and hello ladies and gentlemen it is me your host my entertainment back with another episode of ap world history modern and today we are reading chapter 1.3 developments in south and southeast asia quote what the books taught me i've practicied what they didn't teach me i've taught myself i've gone into the forest and wrestled with the lion i didn't get this far by teaching one thing and doing another end quote lal dead 1320-1392 essential question how did various beliefs and practices in south and southeast asia affect society and the development of states the poetry of law dead known as mother lala illustrates a major cross interaction between religious traditions that shape the history of south and southern asia she was born in kashmir a region of northern india while a hindu her emphasis on experience appealed to many muslims particularly supers the interaction of hindus and muslims those sometimes violent created dynamic developments in religious thoughts politics economics arts and architecture despite the strong islamic presence in the world local hindu kingdoms continue to play a major role in india's decentralized political landscape a third religion buddhism also had a strong presence in the area particularly in the sinala dynasties in present-day sri lanka and the great kingdoms of southeast asia political structures in southeast asia south asia was only occasionally united as a single state in its history after the gupta dynasty that had dominated south asia collapsed in 550 ending the so-called golden age or classical era of indian history disunity returned to the region for most of the next thousand years northern and southern india developed separate political structures however hinduism provided some cultural unity throughout the region many people combine their own local faith tradition with adherence to the same scriptures and core beliefs respected throughout the region political structures in southern india southern india was more stable than northern india the first kingdom the kola dynasty reigned over the southern india for more than 400 years 850 to 1267. during the 11th century the dynasty extended its rule to cylon the large island just south of india today it is known as sri lanka the second kingdom the vijayanagara empire 1336-1646 took its name from the word for the victorious city it began with the arrival of two brothers harihara and buka from the delhi sultanate in north-central india they were sent to the area because the delhi sultanate wished to extend its rule to southern india these brothers had been born as hindus and converted to islam for the sake of upward mobility when they left for the region controlled by the deadly sultanates they once again embraced the religion of their birth and established their own hindu kingdom the vijaygar on ngarur empire existed from the mid-1300s until the mid-1500s when a group of muslim kingdoms overthrew it political structures in northern india northern india experienced a great deal more upheaval than did southern india after the fall of the gupta empire see prologue the rajput kingdoms gradually formed in northern india and present-day pakistan these were hindu kingdoms led by leaders of numerous clans who are often at war with one another because of the competition among clans no centralized government arose once again demonstrating the diversity and the regionalism of south asia the lack of centralized power left the kingdoms vulnerable to muslim attacks while the himalayas protected india from invasions from the north and east mountain passes in the northwest allowed invasions by muslim armies each attack disrupted a region that had been mostly hindu and buddhist over time the islamic presence in the region grew in the 18th century islamic armies invaded what is today pakistan however they brought in little change to everyday life located on the eastern fringes of the dara al islam the region was isolated from the center of the culture in addition the rajput princes skillfully wielded their power to limit the muslims conquerors influence in the 11th century islamic forces plundered northern india's hindu temples and buddhist shrines for their riches in addition they erected mosques on hindu and buddhist holy sites much to the anger of followers by of those faiths in the early 13th century islamic forces managed to conquer the city of delhi and much of the northern portion of south asia bringing islam into india the delhi sultanate reigned for 300 years from the 13th through the 16th centuries the interaction of islam and hinduism in northern india dominated the political history of the era well some hindus converted to islam others resented muslims and considered them foreigners one factor contributing to this resentment was that the delhi sultanate imposed attacks called the jizya on all non-muslim subjects of the empire throughout its reign the delhi sultanate never organized an efficient bureaucracy in the style of the chinese for this reason sultans had difficulty imposing their policies in a land as vast and diverse as india despite the strong islamic presence in the region local kingdoms continued to play a major role in india's decentralized political landscape the sultans wanted to extend their rule southward before they succeeded though they became focused on defending themselves from an onslaught by the mago army from the northwest the delhi sultanate prevented the mongols themselves from conquering south asia however in 1526 the sultans lost power to a new empire the mughals whose leader did trace their ancestry to the mongols religion in south asia religion always held a dominant place in south asian history before the arrival of islam most a south asians practice hinduism while a smaller number identified themselves as buddhists south asians encountered a starkly different religion when islam arrived hindus pray to many gods while islam is strictly monotheistic or praying to one god hindu temples and artwork are replete with pictures of deities while muslims disapprove of any visual representation of allah hinduism was associated with a higher arguable caste system while islam has always called for the equality of all believers hindus recognized several sacred texts while muslim looked to only the kirin for spiritual guidance the arrival of islam the relationship between hindus and muslims shaped the history of south asia beginning in the 7th century and continues to shape regional culture and politics today islam initially entered india forcefully yet eventually took on a more peaceful approach but while islam was a universalizing religion one that wanted to pro-steadalize or actively see converts muslim rulers found early in their reign that forcing their hindu and buddhist subjects to convert was not successful thus most converts came to islam voluntarily many muslim merchants in the indian ocean trade moved to indian port cities and married their wives often ended up converting to their husbands religion while its emphasis on the equality of all believers islam also attracted low-caste hindus who hoped that conversion would improve their social status in this sense islam in india was like christianity in the roman empire both appealed to the people who suffered the most under the existing social structure the largest number of converts to islam however were buddhists corruption among the monks and raids on monasteries by early muslim conquerors left the buddhist religion disorganized the spread of islam helped make buddhism a minority religion in its place of birth social structures in south asia the arrival of islam did little to alter the basic structure of society in south asia india's caste system is its strongest historical continuity while obviously in equitable led stability to a politically decentralized land the caste system was flexible and able to economy newcomers muslim merchants and migrants even though they were not hindu found a place for themselves within the cast hierarchy based on their occupation the subcast based on occupation operated like workers guilds soon becoming absorbed into the social fabric of indian society at the same time most of those who tried to escape the grip of the caste system failed the low-caste hindus who converted to islam as a way to improve their social status usually did not achieve that goal individuals required more education and more opportunities for better jobs but not just a new religion to help them escape their low status in life as islam spread muslims varied how they applied its core teachings depending on their culture before converting for example islam did not alter depending on on gender relations greatly in south asia women in the hindu tradition were confined to a separate social sphere and islamic women received similar treatments in southeast asia women enjoyed more independence before the arrival of islam this pattern continued as people became muslims thus converts in south and southeast asia found ways to accommodate a new faith but more people did not reject their traditions in this process cultural interactions in south asia people in south asia and the middle east share their intellectual and cultural achievements with each other for example area of astronomers and mathematicians added to the body of knowledge begun by their indian counterparts indian developments in algebra and geometry were translated into arabic and spread throughout dhara all islam one result of this movement of ideas was the numeral system referred to in the west as arabic numerals actually originated in india in india itself sultan's erected buildings melting the intricate artistic details of hindu art with the megiometric patterns preferred by islamic architecture the city of delhi is filled with examples of islamic architecture built during the delhi's sultanate one famous example the gutop minar stands in the southern part of the city rulers from the delhi sultanate build an elaborate mosque on top of a hindu temple and use materials for the mosque from nearby hindu and other religious shrines towering over the mosque is the kutar minar itself a gigantic leaning tower the tallest structure in india today historians debate the reason for its construction one obvious function is its presence as a symbol of islamic influence and at one time dominance of northern india an entirely new language developed among muslims of south asia urdu urdu melded the grammatical pattern of hindu the language of northern indians and with the vocabulary of arabic and some elements of farsi the language of persians today urdu is the official language of pakistan the bakadi movement beginning in the 12th century some hindus began to draw upon traditional teachings about the importance of emotion in their spiritual life rather than emphasize studying text or performing rituals they focused on developing a strong attachment to a particular ddd this development known as the picati movement started in southern india it was especially appealing to many believers because it did not discriminate against women or how people of lo stills will quote status for example one of the most famous figures of the bakari movement would be female the poet mirabai who lived in the 16th century though the bacardi's were hindus they were similar in some ways to sufi muslims both groups were mystical movements ones that emphasized inner reflection in order to achieve a direct personal relationship with the deity because they placed less emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals and beliefs bakadis and sufis each appealed to people outside their traditions such as the sufis help spread islam the bacardi's spread hinduism and as you can see by this image the source is think stock religious structures in india often demonstrate syncretism in architecture the gutab minar combines towers common in hindu temples with domes common in islamic mosques and that is the image on page 27 of the textbook southeast asia like china south asia strongly influenced its neighbors particularly the lands of southeast asia today is indonesia malaysia cambodia thailand laos and vietnam indian merchants had contact with these southeast asian lands as early as 500 bce the merchants sold gold silver metal goods and textiles in the region and brought back its fine spices trade voyages introduced the indian religion of hinduism and buddhism to southeast asia much of the region became and remains today mostly buddhist the region like southwest asia was strategically significant whoever controlled this region could influence the valuable trade between south asia and east asia sea based kingdoms because southeast asia was so important several kingdoms emerged there two were particularly long-lasting the sierra jaya empire 670-1025 was a hindu kingdom based on samatara it built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between india and china the maja pit kingdom 1293-1520 based on java had their 98 tributaries at its height like servijaya major pit uh sustained its power by controlling sea routes unlike sirajaya marja pitts was buddhist land-based kingdoms other kingdoms in southeast asia drew more power from their control over land the sinala dynasties in sri lanka had their roots in the arrival of early immigrants most likely merchants from northern india buddhists arrive in the 3rd century bce and the island became a center of buddhist study monasteries and nunneries flourished both men and women found a life of contemplation and simple living attractive buddhism was so deeply embedded that buddhism priests were often served as advisors to the monarchs the government of one of the kingdoms oversaw the construction of a network of reservoirs and canals to create an excellent irrigation system which contributed to economic growth however attacks by invaders from india and conflicts between the monarchy and the priest ultimately weakened the kingdoms the kemmer empire also known as the angor empire kingdom 802 to 1431 was situated near the mekong river and also did not depend on maritime prowess for its power the kingdom's complex irrigation and drainage kingdoms systems led to economic prosperity making it one of the most prosperous kingdoms in southeast asia irrigation allowed farmers to harvest rice crops several times a year and drainage systems reduced the impact of the heavy monsoon rains the camera capital was at angkor thom the temples were shown that the variety of indian culture or influences on southeast asia hindu artwork and sculptures of deities about london but at some point the camera rulers became buddhist starting in the 12th and 13th centuries they added buddhist sculptures and artwork to the temples without destroying any of the hindu artwork during the same period and only one half mile from the angor's home rulers constructed the ornate and majestic buddhist temple complex of angkor wat in 1431 the diocese of the saco heidi kingdom invaded the area forcing the cameras out nevertheless ruins of the magnificent structures and angkor tome and angkor wat still stand testifying not only to the sophistication of southeast asian culture but also to the powerful influence of indian culture on the region and also as you can see here by this image the source is from rajahani painting of merced and also giving a website and then also the caption reading the great temple complex at angkor wat in both its architecture and its use reflects the interaction between hinduism and buddhism in southeast asia and honestly it's a very interesting image in my opinion islam islam's movements into the indian ocean region paralleled its expansion elsewhere the first southeast asian muslims were local merchants who converted into the 700s hoping to have a better trading relations with the islamic merchants who arrived on their shores islam was most popular in urban areas at the time islam spread to samarda but java and the melee peninsula today indonesia includes more muslims than any other country sufis sufis also did missionary work in southeast asia see topic 1.2 or my previous video because of their tolerance for local faiths people felt comfortable converting to islam they could be muslims and still honor local deities key terms by theme government south asia vijayagara empire southern india rajput kingdoms north india delhi sultanate government south east asia civil jarrah empire samirtra uh majahabit dynasties sri lanka kemmer empire cambodia sakadai kingdom thailand culture religion prosethalyze bakati movement culture blending q-tub minar urdu and legitimate that's gonna have to do it for today's episode and once again sorry for butchering pronunciations you know all know that at this point that is not my thing but hey maybe i can try better luck next time but you know gotta do what you can anyways i hope you all enjoyed the video please like the video if you liked it uh please hit the subscribe button else you can always unsubscribe it becomes an inconvenience and remember to hit the notification bell to stay up to date and when i post more content and that's gonna do it for today's episode next up on the this playlist for chapter one is gonna be chapter 1.4 so make sure to stay tuned for that however i hope you all have an amazing day or night remember ladies and gentlemen stay happy stay safe and remember stay entertained