Introduction to the Scientific Method

• Science begins with observation and curiosity.
• The scientific method provides a framework for systematic experimentation.
• Steps include: forming a question, researching, hypothesizing, experimenting, analyzing data, and communicating results.

Step 1: Formulating a Question

• Scientific questions should be specific, testable, and usually start with who, what, when, where, why, or how.
• Example: Instead of asking "How is popping boba made?", ask "What kinds of liquids can be turned into popping boba?"
• If unsure, start with a general question and refine it after background research.

Step 2: Background Research

• Gather as much information as possible on the topic.
• Use books, the internet, or ask experts.
• Helps to design the experiment and identify clues about data collection.
• Example: Research popping boba recipes, ingredients, equipment, and factors affecting poppability.

Step 3: Constructing a Hypothesis

• Hypotheses are educated guesses based on research.
• Should be testable and measurable, often in "If... then..." format.
• Example: "If I use liquids that are very acidic, then the popping boba's shape will be less spherical."

Step 4: Designing and Carrying Out an Experiment

• Identify experimental variables:
  • Independent Variable: The one factor changed (e.g., acidity of the liquid).
  • Dependent Variable: What is measured (e.g., shape of popping boba).
  • Controlled Variables: Conditions kept constant (e.g., temperature, ingredient quantities).
• Develop a step-by-step procedure, ensuring repeatable steps.
• Example Experiment Procedure:
  1. Choose a liquid to test.
  2. Follow a recipe to make popping boba.
  3. Measure dimensions of boba.
  4. Repeat with varying acidity.
• Repeat to ensure reproducibility.

Step 5: Analyzing Data

• Examine data thoroughly by calculating averages, making graphs, and assessing quality.
• Place independent variables on the x-axis, dependent on the y-axis in graphs.
• Sufficient data allows for conclusions about hypothesis support.
• Unanswered questions can lead to new hypotheses and questions.

Step 6: Communicating Results

• Communicate findings via reports, presentations, or other methods.
• Important for others to utilize findings in their experiments.

Additional Notes

• Some scientific questions are easier to test than others.
• Modify the scientific method steps if necessary (e.g., use simulations).
• Aim to discover cause-and-effect relationships by gathering evidence.
• For more practice and information, visit www.sciencebuddies.org.