Hello how are you? Welcome to a new anatomical video on this channel, easy anatomy by Juan José Sánchez, today I bring you a video about the generalities of the skeletal system, also called the skeletal system, which we were going to basically touch on, who this skeletal system is made up of, We are going to talk about the general classification of bones as well as what their parts are, this is a system that is integrated with the muscular system and that is integrated with the articular system, that is why it is important that while you watch this video, watch the video of muscle generalities and the video is generalities of the joints, very well let's start then first by defining what the skeletal system is, the skeletal system, also called the skeletal system as I told you at the beginning, is responsible as a basic function, let's say, function In general, it provides the structure to the human body, that is, it literally serves as a column, it has its name right, it serves as a skeleton, that is, it is the place or structure where the rest of the body structures are supported in order to be able to be. in a certain place, that is, he is the one who makes the human body have the shape of the body, the rest of the structures of the organs, the muscles are in relation to this bone system, he is the one who dictates what its composition is . The human body has many functions that we will see later but basically this is the main system, this bone system is made up of two types of tissues, a large bone tissue more or less represented with the bones and a cartilaginous tissue that We are going to see in close relationship with the bone tissue, there is another system parallel to this one, which is the articular system, that of the joints, which is important to study together with the bone system since the bones, let's say the components of the bone system, both the cartilaginous and the bone are joined through joints, then it is imperative that you also know the articular system, now the union of this skeletal system and the articular system and the muscular system is what makes me the great musculoskeletal system, that is, the device in charge of the movement of the body, never forget the muscular, the bone and the articular, what are the functions of the skeletal system, it has many, here I am just going to put the five main functions that are the ones described in most of the texts anatomical, first it has a support function for the body, which was what I discussed the video with, then it serves as a general structure so that the rest of the body, let's say, is supported and conforms, that is, it helps the conformation of the human to exist as such, morphologically that it is human is because everything is surrounding a bone or is protected by a bone, that is, it is the basic support of the human body, a second important function is protection for vital structures, if you see in the brain all the central nervous system is protected by the bones of the skull, for example the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column, important organs such as the heart and lungs are protected by the bones in the thoracic cavity, also some important pelvic organs are protected by the pelvic bones, then they have the function of protecting structures that are vital and necessary for life. Another function that is also not very important from an anatomical point of view but from a physiological point of view is that in the bones there are reservoirs of salts. mineral, the most important the most abundant of calcium, in fact most of the body's calcium is within the bones and there is also a reservoir of phosphates, it is also found in other minerals present but these are the most abundant in the bone, so It can be said that it is a metabolic function of this skeletal system, another important function that is very little known by people outside the world of health, is that inside the bone, especially the long bones, although some planes also have it, it is Find the famous bone marrow, in this bone marrow the process of hematopoiesis occurs , what is hematopoiesis? It is nothing more than the process by which cells are formed Blood cells, understanding blood cells as red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, the vital importance of bones is that the components of blood are formed inside them, which is very little known by people outside the world of health. and the other is that it will be a mechanical base for the body, by this I mean a mechanical base for movement, we move thanks to the fact that there are joints between the bones and thanks to the fact that in the bones where the muscles are inserted that will generate the movement, then we are going to continue talking about the division of the skeleton but first do not go away from the video [Music] I invite you to subscribe here in the lower right corner click [Music] and don't forget to like videos, it is important that you subscribe to the channel below where you who say subscribe click and you can automatically access all the content of the channel more than 170 anatomical videos and we continue making videos probably when you see this it will be much more than 170 we are already also more than 59 thousand subscribers and we continue to grow more every day, very well the skeleton is divided into two large groups, we speak first of an axial skeleton or also called axial skeleton, which is the central axis of the skeleton this will be given by the bones of the head, the spine and the thoracic bones, to make it easier for you, the axial skeleton is everything or are they all those bones that have nothing to do with the extremities, that is, with the limbs, because I tell you this, because the second part or division of the skeleton is the appendicular skeleton, this appendicular skeleton is the one that is made up of the limbs or the extremities, however you want to say, both the upper extremities and the lower extremities or members, then the skeleton Roughly speaking, it is divided into an axial skeleton and an appendicular skeleton. Now, there are points of union between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, that is what we know from an anatomical point of view as waists, just as it is. As you hear it, waist, we have a shoulder girdle also called the thoracic waist, which is what joins the upper limb to the axial skeleton. This shoulder or thoracic waist is made up of two bones, one in the scapula, also called the scapula, and the other is the clavicle. , through these bones the upper limb is supported by the thorax, specifically and since the thorax is part of the experience of the axial skeleton then it can be said that according to the axial skeleton while the lower limbs are joined to the axial skeleton through the coxal bones or also called iliac bones or bones of the pelvis, these two bones that are two articulate directly with the vertebral column through the sacral bone and the vertebral column is part of the axial skeleton, so do not forget, the waist are those that join the appendicular skeleton with the axial skeleton, very well, we are going to talk about the classic parts of a bone, here it is important to know that bones have many shapes that the next thing we are going to see after the parts and how they bones have different shapes, not all of them will have these parts in common, however, the majority have the parts that I am going to give you below, classically I am going to describe the parts that long bones have, I repeat, within the classification Of the bones we are going to see right now that there are some long ones, some short ones and other types, so we are going to talk about the parts of the bone as if it were a long bone because that is the classic bone that we generally describe, first talking about the bone as such , the long bone is going to have a central region called the diaphysis, it is a long region and it is a central region, then we are going to have the two ends that would be like the heads or ends is the name of the bones, which we are going to call epiphysis, then the diaphysis is the area that is located along the epiphysis, but there is a third area that I put here in black, which is the area that joins the epiphysis with the diaphysis at both ends, that area is the famous metaphysis, in that metaphysis is the famous growth cartilage which is the area of the bone that is hormonally stimulated so that the bone grows in length and is what dictates the growth of people, since when an adult person that the growth cartilage found in the metaphysis already ossifies, it turns into bone and that is when we speak medically that the growth cartilages have closed, and that person, no matter how much growth hormones they receive and other hormones that regulate growth, will not be able to grow because those metaphyses have already been welded, so they cannot be forget, the metaphysis is in the area that joins the epiphysis with the diaphysis, see at both ends we find the metaphysis, now at the general ends of the bones, both the short and long ones, we are going to find an articular cartilage that covers, This articular cartilage is simply so that when the joint occurs there is not as much friction between the bones and there is better sliding. We are going to see now regarding the layers of bone as such, we are going to see that externally it is covered by a fairly thick layer. , quite dense, which is the so-called periosteum, after the periosteum we will have a layer that lines the internal cavity of bone called endosteum, then we would have the endosteum and the periosteum on the outside and the cavity that remains internally is called the medullary cavity, that is This medullary cavity is the one occupied by the bone marrow, we are going to see a red bone marrow, there is a yellow bone marrow, which is the red one, by the way, that forms the blood components, the yellow one is richer in lithium, ok, there is Some authors who when they talk about the parts of the bones tell you that the bones have two portions, a portion that is compact, which they call compact bone, which would be this area, you see there that it is hard bone, rigid bone and another area that It has many little holes that look like it is a sponge and they call it spongy bone, you can certainly say that the bone is made up of a compact portion or compact bone and a spongy portion, called spongy bone, very well to finish we will talk about the types of bones, there is a separate video that I am going to make which is the video of anatomical objections, that video is very important for you to know because students always have doubts, the anatomical objections are the little things that you see in the bones, that if apophyses, know when it is a tubercle, knowing when it is a trochanter, knowing when it is a line, knowing when it is a ridge, when it is a fossa, when it is a condyle, when it is a notch, I am going to leave that in a separate video called Yes, different from the anatomical objections, well, I'm going to upload it in parallel with this one so that you can learn it and see it on the channel, we are going to talk about the types of bones, that is, how we classify the bones, well, first we are going to talk about the long bones, long bones are those bones, listen carefully to the concept, in which length predominates more than width, that is, it is longer than wide, a long bone does not necessarily have to be large because when we talk about long bone We imagine a femur, a tibia, a fibula, a radius, an ulna, a humerus, however, you see the bones, for example, those of the phalanx of the fingers, they are small but when you see them they are longer than wide, that makes it fall within the concept of a long bone, you see the metacarpals, the metatarsals and they are also longer than they are wide even though they are relatively small, so that falls within the concept of a long bone, which Don't forget, those are the long bones, they are the ones that are classically made up of diaphysis and epiphysis , very well then we would have short bones, short bones are those bones whose length and width dimensions are more or less similar, An example of this is what we find at the level of the carpus, the carpal bones, the scaphoid, semilunar, pyramidal, pisiform and the tarsal bones, which are what we find at the level of the foot, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, cuneiform, they are the short bones, length and width more or less similar, then we have the flat bones, the same name tells you, they are bones that are made up of two bone splints have a fairly reduced thickness and we generally find them in the cavities, you see a lot that the bones of the skull are flat bones, you see the sternum, the ribs, they are flat bones, the scapula of the coxal bone are also considered flat bones, Then we have the bones, irregular bones, which are irregular bones. Well, they are those bones where you try to classify them into the three previous groups and you see that it is neither long, nor short, nor a flat bone, it is a bone that has a different form in a way that cannot be classified, for example we are going to see, for example, the bones in the vertebral column, there are also some bones of the skull such as the ethmoid, such as the sphenoid that do not have a defined shape, that also falls within From the concept of an irregular bone, there are some irregular bones, let's say a subclassification within the regular ones that are pneumatic bones, see what pneumatic means air or that contains air, these are the bones that have cavities literally full of air, let's find, for example, the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the frontal, which although it functions as a flat bone, has a pneumatic part and are bones that also have a mixed component, you see the temporal and it also has some pneumatic cells that are full of air, then it can also be considered mixed bones, finally we are going to talk about the sesamoid bones, which are really bones that are accessories, they can have different locations in the body but generally we find them very close to the tendon insertions or we also find them in the ligaments, a classic example of this is the kneecap, they are called sesamoid because they have the shape of the seed of the cesa, ok then all these bones generally like the kneecap we sometimes find one sesamoid related to the thumb, another to the big toe of the foot, which is the hallux, what they often do is change the angle of traction of a muscle so that it can exercise its movement well, this was then the entire video of the skeletal system, a brief review, do not forget to subscribe to the channel , like the video if you liked it and you can find me on Instagram at arroba juan floor sánchez 13 15, see you in the following anatomical videos