Youtube Anatomy and Physiology ch. 2: Understanding Cells and Tissues in Anatomy

Jan 19, 2025

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Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 2 - Cells and Tissues

Introduction

  • Sources: Book, Wikipedia, and others.
  • Organization of the body: Atom → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Systems → Organism.

Cells

  • Complexity of Cells: Control center, internal transportation, power plants, material factories, packaging plants.
  • Microscopy:
    • Light Microscope (LM): Uses visible light.
    • Electron Microscope (EM): Studies ultra-structure.
  • Cell Composition: Water, protein, sugar, fats, minerals.

Major Cell Components

  • Cell Membrane: Protects and regulates passage, bilayer of lipids with embedded proteins.
  • Nucleus: Control center, nuclear envelope with pores.
  • Chromosomes: Contain chromatin, 23 pairs in humans (except sex cells).
  • Genes and DNA:
    • Genes on chromosomes, contain DNA.
    • Human Genome Project mapped ~30,000 genes.
  • Karyotype: Chromosome photograph, used to identify abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome).
  • Nucleolus: Assembles ribosomes.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
    • Rough ER: With ribosomes, manufactures proteins.
    • Smooth ER: Synthesizes steroids, phospholipids, fatty acids, detoxifies drugs.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Processes and packages proteins, produces lysosomes.
  • Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes, break down materials.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse, cellular respiration, ATP production, role in apoptosis.
  • Vesicles and Vacuoles: Transport materials within cells.
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, important in cell movement and division.

Cell Membrane Functionality

  • Selective Permeability: Allows certain substances to pass.
  • Passive Transport: Diffusion, osmosis, filtration.
  • Active Transport:
    • Requires energy (ATP).
    • Sodium-potassium pump.
    • Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis.

Cell Communication

  • Signaling Steps:
    1. Send signal (e.g., hormone).
    2. Reception by target cells.
    3. Signal transduction.
    4. Cellular response.

Cell Division

  • Mitosis: Produces two new cells, stages include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
  • Life Cycle Stages: Interphase (growth), mitosis.

Tissues

  • Epithelial Tissue: Protection, secretion, forms glands.
    • Types: Squamous, cuboidal, columnar.
    • Glands: Exocrine (ducts) and Endocrine (hormones).
  • Connective Tissue: Supports, joins other tissues, protects organs.
    • Types: Loose, adipose, cartilage, bone, blood, lymph.
    • Fibers: Collagen, reticular, elastic.
  • Muscle Tissue: Contractile, types include skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
    • Skeletal: Voluntary, striated.
    • Cardiac: Involuntary, intercalated discs.
    • Smooth: Involuntary, movement of organs.
  • Nervous Tissue: Transmits information, consists of neurons and glial cells.
    • Neurons: Sensory and motor.

Membranes

  • Epithelial Membranes: Cover or line body surfaces.
    • Mucous Membranes: Line cavities open to outside.
    • Serous Membranes: Line internal cavities.
  • Connective Tissue Membranes: Cover bones and cartilage.
    • Synovial Membranes: Line joint cavities.

Conclusion

  • Chapter 2 Summary: Focuses on cells and tissues, their structure, function, and importance in the human body.
  • Reminder: Review the material regularly.

Note

Keep revisiting this chapter for a thorough understanding. Engage with supplementary resources for enhanced learning.