pressure on your financial resources you say you're gonna go on austerity which means you're gonna spend the bare minimum that's required of you so what would you have to do if you're on austerity you might have to increase taxes to bring in more revenue you also might have to cut social welfare programs all right these are all economic terms market economy that is supply and demand that is free enterprise lays a fair I guess that's when private property is emphasized that's when you can make profits people can choose whatever job they want there is competition in a market economy conversely in a command economy there's a central authority that's going to make all the decisions for you the government will set all of the wages and the prices and what is produced and everything is controlled by the state in a command economy now don't get tricked by this economic liberalization that's the market economy economic liberalisation is when the government does not regulate the economy there's more privatization for our country economic liberalization is really more of a conservative ideology so sometimes you get confused by that this is when you reduce to control of the economy by the state so it's just introducing free market how do you become how do you go undergo economic liberalisation it's when you would lower tariffs that's when you would reduce subsidies to business stop giving them money that's when you want everything to be privatized all right and why do they do this they want foreign investment they want to reduce deficits they want to build up the economic foundation of the country in a free enterprise mindset but sometimes the negatives are if we don't have laws regulating business it could lead to environmental damage could lead to greater income inequality and globalization is the trend for the last 20 or 30 years where nations are now economically interdependent nations are all connected what happens in one country impacts another there's a whole system of global trade another reason why pregs it has been so difficult alright three more slides Arendt to your state putting all your eggs in one basket rent to your state is when a country as something that is very valuable and they put all of its emphasis on the revenue from that item the best example is oil and Nigeria Iran and Russia are the three examples for our course the problem here is that there's no diversification of the economy so you're totally dependent on the fluctuations in the market place if there's a problem and oil prices plummet you're not going to make as much money there's really no incentive to modernize and in the case of some of these countries tremendous corruption all right a runoff election some countries Iran Nigerian Russia they allow the president to be elected in a possible second round of voting so when Iran and in Russia if you do not receive 51% of the vote then you the second round of voting that doesn't happen too often in Nigeria it's a little bit trickier in Nigeria what will happen is you have to win 25% of the vote in two-thirds of the 36 States and if you don't get that then there's a second round that happens more often what's nice about run-off elections is that voters will get an alternative they can hopefully vote a second time if they if their first candidate didn't get down to the final two and the difference between a revolution a coup d'etat revolution is uprising in the masses while a coup d'etat coup d'etat I can't believe I misspelled that we're gonna change it if you don't mind coup d'etat is conducted by the military and the best example of that is in Nigeria so try to keep it brief I hope this is clear for you I'll put this presentation on Google classroom as well and good luck and I'll talk to you in the next video