for art for procedures under the head section and again this will be 18 questions these are what they list as possible areas to have questions on some tips i have for head are to review these positioning areas skull facial bones sinuses mandible psychomatic arches tmj's nasal bones orbits would be small don't spend a lot of time on those know your positioning lines remember that seven degree of separation between your lines landmarks review those left method names in your textbook central rays two bengals remember any alternate two bangles would be if the patients normally pa now they're flipped ap so say like a pa caldwell or something and they are asking you about an ap called well you would reverse tube directions alternate views might be a trauma situation image evaluation how do you wrote how do you evaluate for rotation tilt um artifact etc usually for sinuses the key is that they're upright for air fluid levels and then the cross table lateral option would be used for trauma feature surges that's the key for head positioning and i know you've heard me say that a million times but feature surges are the key to knowing if you're in correct position and if you think about it there's not a ton of head stuff um for these lines go with the ones that we use most often we don't tend to use this gml a lot the oml ioml you guys know those we use those all the time aml the lml we don't use often either mental medal we use all the time and you know the eam i would love for you guys to work on a chart like this or write out your own chart and see if you can fill them in remembering uh which of the headwork has a lateral which uses a caldwell does one have an ap or pa which ones use towns waters smd et cetera so if you would just write it out on a scratch paper give yourself a few seconds fill it in and then check your work petrus ridge location for each of the common head positions and you'll notice some simulator some similarities here only the pa school is going to fill your orbit um for the lower third look at the name of all of them skull caldwell facial bones called well sinus caldwell hence the caldwell is always going to be in the lower third of the orbit if you see the word caldwell you know where the petrus ridges are supposed to be if they're inferior to the maxillary sinus again look at the same words facial bones waters sinus waters alright the only outlier here usually and this would be a modified situation but a modified waters which is a little bit of change in degrees here is in the lower half of the maxillary sinus malhala or hang 10 if you remember this is how i determine if the feature surges are in the right location and this is from labs so stick your thumbs in your ears pinkies in front of your eyes and if your petrous ridges are here and that's where you want them to be then you stay still if the petrus ridges are too high and you want to lower them you raise the head if the petrous ridges are too low and you want to raise them you drop the chin that's your trick review skull the towns and remember the 30 or 37 degree options and i just remember it as um there's less degree for less letters so 30 for oml 37 ioml and you guys know where central rays are caldwell is going to be your 15 degree exit athension again future switches lower third your ap axial caldwell or your tr or your trauma one you're just going to reverse so remember if their toes are up angle up pa or ap skull this is going to fill the orbit visually are you able to look at these two images and determine which one is ap and which one is pa can you compare the two and decide fairly quickly what could you look for and here they have identified the size of the orbits so you can see the orbit size is larger here than this one why oid right all right lateral skull hi you know where to center two inches above eam you're looking at this cellar tursica or that saddle right remember when would you use cross table trauma this pa axial haas method or the reverse towns uh will be potentially used for kyphotic patients right if they are too kyphotic they're going to be down like this for an ap version so you won't be able to use that so now they flipped over to try and reduce the oid it shows the occipital bone similar to that of town facial bones again anatomy you're going to hear me say that again and again know your anatomy ideally upright is preferred trauma to the face we're most often looking for an air fluid level right waters waters is always going to be your mml okay so keep that in mind you want that chin on the board and remember waters it's like you're coming out of the pool of water and you're looking up to take a breath so your patient's going to be chin up caldwell is always going to be that 15 degrees right ridges in that lower third the modified waters sinuses what's the key to sinuses is that you want the patient to be upright you want some air fluid levels going on so review those try not to photo time most often it will over expose your image the open mouth waters is your alternate for smb if the patient can't go all the way back right you can try that open mouth waters in a trauma situation or a patient unable to stand you could only do an upper you could only do a cross table lateral and the lateral is the one where you can see all four sinuses so repeat those mandible pa mandible you're gonna use oml and that's gonna exit out the lips the town is similar to the town of the skull instead of 30 and 37 it's 35 and 42 and uh remember what you're looking up at here for the process and obliques textbook oblique uh you're going to use a 25 degree cephalic angle it demonstrates the side closest so true lateral straight on with just the two bangles the ramus 30 degrees toward is the body 45 is the momentum just think degree more interior here so this is your 45 a little bit less is the body for 30. the 10 to 15 is just the general survey smv for almost all the smbs or i think all the smvs that's ioml is parallel to your image receptor there tmj's i really don't foresee you getting many questions about tmj's if you even get one but the thing to know definitely is you want open and closed mouth views on tmj exams arches nasal bones orbits i think you would see very minimal if any on this uh but it's definitely review so for the zygomatic arches you're going to be in that smv position and i use tart so turn away rotate towards nasal bones water is called well you're going to do both laterals remember um both sides of the nasal bone ideally preferred non-grid because of um it's less dense okay orbits reese view there the three-point landing is actually not on the content specs which is usually the only orbit's view that we retain right but so very similar to facial bones