How Computers Work: What Makes a Computer a Computer?

Introduction

• Speaker: May-Li Khoe
  • Designer and inventor, previously at Apple, now designing products for kids.
  • Other roles: DJing, dancing.
• Speaker: Nat
  • Original designer of the Xbox, has worked with computers since age 7, now focused on virtual reality.

The Ubiquity of Computers

• Computers are prevalent in daily life (pockets, cars, watches, backpacks).
• Key Question: What makes a computer a computer?

The Evolution of Tools

• Humans have always created tools to solve problems (e.g., wheelbarrow, hammer, printing press).
• Shift from physical tools to machines designed for intellectual tasks (e.g., solving equations, tracking stars).

Four Fundamental Tasks of Computers

1. Input: Taking in information.
2. Storage: Storing information in memory.
3. Processing: Manipulating information using algorithms.
4. Output: Delivering processed information.

• These four tasks are common to all computers and define what a computer is.

History of Computers

• Early computers were made of wood and metal, using mechanical levers and gears.
• By the 20th century, computers transitioned to electrical components, becoming larger and slower.
• Original computers functioned primarily as basic calculators, manipulating numbers.

Modern Computers

• Modern computers perform the same four tasks but look vastly different from early mechanical machines.

Input

• Definition: Input is what makes the computer perform actions.
• Input methods include:
  • Keyboard
  • Mouse
  • Microphone
  • Camera
  • Touch screens (sense finger input)
  • Devices like smartwatches that can monitor health metrics.

Storage & Processing

• Inputs provide data, which is stored in memory.
• The processor:
  • Retrieves information from memory.
  • Manipulates it using algorithms (a series of commands).
  • Stores processed information back in memory.
• This cycle continues until the information is ready for output.

Output

• Definition: Output depends on the computer's design.
• Possible outputs include:
  • Displaying text, photos, videos, games, and virtual reality.
  • Sending signals to control robots.
• Internet connectivity allows computers to share output and input with each other.

Conclusion

• Modern computers are vastly different from early machines, but they still follow the same four processes:
  • Input ➜ Storage ➜ Processing ➜ Output
• Future computers may look different, and everyone has a role in shaping their development.