hi my name's Ollie and in this politics explained video I'm going to go through everything you need to know about rights in context in a level politics so the idea is to give you everything you need to know so that's not just all the knowledge and examples you need but also kind of key points of analysis potential questions so that you can be fully prepared for the exam so in terms of this video I'm going to start by going through the kind of key questions you could be asked in relation to writing context which is part of the democracy and participation um part of UK politics I'm then going to kind of go into an introduction to rights in the UK um some key milestones in the development of rights as well as some key debates in relation to the Human Rights Act from there I'm going to go into civil liberties pressure groups which is a key part of the specification look at four examples and how you could use those in essays and then finally I'm going to look at how the Judiciary and Parliament and the government defend rights in the UK before summing back by kind of going back to some key debates over right so that's Collective versus individual rights and overall debates about how well rights are protected in the UK so if you want to access the PDF that you'll probably be seeing up there go to the first link in the description to the politics display website where you can download it um and yeah on the politics explain website there's loads of other content that can help you in your politics a level including essay plans which will include a assay plan on rights and which I'll kind of very soon be improving the update and updating and um as well as a place to sign up for tutoring if that's something you're interested in so yeah without further Ado let's get into it so in terms of the parts of the specification this lesson covers it's UK politics and it's the first topic so democracy and participation and it's the kind of fourth part of that so it's writes in context it kind of covers major milestones in the development of Rights um and then key debates um on the limit extent and tensions within you within the UK's right space culture um including kind of individual and Collective rights conflicting and civil liberties pressure groups in terms of the kind of potential essay questions you could be asked in an exam it's kind of two key types of ones which are really good to plan essay plans for before the exam so the first one is just an overall question on how well rights are protected in the UK um which at the end of the um video I'll kind of go into how you could possibly structure this and the other one you could get asked about that hasn't been asked yet um is kind of comparing comparing different parts of the UK political system and how well they compare rights um how will they protect rights and how they can pass that's kind of civil liberties pressure groups against the Judiciary against Parliament and the government um against legislation potentially so if you prepare kind of two key essay plans for those you should be in pretty good stead um for the exam and be able to adapt them to any more specific questions as um I mentioned in the kind of Bank of UK politics essay plans I'm going to include those two um asset plans if you want to purchase them um they won't yet be ready on the politics explain website when this video goes out um but they will do before the exam this year so starting off with an introduction to rights in the UK firstly what are rights so rights are legally protected freedoms and they're also known as civil liberties they're absolute Universal and fundamentals that means they can't be compromised everybody has them and they can't be removed in the UK they've kind of traditionally Unwritten and as I kind of go into later there were negative rights um but since the 1998 Human Rights Act um they've been brought onto the statute book and are now kind of positive um positive rights and entitlements it's still kind of broadly accepted that rights may have to be limited in times of war or other National emergencies so for example during covert um lockdowns were a real um limit on the freedom of movement um which is a kind of yeah the right to freedom of movement is a really key right um but it was nonetheless kind of broadly accepted across the political spectrum and among the population so what the rights in the UK include so there's quite a few of them I just included a few here fair and equal treatment under the law freedom of expression conscience the right to vote um the right to belong to an association such a trade Union also political parties freedom of movement um and there's also more contentious social rights such as the right to education employment Healthcare and Welfare support so of course for example the right to Healthcare in the UK you have the NHS which is free at the point of use that's not necessarily the same in a lot of other countries so in other countries they not might not have the right to health care and it's a bit contentious the idea of the right to Healthcare in the UK but the kind of the key ones are just the kind of freedom of expression freedom of speech writer protest Etc kind of as a like kind of complementing Rights you have civil responsibilities and obligations so these are kind of also in two different camps you've got legal obligations such as obeying the law paying taxes and Performing jury service which you have to do um otherwise you're kind of um get punished by the state um and they're seen as complementary to rights you also have things which aren't kind of um a requirement for being a citizen um which are moral responsibilities such as voting in elections and playing a part in protecting the environment don't necessarily have to do those but they're seen as moral responsibilities so in terms of before the Human Rights Act there was no single document setting out rights in the UK um instead there were negative rights as I kind of mentioned um before so pretty much it was you had the right to do something if it wasn't prohibited um in the law so for example in relation to speech you had freedom of speech as long as you weren't um committing libel or blasphemy um and some rights were protected by acts of parliament whilst others derived from Custom or common law so it's much more negative um negative rights really how rights were protected in the UK um since the Human Rights Act though it now has positive rights without human rights are setting out the rights um of UK citizens and it's now claimed that the UK has developed a right-space culture as all new legislation has to be compliant with the ACT and judges can declare earlier acts of parliament um as incompatible with the Human Rights Act and requests that Parliament changes them Parliament doesn't have to we don't have a codified constitution the Supreme Court doesn't have that power but it often will then go and um change those statues so in terms of how rights are protected in the UK we're going to go through this in the rest of the lesson um but as it doesn't have a codified constitution they're not protected by an entrenchment of Rights like the US the human rights isn't entrenched it nonetheless does kind of really help to protect rights in the UK though instead they're protected by parliamentary legislation such as the Human Rights Act uh and the equality act pressure groups the House of Lords parties and other groups in Parliament and common law among some other things of course so now moving on to the key milestones in the development of rights in the UK the first one was in 1215 and that's the Magna Carta which you've probably heard about before um and it's regarded as the oldest statement of rights in the UK and its original purpose was to limit royal power um due to Kim Jong being tyrannical and kind of really widely hailed as the foundation of the rights of the citizen and is regarded as establishing the right to trial by jury obviously at this point you really didn't have a big set of Human Rights but um that's the real start from then on um a um a couple of decades later you have the Bill of Rights um which came out at the time of the Glorious Revolution and that was Parliament further restricting the power of the Monarch and increasing its power from that this is when it really rights really began to be um very well protected in the UK and that was with the European Convention of human rights which has drawn up um following World War II um and obviously the mass atrocities and human rights violations that happened during World War II and it was drawn up by the capital of Europe with the UK as one of its signatories um effectively the European Court of Human Rights was set up in Strasbourg to hear cases where people felt their rights had been infringed upon in their own country so UK citizens could um go to that Court um appeal to that court but it was really time consuming and expensive um because obviously it's in Strasbourg so effectively had to be rich in order for those rights to be very well protected or you needed the backing of a civil society organization like a pressure group this is why the Human Rights Act was introduced in 1998 effectively what it did was codify the um sorry not codified but make the European Convention of Human Rights put it into UK law so those rights could now be protected um and appeal to in UK courts so it was passed by new labor in 1998 um and it includes the right to life right to a fair trial right to privacy and family life prohibition of torture among lots of other rights so the Human Rights Act is kind of a really key um piece of legislation and a really key factor in the protection of rights in the UK as a lot of debate in relation to its effectiveness so on the one hand you have some kind of key Arguments for the Human Rights Act being effective so that starts with kind of the idea that since the Human Rights Act being passed the UK has developed a rights-based culture um as all new legislation must be compliant with the act and judges can declare early acts of parliament incompatible with it as I mentioned they can't legally compel Parliament to change it though Parliament normally does um for example is a really good example update that you can see um in relation to this and that's the a versus Secretary of State for the home Department um under um Tony Blair's new labor and the response to a lot of terrorism in the early 2000s and effectively the anti-terrorism crime and Security Act of 2001 which has passed in order to try and combat terrorism was declared incompatible with articles 5 and 14 of the Human Rights Act by permitting the Detention of suspected International terrorists in a way that discriminated on the ground of nationality and immigration status as a consequence Parliament then went back um and amended that statue um introducing the prevention of terrorism act in 2005 um to replace it so that's kind of one of the key ideas that creates a rise rights-based Culture by ensuring that all laws in the UK have to be compliant with the ACT his Defenders also argue that the HRA places public authorities in the UK under an obligation to treat everyone with fairness equality and dignity and also makes rights more high profile in the UK um by educating systems about their rights and kind of making them a more significant part of the political system whilst of course there's also the um contrast to the European conventional and human rights previously where previously you had to go to Strasbourg now you can just be protected in UK courts which can be seen as a real benefit in terms of protecting rights in the UK um in terms of arguments against the Human Rights Act many critics um say that the Human Rights Act stops Terror suspects from being deported and that it therefore favors undeserving individuals rather than protecting legitimate freedoms of UK citizens and protecting society as a whole so if you look up there you'll see on the example of Abu guitar um to kind of demonstrate that also more recently um especially in relation to Illegal immigration to the UK we've had a lot of conservative MPS and people on the right of the political Spectrum really arguing against a human right Rights Act and proposing a new British Bill of Rights which I'll go through um later in the lesson so very similar arguments um that the Human Rights Act protects the wrong individuals um and is kind of therefore very ineffective especially in halting UK government policy in relation to deportations for example so it's also been criticized for giving unelected judges too much power for example in being able to Define um or declare a law in compatible with the human rights with the human rights act that arguably gives judges too much power in comparison to elected uh parliamentarians um and the kind of CounterPoint kind of from the other side is that the HRA may be used to check other laws but it's not entrenched and could simply be replaced by a simple Act of parliament um and it's also not binding on Parliament so that's the argument that it really doesn't protect rights very well um because it's not entrenched at all and could be taken away at any point by the government so that's the Human Rights Act definitely the most significant piece of legislation in protecting rights in the UK there's two more um that came came after that so the Freedom of Information Act uh made it easier for opposition MPS journalists and voters to ask for information about the government so effectively made the government a bit more transparent there is there are debates in relation to its benefits and drawbacks um which I'll go through in another lesson um in relation to Labor's constitutional reforms in part of the UK government topic um but it has been quite successful in for example exposing um MP's expenses scandal in 2009 it was quite significant in um and also being used by journalists to hold the government to account quite effectively then the final piece of legislation um that kind of protects rights in the UK is the 2010 equality act which was introduced by Brown's government so it brought together earlier pieces of legislation that had sought to Outlaw discrimination and unfair treatment and identified nine protected characteristics and made it illegal for public bodies employers and service providers to discriminate against people on these grounds in the workplace or in wider Society so their age disability gender reassignment marriage and civil partnership pregnancy and maternity race religion or belief sex and sexual orientation so kind of and I think I think it was on the basis of this that hate crimes were created um as a um or the hate crimes were able to be prosecuted so it was really kind of protecting um uh characteristics and minorities in a lot of cases against discrimination so it can be really seen as quite key in protecting the rights of individuals in the UK so that's the key Milestones um in the development of rights now going to go on to civil liberties pressure groups so it says in the specification that you need to know two of these I'm going to go through four because it gives you a lot of different examples that you can use and you can kind of pick the ones you want to um to memorize for the exam and use um in your essays so the first one is Stonewall um they're a charity and pressure group in the UK that campaigns for LGBT rights um formed in 1989 in opposition to section 28 of the Local Government Act which was introduced by Thatcher's government and prohibit prohibited the promotion of homosexuality by local authorities an extremely discriminatory law um against LGBT people in the UK and actually quite reminiscent of um current very homophobic laws um in Russia that talk about kind of homophobic propaganda so when labor came into Power um it became an Insider pressure group though so it started as an outside obviously in opposition to the um the conservative government who had introduced discriminatory laws when labor new labor came into Power took on a more of an Insider pressure group role um and uses inside of contacts and favor to play a key role in policy development whilst also using some Outsider tactics um in the European Court of human rights to challenge existing legislation and they had significant success because of that um so for example they challenged the Banning of homosexuality in the armed forces which was lifted by the government in 2000 after a successful case in the European Court of Human Rights and they were also involved in lots of legislative legislative achievements um where they played a key role in policy development um such as equalizing the age of consent um to 16 years old um even though that had to kind of be uh be pushed over the house of lords's veto so the House of Lords tried to veto it but obviously with the parliament's act the House of Lords can only veto um for one year so effectively that was weighted it was waited one year and then the new labor government over uh overrode it um and it was passed and another key success with the introduction of civil Partnerships um in 2004. in April 2022 Stonewall among other LGBT Charities boycotted the conservative government's first Global LGBT conference over its decision to exclude trans people from ban on conversion therapy which has actually now been reversed um but that that shows how when the government changes it can change and government policy changes pressure groups can really shift from being Insider to Outsider pressure groups that was where it really kind of played a more role um use tactics more in terms of publicity and became more of an outsider pressure group the next pressure group I'm going to look at is care for Cali um so Cafe is a charity that delivers Aid to refugees in Calais and other areas affected by the European migrant crisis and campaigned campaign to the rights of refugees in the UK the group has been part of lots of other groups and individuals that have been fighting legal challenges on behalf of migrants in the UK threatened with deportation to Rwanda following a deal between the UK and Rwandan governments so Cafe and others um kind of their lawyers argue that it's unsafe to send people to Rwanda and that it violates the Human Rights Act due to factors such as discriminatory access to Asylum for different groups in Rwanda especially LGBT people so along with other human rights campaigners is had notable successes so the key successes on the 14th of June when the first planned deportation flight to Rwanda was supposed to take off and it was kind of emptied one by one until it was completely emptied due to successful human rights challenges so different courts have judged very differently in relation to the legality um of the um the deal between the UK and the Rwanda government and consequent deportations um but it was a legal challenge in the European Court of Human Rights Which is higher than um any Court in the UK that was ultimately crucial and it kind of that was based on the argument the Asylum seek is transferred to Rwanda will not have access to fair and efficient procedures for the determination of refugee status so with that legal challenge they were able to protect the rights um of citizens kind of showing a real success of that pressure group two more I'm going to go through a liberty and the Howard league for penal reform so Liberty is a pressure group in the UK a very high profile pressure group that campaigns to protect civil liberties and human rights so General kind of um remit of protecting democracy human rights um in the UK and they do so through the courts Parliament and wider campaigns to gain um public support and aim to engender a rights-based culture within British Society in the last five years it's largely focused on challenging the investigatory Powers Act of 2016 um which is quite key in expanding electronic surveillance um powers of the UK government and um police intelligence services um so they were successful in challenging um key provisions of the ACT when in April 2018 the High Court ruled that key Provisions um violated EU law and um that forced the government to amend the legislation the final group is the Howard league for penal reform um which advocates for the rights of prisoners in the UK in contrast to the other groups it's had less success largely because there's kind of less public support for the rights of prisons in the UK um because they're not really a popular cause for example they've been unsuccessful in convincing the government to Grant prisoners to vote um they have been successful on some minor issues though um for example the 2014 High Court ruling which obliged the government to drop its ban on prisoners families selling them books so that's the um civil liberties pressure groups as I said you don't need to know all of them really well I've just given you four so that you can kind of pick out examples from that the that you're going to remember the best that kind of appeal to you the most so that you can remember them and have a good um number of detailed examples um during your exam for our essays in the exam okay so that was civil liberties pressure groups the next group I'm going to look at in terms of protecting rights of citizens in the UK is the Judiciary so that's first with judicial review so what is judicial review judicial review is a type of Court proceeding in which a judge reviews the lawfulness of a decision or action made by a public body and can declare it Ultra virus which means beyond the law so against the law um and you're going to go into this in in a lot more detail in the Supreme Court topic which I'll also have a video on hopefully before the exams this year this can be in relation to a number of things so it can be in relation to um The Authority given to them within existing laws um or it can be checking whether a law or action is in line with the Human Rights Act it can be overstated it's important right because most applications concern local authorities and only 10 against the government managed to win Arguments for judicial review argue that it's a vital means of Defending citizens rights enabling the legality of government actions to be scrutinized and pressure groups often fund and instigate legal challenges on behalf of individuals so that it's not just kind of rich individuals who can protect their rights in the UK in terms of CounterPoint to critics argue it places too much power in the hands of unelected and unaccountable judges who are able to effectively make law through how they um interpret certain laws and of course this kind of unelected and unaccountable nature is further by the fact that Judiciary is extremely um unrepresentative of the population so if you look up there there's an example of judicial review in relation to the Human Rights Act or you can download the um PDF by going to the first link in the description I'm going to skip that and go on to Parliament government um feel free to let me know in the comments below if you've got any questions um about that example so how does parliament and the government defend rights in the UK the key way that Parliament and the government defends rights is through introducing legislation that protects or furthers the rights of citizens so that's the ones we went through right Human Rights Act equality act free of Information Act especially um so for example the 2010 equality Act was introduced by Gordon Brown's government David Cameron's government led to legalize same-sex marriage despite it not being mentioned in the 2010 conservative Manifesto the UK government also legalized same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland in January 2020 under a period of direct rule When the Northern Irish Parliament and government wasn't in session Parliament can also prevent the government from encroaching on human rights by voting down bills so that's especially true when the government is a bit weaker um and especially throughout the House of Lords where the government doesn't have a majority due to the number of cross-ventures so the house of laws in particular has often been crucial in the protection of Human Rights particularly in the early 2000s when Blair's government in response to terrorism it's introducing laws that kind of aim to protect Collective rights but did in doing so infringed upon individual rights and the House of Lords was quite clear preventing the extremity of some of that legislation on the other hand Parliament and the government can be argued to often contravene human rights in the UK especially recent governments only go through a couple of examples about that now which have strong stances on Law and Order and anti-terrorism so one of the key examples of that is the police crime sentencing and courts Act of 2022 which you might know from the kind of there are a lot of protests in relation to it under the slogan killed a bill so the police crime sensing and courts Act was introduced in April 2022 and gives more powers to the police and criminal justice system to impose restrictions on unacceptable protests among other things so it gives the Home Secretary significant powers to decide the type of protest deems acceptable and unacceptable by the state for example it can limit protests based on them being in the buffer zone of parliament which is the size of that was increase under this legislation being too loud and it can be seen as in large part a response to direct action campaigns by pressure groups and social movements in the UK such as Extinction Rebellion um and the very kind of um significant protests um in the black lives matter movement um in in the summer of 2020. it's an extremely controversial law which that was widely criticized by human rights groups um such as the ones we went through of these pressure groups especially Liberty um as well as politicians politicians and journalists who argued it significantly impeded freedom of speech and the right to protests in the UK another example of the government and Parliament being a threat to human rights in the UK is proposed changes to the Human Rights Act by the conservative government so as I mentioned earlier at various points um in the conservative party's history um since the introduction of the Human Rights Act it's back to replacing the human rights act with a British Bill of Rights which has been criticized by hundreds of human rights groups for effectively seeking to remove rights in the UK so the proposed Bill of Rights would make it easier to deport foreign criminals by elevating Public Safety over the right to family life um it would also increase freedom of the press by elevating the right to Freedom expression over the right to privacy so it's really been a pet project of Dominic Robb um and he argues that the human rights ought to have has led to lots of unjustifiably successful human rights claims um in court especially in relation to the deportation of foreign criminals and immigrants and the conservative government effectively wants to prevent those legal challenges being successful so that they can um Deport Deport individuals when they want to effectively so as I mentioned really backed by Dominic Robb who was kind of and the plan was backed on the Boris Johnson's government shelved by Liz trust Aussie list trust was only there for around 40 or 50 days so then Rob who is now when by the time you're watching this video he might not be he's now currently Justice secretary under Russia and it's unclear whether it's going to be back on the agenda um but he's generally agreed that he's quite a threat to human rights in the UK so the final thing I'm going to go through is key debates over rights um in the UK so this sums up a lot of the content we've gone through so far and really brings in a lot of key analysis points that you can use in your essays so the first point is a key debate between Collective and individual rights and the idea that Collective and individual rights can be seen to conflict so that's especially in relation to Public Safety and Security where the protection of the population is used to justify the encroachment of human rights of individuals two key examples of this are terrorism and covert so in terms of terrorism Blair's government kind of clashed a lot with the House of Lords following terrorist attacks in the early 2000s these terrorist attacks led the government um led to government measures that limited civil liberties in the interest of protecting The Wider Community for example um that was kind of the indefinite um or the attempt to detaining suspects um of terrorism for longer without being charged as well as controlled orders ministers argue they had the right to detain terrorist suspects without trial on the grounds at a National Emergency existed in December 2004 the law Lords ruled that the indefinite Detention of foreign Nationals on suspicion of terrorist charges were discriminatory and as a consequence of this the government passed a law to introduce a system of control orders that enabled success to be closely monitored through electronic tagging and a requirement to report to the police and the removal of phones and internet access despite adverse rulings from judges control orders were kept in place until 2011 when the coalition government replaced them with a modified version and updated them so that shows how individual rights have been federally contravened in order kind of or under the guise of protecting um Collective rights a lot of Human Rights pressure groups would argue that's discriminatory and very dangerous but obviously the conservative government and significant sections of the population argue for it so how does uh and has counterterrorism clash with individual rights there's not been an unmitting erosion of unremitting erosion sorry of Human Rights due to counter-terrorism but there have been some restrictive measures like those ones I just mentioned and the government have tended to place a safety of society above the protection of individual rights for example in 2013 um the Human Rights group Liberty um had very little success in deflecting government policy so they failed to stop the introduction of so-called secret courts used for major criminals and terrorist suspects where evidence against them doesn't need to be disclosed in full and nor do they arrest the passage of the investigatory Powers bill which I mentioned earlier which increased the power of the intelligence agencies by obligating internet companies to store info about customers browsing history so Electronics surveillance being a key issue there sat terrorism another key area where um individual and Collective rights can be seen to convict is covered so the covid-19 pandemic showed how Parliament can remove the rights of the population very quickly um with freedom of movement um and organization being seriously restricted during lockdowns in order to prevent the spread of the virus and there are fears that lockdown set a precedent of the erosion of individual rights in order to protect the wider community and that could be repeated so finally just going to look up and sum up some of the key arguments in relation to how well rights are protected in the UK a lot of these I've gone already gone through but there are a couple of more as well so in terms of the arguments they're well protected is that everyone is equal before the law in the UK and has a wide range of Rights the equality act ensures everyone is treated fairly and criminalizes discrimination the HRA can be seen as effective civil liberties pressure groups can be really seen as effective as can the House of Lords and the Judiciary can be seen as really important in limiting the government and protecting rights in the UK whilst there's also been various extensions of rights in the UK in the past couple of decades particularly for LGBT individuals in terms of arguments that rights aren't well protected in the UK or the arguments that they're being eroded covert encounter terrorism measures so how they can be eroded in favor of protecting the collective recent conservative governments have introduced legislation that contributes human rights especially the police crime policing crime sentencing and courts act um which as I kind of mentioned really limits the right to protests in the UK while the planned British Bill of Rights can be seen as very worrying judicial review can be argued to give too much power to unelected accountable judges unaccountable judges sorry while civil liberties pressure groups are important but they alter ultimately don't make the final decision it's still the government that makes the final decision and the government can be seen as quite threatening at times um to human rights in the UK the Human Rights Act can also be criticized for being too weak whilst the Judiciary can be seen as bias against certain sects of the population due to its narrow composition so it's very white it's very male um it's primarily almost um well very much primarily almost exclusively in the Supreme Court but primarily um Oxbridge educated um and relatively wealthy so that can be seen as really negative in terms of the reality of judicial neutrality in the UK and those who can afford legal representation can be argued to have more human rights than others as they can go to the European Court of Human Rights still and they can afford effective legal representations so that's all the content just circling back to the possible questions again so as I mentioned um at the start of the video kind of two key questions I can see being asked this isn't to say that they're definitely all the questions that can be asked but the kind of key debates are how well are rights protected in the UK so I definitely practice um that essay plan in terms of that there's a lot of different ways you could order it you could do that one in terms of groups so you could look at um Parliament and legislation including the human rights act as one paragraph um we're kind of falling out within that you could um then look at the Judiciary um or you can include the Human Rights Act in the Judiciary actually um you can include pressure groups as one paragraph you can include Parliament such as government as part one paragraph so you can do it in terms of groups selecting three of them what you can also do is in terms of key debates um so you could have Collective versus individual rights as one paragraph you could have the Human Rights Act and how old that protect rights in the UK as another paragraph and then you could have um how well different groups um protect it as a third paragraph in which you could maybe contrast pressure groups against um against Parliament and the government potentially for these um essay um kind of essay questions I'm going to create plans which are going to be as part of the UK politics essay um plans package on the politics explain website they won't be out yet but they will be before um the exam they'll be updated before your um final exam this year so if you don't want to make them yourself or want some ideas feel free to purchase them um which will be quite useful and then in terms of the other question it's on how well do different groups could be on how our different groups are protect rights in the UK so it could be our evaluate the argument that civil liberties pressure groups are the most effective protective rights in the UK in that you're probably going to be doing it a good way to do it I'm not saying these are this is definitely not the only way you could um could answer it but we could do certain groups with four and against so you could have civil liberties pressure groups as one paragraph um forming quite a big paragraph because it's mentioned in the question then you could have Parliament slash the government for and against within that as well um and in the final paragraph you could have on the digestion on the Judiciary for example in terms of if you want some help with planning these essays and kind of really preparing for the exam feel free to sign up for tutoring on the politics explain website um where we can really go through this um in a lot of detail um and yeah go to the positive explain website there's a lot of other resources free unpaid um that you can look through to help you in your politics either and as as ever um let me know any questions in the comments below um and make sure to subscribe for future videos I'm going to try and get through all of the UK politics and UK government content before your final exam this year so yeah thank you very much