region one of them is a scar because protecting the brain it has different form and different connection with the face with the neck with the yes with sensory organs ear eyes Mouse so it's very important oh yeah uh in the skull we have a lot of Bones how many bones you think we have in this SC 22 22 how many in the face 14 yes 14 bones in the face and eight bones in the around the brain neuroc okay so we have 22 bones most of them are pale okay for example in the face six bones yes they are P two bones they are single exactly in the neurocranium here four four bones are single and two bones are pair so we have 22 bones fracture of the skull is important because can damage the important structure in the body like yes artery here a lot of artery we have in the skull we have CNS brain little brain brain stem so all of this reason all of this uh points show that scull is very important for protecting the brain so let's start the scull I will give you for example next session next week some question for theal astrology to practice better you know that the only bone in the skull which has movement is mandible yes look at here when you speaking when you eating just mandible can move up and down but other bones other 21 bones they are fused together and they are fixed okay so the only movable bone in the skull is mandible if we don't consider the bones in the ear we have three small bones they are not related to the skull they are related to the hearing system okay so in a live person in US mandible attached to the other part of the skull by muscle by ligament by joint but in a bony model you can remove the Mandel from the skull easily because we don't have ligaments joint muscle anything so bandel can be removed from the skull so in this way we should say we have Mandel and other part of the skull we should say cranium okay Mandel and Cranium so a skull has two parts Mandel and Cranium Cranium I told you in the first day in anatomy introduction of anatomy we have cranial and opposite of cranial in anatomical terminology aial very good cranial and codal cranial means related to the Head codal means related to the tail I told you we use it in the fetus in the animals cranial and so bones in the skull they have two parts one part bones in the face one part bones around the brain so some bones they are located in the face you're appear okay your face shape and some bones protecting the brain they are here okay on the head so the bones in the face we call them Vis Cranium what is the mean meaning of visceral sure yes visceral and pral we had it anical terminology visol means a if you you studied the heart you know that precardia seros precardia has two layer viseral and pral so viser Cranium means bones in the face okay six PA two single it means 14 BS this part is neurocranium neurocranial means protecting the nervous system for this reason we say neuro means neuron neuron okay neurocranium has two parts look at this line this line separates the two parts of the neurocranium here is neurocranium this line separate that upper part of the skull upper part of the neurocranium is calvaria the roof of the skull here in some surgery for example they want to do surgery on the brain they cut the skull from here remove the roof and they can manage the different artery vessels nerve anything okay so this part of the neurocranium a is calvaria calvaria is roof of the neurocranium or roof of the SC other part of the neurocranium be here this place this place is base of the Gran or base of the skull okay base here is base of the skull base of the skull is very important because it has a lot of for for the ne three formance f it has yes it has three fora so this place is base of the scar this place is calvaria both of them is neurocranium neurocranium we have four single bone and two PIR bone look at this picture they remove the calvaria then they remove the brain vessels anything inside of the skull then you can see the base of the skull this is base of the skull when you remove the brain look at the Forman here we have a lot of foran very good this big Froman Froman magum a small Froman here here here so all of them connect the the inside of the skull to the different parts of the body so Vis V they have six pair two single let's naming the pair bones Noz nozzle yes pay oneill Marilla 2 it's here three Z it's here four paltin paltin yes it's in roof of the heart palad five and finally number six inferior nasal inferior nasal con so we have six paale bone and two single Mand so let me show you the pair bones in the face nasel is here you know that nose external nose just the upper part of the nose was his bone other part lower part is cartilage was roof so nasal bone is pair right left second maxillary bone this upper jaw here it's PIR maxillary bone question Vine maxillary bone is pale but Mand is single they are look like each other both of them they have 16 te 16 in the lower jaw 16 in the upper jaw together we have 32 Mand is single but is and the children after that so what happened after that yes you said cor Mand is single but in the not in the children in the F in the baby it was pale okay so then they f F together fused together and you can't see any suture any line line of the connection it's look like a one bone not two bone but in mailla you can see the suture the line line of the connection so it means it's pair okay this is the reason frontal also I will explain for you so one nasal two moila number three zymatic heretic B right zygomatic bone left this big part of the cheek here is zygomatic bone okay sotic right left so Z is number three number four L what what is the meaning of LOL tear very good when you are crying this water is tear okay Lal bone is here inside of the orbital cavity Lal bone the weakest weakest bone in the face is lcal you can say fragile fragile means easily broken okay the most fragile bone in the face is Lal B it's pale number five and number six number five is here inside of the nose inferior nasal K look at the nasal cavity from anterior view inside of the nasal cavity you can see some small bones look at here when you're looking from anterior view this middle bone here war is warmer yes this one is warmer so the single bone vmer we call it nozzle septum septo means look like a V separate right from left nasal septum warmer is here but when we look into the nasal cavity here we can see a small boning projection like this terning one here and one is small up so these are conka superior nasal conka middle nasal conka and inferior nasal conka in each side but why just inferior is a bone separate special bone why Superior lasal conka and midle lasal conka they are not bones they are not a specific bones because so Superior needle is related to them very good they are a part of ethoid bone they are not a specific bone but inferior nasal conka is a specific bone and cons be considered as a p facial bone inferior nasal cona what are the function of this bones this projected bones here yes when you bracing when you send oxygen to your respiratory system this conka turning the air inside of the nose Okay imagine it's like a turbinator turning an air inside of your nose so for example when you are in the cold place when you greasing the air turning in your nose and become a little warmer or for example for uh become a little uh humidity increase the humidity okay it's not dry so we will talk about that mean upper and the mid not of the superior and middle they are part of atoid bone yes etmo is not the bone of the face but inferior nasal cona it's a pale bone in the face and this is the biggest cona what is the meaning of cona con has two meaning one is like horn horn of the animal okay a small horn okay another is like a small bo bo yes car and some you know Vehicles they have both both of them but usually we say horn a small horn so these are five pair bone and number six is Palatine bone where is it it's here in the hard pallet roof of the mouse mouse roof of the mouse is here it's here it's here roof of the m so you can see plate plate of the bone so which bones they producing the roof of the mouse Marilla and palatin what is the name of this region what is the name of this region heart pallet so again pay attention roof of the mouse roof of the mouse has two bones you can see in this model the we call it heart pallet hard palette look at here yellow color and purple color the yellow color is MOA yes this is MOA and this part of the heart palette is MOA but look at the behind bone this region this part this part is paltin bone in the heart palet so this bone is pale you can see right and and Left Behind the Milla in the heart pallet is this sentence correct or not hard pallet is roof of the mouse and floor of the nasal cavity theow of the nasal cavity is correct no no why not yes it's true Heart Pet roof of the mouse yes it's the floor of the nasal cavity in the skull we have three cavity one oral cavity mouth one nasal cavity for the nose and orbital cavity for the eye so imagine nasal cavity and oral cavity heart pallet separate them so heart pallet is roof of the oral cavity and Flor of the nasal cavity okay so these are six pale bone two single bone in the face one vmer in the nasal septum here and one Mandel I told you why Mandel is single it was pair in the feeds but now we consider it as a pair bone because we can see a connection it's a single bone vable okay neurocranium we have H bone four single and two pay so what is the name of the pay bone in the neurocranium look at here this is neurocranium this region except face all other part of the scull this is neurocranium I told you neurocranium has two part calvaria and base of the scope this is C waria this part is base of the scope so what are the two P bone in the neuroc very temporal this red color here and here red color and paral yes this green color here and here so we have two pair bone bral bone temporal are BS in the orange where is it this one temporal yes temporal I told you red yes this temporal this one prial they are pair right and left four single bone tell me the name of the bone frontal frontal this one blue color frontal in the front here aripal here in the back behind this SC oxital single single yes frontal is look like mandible in the Fus it was pair but now it is single frontal frontal ocal Ando so where are these bones [Music] anterior Cranium forces so how I can show you the bone now which cavity anterior etmo in one sentence if you want to address to somebody where is the etmo bone you should say roof of the nose roof of the nasal cavity so where is the roof of the nasal cavity nasal bone no nasal bone is here roof of the nasal cavity yes yes this white color this white color between two part of the frontal B this white color is roof of the nose imagine nose here inside roof of the nose is here and we have ET look at this picture this region show you the ETO so it's difficult to show you from the outside because in the outside you have nose external nose you have different bone in the face etmo is roof of the nasal cavity it's here exactly inside roof of the nasal cavity Andoid has a lot of a small from why for factory that for factory nerve yes because when you a smelling okay so here you have some neurons they receive the signals and send it directly to the brain so they should passing from theine bone so frontal bone occipital bone and ethmoid they are single and the last single bone is a spinoid how we can address the location of a spinoid in the skull between two in the in the lateral in the lateral wall of the skull in the lateral wall of the skull no we need a better sentence where is the SPO behind thank you so much the simple sentence and correct sentence behind Theo bone so let me check again this white color it wasmo and now I told you behind the atoid bone posterior to the atoid bone from here go back so it's exactly in the base of the skull when you from atmo you go posterior so exactly in the base of this SC this color what is the color purple purple right so it's here okay this region it's very big bone and complex bone I will explain for you a sphenoid so this is the location of a sphenoid yes we can see a sphenoid in the lateral side you know why Espino has one body like cubid okay like behind the atoid so we have body it has two veins lesser ve and greater so lesser wi go to the orbit greater wiing here in the base of the skull so greater wi in the base of the skull also it has some part in the lateral side of the skull this is the shape of the greater Wing so you can see in the base of the skull you can see in the lateral side of the skull greater Ving so look at here I can see a sphenoid in the base of the skull and in the lateral side of the skull I will explain for you so these are four single bones in the neuro cranium IAL base this picture when we remove the calvaria we remove the brain this part of the new Cranium is cranial base you can divide it to the three regions anterior cranial fora we call it cranial fora why because when you're looking from inside it's look like a fora look at here it has depression and it look like a fosa here we call it cranial fosa cranial fosa has three parts anterior middle and posterior cranial fosa anterior cranial fosa middle cranial fosa and posterior cranial fosa each part has connection with a specific place for example look at the anterior cranial fosa what is the connection of this place with so witho connect to the nose yes so the connection of anterior cranial fosa is with nose it's connected to the nose by this foren I told you has a lot of foren for UL Factory nerve what is the connection of midle cranial fora it's connected to theing yes it has several here you can see a lot of f they connected to the neck we have infratemporal fora we have some fosa here and goes to the neck and posterior cranial fosa spine connected to the spine very good foran Magnum the biggest foren in the skull it's connected to the vertebral column connected to the vertebral column so which structure passing from is being from a spinal cord spinal cord passing from here and goes to the scull the name of a spinal cord here changed to brain stem brain stem okay so posterior also has other form like here this is jugular fosa again connected to the neck so we will talk about all of this ven all of this location but this picture is cranial fora and you should know that we have three cranial fora anterior middle and posterior and another point when you learn the uh bones you can understand better is the margin between two fosa for example between anterior and middle cranial fosa this is the border between middle cranial fosa and posterior this is the Border can you tell me now what is this lines separate the anterior and middle cranial F uh okay it's here it's not false but what is that here lesser wiing of a spinoid aoid I told you it has two wiing lesser and greater lesser wiing of the spinoid separate the anterior fosa from middle fosa very we have studied the spino we can understand it better what is the border between midle cranial foso and posterior cranial thank you so much yes temporal bone this orange color look at here it has a part we call it petus part temporal bone is not just here it has a place it has a part for the base this part is Petro part Petro part has Superior border and can divide the middle from posterior cranial F so again I will explain these points to you and in each fora we have a specific part of the nervous system here we have occipital L we have little brain here we have temporal Loop here we have frontal Loop you will study so what we can understand from this picture from this slide ification verification so what is the difference between fortification of the VIS Cranium and neurocranium two typification of theic of ification in the cartilage and reification in the membrane so you can say endral cific means inside of the cond side cartilage was roof okay this type of producing the bone OIC is dependent on the cartilage it needs cartilage but look at this time intramembranous classification it doesn't need cartilage Condy if you have a membrane the sh bones can produce here so we have two types of verification in the scull intramembranous by membrane and endochondral byrite cartilage okay so look at this blue and red color show you the endochondral fific base of the scull usually we have a small complex bone they are not regular they are irregular like a sphenoid atoid okay base of the occipital B bz part so these parts look at here the bones usually regular at here it's endochondral ufic it need cartilage but other part of the skull here it's flat here is flat flat flat okay so this part is produced by intramembranous so this is the difference endochondral alific we have mostly in the cranial base includes the atoid frontal aoid temporal oxital red and blue color here but in TR membranous most of the bones in the face and the roof of the scull they need calvaria and they need a membrane they are usually flat bones so we have these two types of verification means producing new bones in the skull and you should know what is the difference important Point what is font font tunnels and what is the function what is the importance what is the location the spot that allow the SC to extend between and so why we have phone tunnels make it because scull are connected together when we we cannot the SC cannot bigger yes because the is not so yes make some space for growing the skull yes exactly so the question is why here and here we say fontanels why here we don't say fontanels yes you know you have here that maybe you have he that before don't hit or touch the baby this region upper head of the baby because here is very sensitive because it's not boring here and here because call them fontal anterior and posterior fontals are two important fontals in the scull so what is that it's a bigger space between more than two bones because here yes it's a space is not attached completely it's not fused completely but it's two bones two parial we don't say fontals fontals it should be more than two bones two paral bone and frontal bone bone is also pale in the fetus so this region is font anterior font this region two paral bone and occipital bone posterior fontal so this is the reason look at here when a baby born all of these bones not fused together why because yes the brain need a space to grow up to increase the size so if the bones attached together fuse the brain don't have space so we have a lot of disease like micral the head is small the brain is a small so why because the bone fuse together very soon in each part anterior posterior midline okay font tunnels anterior posterior and sometimes here enteral and posterolateral these two are not very important but we can see the connection between more than two bones 1 2 3 4 fonts onal this one postal so for two reason the bones of the skull uh they don't fuse together at the time of the birst one I told you because the brain need a space the second reason is yes the best time portation the baby goes out from the body of mother easily so the skull can compact a little when the bone is not fused okay it can become compressed and Compact and the baby go out from the body of mother this is the two reason so the question when this Fontanel fused completely and we can't see any space here anterior font fused at which year which months 1 yes yes if you want to say one time it's be correct we can say one and a half year one and half it means 18 months after 18 months after 18 months the anterior form tunnel will be closed posterior font tunels will be closed at after three months to 6 months so posterior pH tunnel will be closed sooner than anterior pH tunnel you can read here a clinical anatomy and the average or median average time for the closing of the anterior foral is approximately 14 months but if you say 18 is the maximum time it will be closed at this time completely 18 months yes normal from 14 to 18 is normal but average is 14 late yes so this is the problem yes yes very good in a lot of problem syndromes you can see irregularity in the skull some people the anterior side of the skull is bigger it show you that the fuse SU is not happened correctly it's late it's grow a lot then fused so you can see big part in some people back back of the skull is bigger why because this suture is not close at the correct time for example after 6 month one year so this part grow more than other part so you have seen some people with big part in the bank so if close soon is problem if close late it's all also a problem if close soon their skull can't grow up if close late their skull grow up more than normal okay it says the clinical points about the Fontanel paranal sinuses uh the time of the closing yes just paranal sinuses what is that para what is the meaning of para near close and nasal nose sinuses sinus very good sinus means Big Hollow Parts like big bag it's empty space and big sinus we use it for the veins sometimes big veins sometimes we use it for the some space in the body so close the nose we have some space for nasal sinuses look at the nose here here here here here here you have some space what is the function of this space why you have a space in the Bones close the nose keep the ey no it's not related to The Vessel it's not related to the for the lymph noes of the noing no again in some bones close the nose you have empty space it means this part of the bone is not completely bony if you look at the inside of the bone is empty here is empty inside and it's related to the nose we call it paranal sinuses okay here you can see some empty space paranal sinuses here behind the eyebrow it's the common place in the frontal bone in the maxillary bone here we have empty space why we have this space what is the function very good decrease the weight of the skull yes imagine all part of the skull is Bon and heart so the weight of the skull increased but now we have some empty space in the face here so decrease the weight make it lighter second reason two uh yes the air goes to this region but what is the function changing your voice power we call it resonance Resonance of the voice okay if you have cold okay some problems like this your sinus become inflamation at help your voice change you can understand it so because it's related to the nose and the sinuses so second reason is air goes to this space and the Resonance of your voice resonance means power of the voice can be changed by this space so these are two reasons four bones they have a space one frontal bone it's here behind the eyebrow here inside of the bone is empty frontal sinus here maxillary home it has sinus here maxillary sinus the biggest sinus is located in the maxillary B the biggest sinus is in the maxillary bone number three and four is atoid and sphenoid atoid and the spinoid also they have empty space so if I ask you which Bones they have sinuses you know that they have four bones what is the action of or function of the paranal sinuses you should know the function look at this picture auxillary sinus is the biggest sinus but this place it has problem something like inflammation and yes uh solid tissue inside of the sinus sinus should be empty like this here atoid and here you can see frontal it's here empty space auxiliary ASO these are the location of the sinuses and maybe some of you for example in cold place for example when you're driving a motorcycle or bicycle you have headache in this place or if you have cold okay because the inflammation in the we call it sinoses sintis in sinoses inflammation in the sinus also this secretion of the sinus they Secret mcusa inside of the nose increase after after the inflammation a skull sutures what is this meaning suture very good it's a it's a joint yes what is the joint it doesn't have any movements but not mov yes it's fixed I told you sinovial joint they have movements but this joints yes FIB joint they don't have any movements okay so it's a joint yes it doesn't have any movement but we consider it as a joint of so what we have between two bones nothing just bones between two bones you have bones you don't have sinovial fluid membrane cartilage anything we call it sinosis sinosis means completely po means bone cenosis completely boning so these joints we call them suture look at here look at this line between two prial bone you can see a line of connections this is Joint yes fixed joint they call it suture because it's completely born osis so uh suture they have name some important suture in the SC this one between two parial bone this suture you can see look at the suture this is sagital suture sagital suture I told you sagital plane cut the body to the right and left the name of this plane coming from the suture sagittal suture look at this suture coronal suture it's here coronal suture or frontal suture again coronal plane frontal plane this suture here lamboid yes it's here between petal bone and Ox lamboid suture so these three suture are very important seral between two paral frontal or coronal and here lomed suture one suture we have it in the Lal side is esam do you know what is the meaning of esus esus suus yes flat but it has yes if the place of the bone is very flat we call it the sces flat and SE this is is part of the teral es is part of the frontal es is part of the occipital ES means s okay the meaning of s it's and you can see here so esam suture is here between pral bone and frontal bone esos suure and we have some important Point these are lines but behind point a spot here look at here this place then sental suture attached to the coronal suture this point has a name Bre Bre so seral suture coronal suture attached together this point is brma it wants before it was anterior font but when Clos you can say this is break consider the hand angle it's a point we call it anthropometric point for some surgery for addressing they say for example 2 cm behind the break M for example cut this 3 cm it's a place it's a landmark to finding other structure okay when sagital suture attached to the lamb suture this point is lamb so here is brma here is lamba and the most important point in the SC it's displ it's Ed shape look at here Edge connection of the paral bone temporal bone greater wiing of aoid and frontal making an edge an edge shaped suture this Ed shape here we call it Tero p is silent p is silent terum so what is the terum is Ed shape suture connect which four bones together prial temporal frontal and greater Ving of a so why this teron is important because four bones attached together this place is weak it's not two bones four bonds attached together so you have a lot of sugar this place is weak second this place is lateral side of the skull in any accidents any for example heating any problem falling down these places can easily damage second reason and the third reason here teron not outside outside we have the skin facial and muscle here inside of the teron is isal Ed shape between frontal pral temporal greater wiing of spinoid inside of the skull here we have an artery yes middle manang arter so imagine here we have four bones for suture is weak easily can damage and if damage inside you have artery so you have bleeding inside of the skull so this bleeding this blood can make pressure on your brain so this is very dangerous extra Dural hemorage I will explain for you what is that so clinical point it's important uh the clinical consequences of fracture in the terum region is very serious the bone is this area is particularly seen VI and overlies the anterior division of midle menial artery so if I ask you which arter is located deep to the terion you should say midle menial artery I will explain for you in the uh head and neck what is this artery which can be torn by a SC fracture in this area resulting in extra Dural hematoma this will also be covered in the lab form okay extra Dural hematoma who can explain what is this internal beding internal bleeding inside of this but what is external Dural extra Dural Dural is a layer between the skull and the Brain you have one layer here what are the name of this three l AR very good very good what what is the name of this three layer together men menes very good thank you yes we have menis menes is a like a layer membrane around the brain and a spinal cord around the CNS imagine here you have a scull inside of the skull you have brain for example this is brain between a skull and brain you have a membrane the name of this membrane is melis melis has three parts outside is Dural matter Dural matter means hard substance Dural Dural matter attached to the booms outside of the mes then you have aroid arachnoid means you know the meaning of aroid anab yes we call it anab anab aroid and the inside attached to the brain is patter patter means soft tissue durom heart tissue attached to the skull arid inside and pomatter soft tissue attached to the brain so what is this when bleeding occur in the skull this hematon this Blood this mass of the blood it's outside of the Dural matter so for this reason we say extra Dural means outside of the Dural matter between bones and Dural matter so because we have different artery in the skull some artery outside of the Dural mat some inside of the dur okay this is the meaning of extra Dural dur matter is a part of menes any question until now about different part of the skull okay I told you menis is a layer around the it has three layer extra dur aroid patter these three layer attach the brain to this so when bleeding it's outside outside of the Dural matter we call it extra Dural hematom hematoma means bleeding blood we have two options we can continue until 9 and 30 and we go to the rest until 10 or I can give you seven 10 minutes rest then you come back again until for example minute before 10 continue Contin continue you have 2 minute RS just here don't go out after you a lot of students for guys you shouldn't go out you want to continue don't go out don't go out [Music] [Music] what it's [Music] [Music] so let's continue we start with the bones in the [Music] neurocan pay attention we start with the bones in the neuro cran for single and two pain B so the first bone is frontal bone single bone in the neurocranium look at here this blue color and here this blue color this is frontal B it's a single in fetus okay it was pale but now fused together and it is a single bone first the location of the frontal bone in the anterior front of the skull it's here I told you the sutures coronal suture or frontal suture it's here frontal bone also participates in the orbital cavity in the orbital cavity the roof of the orbital cavity look at here frontal look at the roof of the oral cavity here it has plate it has plate here for the roof of the oral cavity right and roof of the orbital cavity roof of the orbital cavity left look at here so it has one part here vertical am two part here one two these two orbital plates you can see from inside of the cranial fer look at here right left are roof of the orbital cavity but look at the point the these two plat then they don't touch together orbital plate right orbital plate left they don't touch together between them we have a space we have a notch for what for ethmoid bone because ethmoid bone is here roof of the nose Okay pay attention again or oral plate right here orbital plate left here between them you have a notch U shape Notch etmo Notch Andoid bone goes to this place so this is roof of the nose so this is the location of the frontal bone look at here vertical plate and two orbital plates between them we have Notch foro bone so how many parts Parts frontal bone has in the body uh four parts aamus part I told you s every place in each bone is a smooth seene flat you call it esam so this is squamous part nasal part yes frontal bone attached to the nasal bone this part is it's here this part is nasal part attached to the nose between two two orbital plates I told you this plate right this plate left roof of the orbital cavity two Z process I should tell you that a lot of bone in the face in the neurocranium they have process and usually the name of the process are look like the name of the bone they attach to that for example imagine the zygomatic bone attached to the temporal bone we call it temporal process attached to the frontal bone this part we call it no all of them are in the zygomatic bone zygomatic bone is here it has three process temporal process process frontal process moary process because attached to these three Bs okay so now we say frontal bone has zygomatic process yes because attached to the zygomatic bone it's here zygomatic process of fentral bone frontal bone it means frontal bone has zymatic process so attached to the zymatic let's let's start with aamus part aamus part is here the most important part is this here the location of eyebrow you can touch an arch here you have both right and left what is the name of this Arch the name of arch is supraciliary Arch supraciliary Arch here supraciliary Arch right left you can touch it this part of the bone is projected it has Arch super Arch between two supraciliary arch you have flat space yes flat space glob G is here between two supraciliary arch supraciliary Arch right left G look at the supraciliary arch this place and this place and between them I told you we have Glo suil Arch they have for between medial one and lateral two dis location you can see a form sua orbital formen or sometimes we say superorbital Notch because they are coming from inside super orbital n yes they are look like Notch then they become look like a foren this place Supra orbital for yes look at the location this is orbital cavity and this is superior to the orbit so you can say Supra orbital forment here I can see another forment inferior to the orbital cavity infra orbital forment but infra orbital for is related to the maxillary bone infraorbital form but this one is super orbital why we have these for yes arter and nerves going to the skin of this region and this region so they are passing from here super orbit so esus part we have talked about the external side of the esus part let's talking about internal side internal part of the esus part you can see a Crest you can see a Crest it's here it's here you can see a big line projected line I told you when a border is very big and very sharp you can see Crest it's here frontal Crest it's inside frontal Crest you can see frontal Crest goes down and attached to the X Mo between frontal Crest and atmo you can see a small form so frontal Crest goes down and attached to the ethmoid bone here you can see a foran we call it foran foran means blind close from from it CLE so this is inside of the scus part and inside of the scus part like other part of the skull you can see some impression of the brain means brain affect this place and you can see some loes some gyus some lines this are these are related to the brain brain attach here and you can see the line of the brain or here you can see some line of the artery look at here you can see some line of the artery in the skull we can see that next so SP part orbital plate nasal part and zygomatic process are four parts of the Bal B let's talking about nasal part this place attached to the nasal bone look at here blue color attached to the this color this part is nasal part what is the name of this suture so I want to tell you this one suture Al uh we have three important four important suture seral frontal LED but how about other suture for example suture between two moary bone you should say the name of the bones inter auxiliary suture suture between frontal bone and nozzle bone frontal nozzle suture so other suture are easy you use the name of the bones frto nozzle suture inter maxillary suture because between two maxillary between for example potin and moary poto maxillary suture it's very easy so the name of this suture is here is fto nozzle suture fto nozzle suture this for to nozle suture suture means the line of the connection here we have one anatomical place again like bregma lamb Tron here we have noon this place we can call it na na it's again a point a place we can use it for the addressing Landmark another name to the no suture is a line suture is a line here front to Naz suture but this point at the midline is Naz okay we have nozzle spine yes because nozzle bone attach here you can see a small projection this is nozzle spine and this is nasal part orbital plate from outside you can see that orbital plate right orbital plate left they are roof of the orbital cavity but you can see a notch between two plates plate right and plate left you can see a notch what is the name of the notch idal Notch because finally etmo bone goes here for the roof of the nose Okay so orbital plate from outside orbital plates from inside and this white color is ETO bone between two orbital plates finally zygomatic process this part of the frontal bone because attached to the zygomatic bone this part we call it zygomatic process with the frontal process very good with frontal process of the zygotic bone both bone they have process frontal has zygomatic process zymatic has frontal process and finally they attach together so inside of the esomus part we can see frontal Crest yes you can see the place for the brain impression of the brain here I told you frontal Crest attached to the atoid and we have from and seeum here and ptic process is here obvious you can see in this picture articulation of the frontal bone you don't need to memorize that you don't need to memorize that if you imagine the location of the frontal bone you can say the articulation of the frontal bone so frontal bone posteriorly attached to the paral B inferiorly attached to the frontal here attached to the zygomatic B attached to the maxillary bone so we can see location of frontal bone and what is the name of this part this Edge shape is teron yes this Edge shape when you say teron it means this H but it's not H it's this place the ofid thank you so much greater wiing of aoid I told you greater wiing of aoid is like this this part is outside so this part is greater wing of sphenoid and I told you interior four bones attached together frontal prial temporal and greater Ving of ESP spinoid they attach together in the ter the Lesser lesser ring of aoid goes to the up here so in the roof look at here I told you this is lesser yes behind the orbital plate and I told you in the border of the cranial fosa between anterior cranial fosa and middle cranial fosa you have lesser Wings this is lesser beinging of a SP but this one is greater wi okay I will explain for you in the spinoid bone completely yes of the INF yes exactly a roof of the infr tempol fil infr temporal f is important for I will tell you I will explain for you next pral bone it's easy bone flat bone roof of the skull right left flat in the calvaria roof of the skull outside we don't have anything inside we can see some impression for the artery for the different structure suture between two sual bone and suture between two prial bone is sagittal suture so this is prial bone look at the inside inside we have some shape groove groove shape structure threee types of structure so let's start with the external surface external surface you can see a small for prial foren anterior to the lumid we have two small for pral for this foren is for a small veins a small veins connect the outside to the inside of the skull vein yes but it and you have you can touch a round part in the parial bone here Eminence yes Eminence look at here you have round part in the parial bone also frontal bone here you can touch a around part frontal eminence this part prial Eminence why we can see that because I told you this flat region they have intramembranous oif this is the center of horific center of the oifc was here so you can touch around the space prial Eminence here frontal Eminence center of the pacification inside of the pral B so we have one suture uh we have one sinus Groove I can see a Groove it's here we can see a Groove in the midline inside of the scull why we have this groove here the name of the groove is Sagal Groove yes like s suture inside we have group why we have group sinus what is sinus Superior s sinus what is that it's a vein yes it's a vein so let me tell you at one [Music] point CR n no I didn't understand sorry tell me again pay attention I told you pariz Al sinus paranasal sinus means sinus around the nose inside of the bone we had empty space okay this sinus here I tell you it's a big space for the vein in the brain we don't say usually vein we say sinus this big vein collect the uh low oxygen blood in the skull we call them sinus you have different sinus one sagital sinus Superior Superior sagittal sinus inferior sagittal sinus transverse sinus sigmoid sinus so all of these sinus you say in the skull they are collecting their veins yes low oxygenated blood so here when we have Superior sagittal sinus because here we have a vein big vein big sinus here this is the location of that sinus so for this reason you can see a Groove what is the name of the groove groove for Superior sgal SS what is that is a vein all of this vein collecting in a one vein and go out from their skull I will explain for you so ve this which vein ve Emissary veins very good Emissary veins is a small veins connect outside of the skull veins out outside of the skull to the inside of the skull I told you for example petal forment okay this is for Emissary veins the name of this veins is Emissary connect the veins outside to the inside balance the pressure of the veins these types of the veins we call them Emery you have two or three small fens just these veins passing from them what is the action connect the outside veins to the inside side veins okay I can see some lines like tree here what is that a middle artery very good it's a type it's for artery because artery has pulse artery has heartbeats pulse so they make a place in the scull so this is a group for exactly middle manium after teron goes to this region so what is this round structure I can see some what are these round Impressions granan granular F what is that for Cal spinal fluid CSF so what they do for CSF cereal spinal fluid is a uh Ultra filed plasma provide nutrition to the brain very good what a minute so [Music] CSF means water around brain and spinal cord a spinal a spinal cord cereal brain C spinal fluid CSF so who produce CSF in the brain we have some types of the cell AAL cell aimal cell okay you will study in the neuro Anatomy they produce CSF aimal cells in the brain ventricles they produce CSF I told you about menes menis is a layer around the brain and a spinal cord covering protecting the brain and spinal cord menes has three parts Duram matter aroid and P matter I told you matter means substance body dur matter means hard substance P matter means soft substance and R means an so what are the this three layer this three layer attaching the a skull to the brain between brain and skull okay they are located between brain and esope this is some aroid space means under T of aroid we have a space here sub arachnoid space if this is aroid this place this is some aroid space CSF turning around the brain and a spinal cord in sub aroid space so in sub AR space we have CSF CSF is here sub or space what is the function of CSF yes coming from blood turning some signals protecting the menes send some nutrient for menes for brain all of them is CSF and also in some neurological disorders they take sample from CSF because they can understand from the the CSF content if for example this person is has problem or not okay so who producing CSF I told you AAL cells AAL cells producing CSF who collected who you know absorb it because usually a pmal cell produce CSF so it should have a you know absorbance to this turnover okay so who absorbed that arachnoid granulation arachnoid F or arachnoid granulation some Grano some a small round structure in arachnoid arachnoid some round the structure in arach they can collect CSF from sub aroid space so because they are round they are big in our aroid we can see the place of this aroid granulation in the inside of the parial bone so that circular impression granular FAA FAA means a small fosa they are for arid granulation and what is the function of this round structure they absorb the CSF okay so these terms CSF producing and absorbing menes with three layer and where is the location of the CSF I explain for you here let me check the paral bone then we go to the rest prot braction protect the brain from movements for example when you move your head in accident yes yes exactly fracture of this SC don't damage the brain or for example in accident brain don't go anterior posterior you know fix it fix it in this SP okay so these are granular f for arachnoid granulation protect collecting the CSF and I told you again you don't need to memorize the articulation you know that prial bone anteriorly attached to the frontal posteriorly occipital lateral temporal so this slide tell you the location of the bral bone occipital bone I will see you here at 10