Lecture Notes: Mexico - History, Geography, Demographics, Economy, and International Relations

Introduction

• Chihuahua, smallest volcano, enchilada, mariachi bands, painted faces, tequila, chocolate, and colored TV all originated from Mexico.
• Officially known as the United Mexican States.
• Located in southern North America, between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

Historical Background

• Independent state since 1821.
• People inhabited the area for millennia, with six major civilizations from 1500 BC to 1500 AC.
• Aztec civilization influential in modern Mexican culture.
• Spanish conquest in 1521, leading to 300 years of Spanish rule under the Viceroyalty of New Spain.
• Post-independence territorial changes due to self-determination, war, and sales.

Geography

• Mexico features three mountain chains converging in the center, creating the Mexican Plateau.
• Part of the "ring of fire," with many volcanoes; highest at 5,600 meters above sea level.
• Major river: Rio Grande (Rio Bravo).
• 33% forest and rainforest coverage, mainly in the south.
• 40% desert coverage in the north.
• Climate regions: warm (south), temperate (center), dry and hot (north).

Demographics

• Population: 120 million in 31 states and Mexico City.
• Largest Spanish-speaking country.
• Christian population: 107 million (91% of total).
• Main ethnicity: Mestizos (60%).

Economy

• 11th largest economy globally.
• Exports: $441 billion USD, mainly to the US (77%).
• Imports: $416 billion USD, with US as major partner (57%).
• Key export/import sectors: machinery, transportation, instruments, mineral products.

Transportation

• Extensive network of modern airports; air travel efficient and safe.
• No passenger railway; long-distance road travel can be tiring.

International Relations

• Rivalry with the US, but also trade partners.
• US and Mexico are top migration destinations for each other.
• Healthcare in Mexico is more affordable than in the US.
• Distant relationships with Latin American countries.
• Historical connection with Ethiopia over shared diplomatic actions.

Conclusion

• Despite various international ties, Mexico's strongest friendships remain undefined.
• Mexican saying: "If you're born to be a tamale, the leaves will fall from the sky."