foreign [Music] history from class 8. the name of chapter which we studied today is ruling the countryside from previous chapter you have learned how the East India Company got the Royal Charter to trade with India in this video you can understand how East India Company after becoming Divan of Bengal earned its Revenue by formulating some new methods of Revenue collection redefine the rights of people and produce the crops it wanted let's start the Mughal Emperor appointed the East India Company as the Divine of Bengal on 12th August 1765. Robert Clive accepted the title of Divan of Bengal on behalf of the East India Company as Divan the company became the chief financial administrator of the territory under its control a deewani had the right to collect revenue and handle the revenue administration of a region they fixed Revenue in such a way that it would meet the expenses of the company it also gave them the power to decide what products should be purchased and sold revenue for the company the company's aim was to increase the revenue as much as it could and by fine cotton and silk cloth as cheaply as possible within a span of five years the value of goods bought by the company in Bengal doubled before 1765 the company purchased Goods in India by importing gold and silver from Britain now purchase of goods was financed by the revenue collected in Bengal the Bengal economy was facing a deep crisis big formin of 1770 hit Bengal this killed about 10 million populations there as such incidents ruined the economy heavily the company then felt the need of improving agriculture the need to improve agriculture the Fallen agriculture was resulting into great loss of Revenue to the company in 1793 The company took the decision of introducing the revenue collection method known as permanent settlement under the reign of Lord Cornwallis under this system rajas and talukdas were known as zaminders or owners of the land this was basically an agreement between the company and the zaminders to fix the land Revenue zaminders were in charge of collecting the revenue from peasants and pay Revenue to the company a revenue amount was fixed permanently and it was not to be increased in future company believed that this settlement would ensure a regular flow of Revenue into the company and at the same time they encouraged the zaminders to invest in improving the land however the permanent settlement created problems what was the impact of permanent settlement on zaminders the permanent settlement brought about an adverse effect on the zaminders the zaminders were not interested in the Improvement of land so production of crop reduced the revenue that had been fixed was so high that they found it difficult to pay what was the impact of permanent settlement on the company the permanent settlement didn't prove to be useful as thought by the company in the early 19th century agricultural production improved and the market prices Rose there was an excess income from agriculture however due to the principle of fixed Revenue the company could not benefit from the agricultural boom the zaminders were still not interested in improving the land the worst effect was seen on the farmers who were forced to pay high rent zaminders was started to explore the peasants and cultivators the rent they paid to the zmindal was high so they took a loan from the money lender when they fail to pay the rent they were evicted from the land after realizing the problems of the permanent settlement system the company officials came up with a new system of Revenue collection called the mahalwari system it was introduced by halt Mackenzie in 1822 under the mahalwari system the land Revenue was collected from the farmers by The Village headmen on behalf of the whole village and not the zamindar the entire Village was converted into one bigger unit called Mahal and it was treated as one unit for the payment of land Revenue was not fixed permanently the revenue was to be revised periodically the Monroe system or rotary system Sir Thomas Monroe governor of Madras in 1820 established this land Revenue scheme the system was proposed on a small scale by Captain Alexander Reed in some areas of the South it was gradually extended all over South India in this system The Peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land they could sell mortgage or gift the land the company made a revenue settlement directly with the peasants the fields of riots or cultivators were carefully surveyed before the revenue assessment was made all the new systems proved to be failure riots were incapable to pay they left the countryside and Villages became deserted in many regions crops for Europe by the late 18th century britishers tried to expand the cultivation of opium and indigo in various parts of India they also forced the cultivators to grow various other crops such as jute and Bengal tea in Assam sugarcane and up wheat and Punjab rice in Madras and cotton in Maharashtra and Punjab how was this done the East India Company was trying to expand its Indigo cultivation in India to support the growing textile industry in England why the demand for Indian indigo Indigo can only be grown in tropical climate so climate of India was suitable for its growth Indian Indigo was used by cloth manufacturers in Italy France and Britain to die cloth India was the biggest supplier of indigo in the world at that time but small amounts of Indian Indigo reached the European market and its price was very high therefore European cloth manufacturers had to depend on another plant called Ward to make violet and blue dyes Indigo produced a rich blue color whereas the dye from what was pale and dull by the end of the 18th century demand for Indian Indigo increased because of the heavy industrialization in Britain between 1783 and 1789 the production of indigo in the world fell by half as there was less Supply the British Dyers became Keener to procure Indigo and at this point they turned to India to meet their needs Britain turns to India the demand for Indigo was Rising day by day in Europe therefore the company decided to expand Indigo cultivation in India Bengal was the largest exporter of indigo to the Britain as the Indigo trade grew many of the commercial agents and Company officials started investing in the Indigo business as this was a profitable business many Englishmen settled in India and became Indigo planters loans were granted by the company and the bank for Indigo cultivation how was Indigo cultivated Indigo cultivation was done under two systems known as net system and Rarity system within the system of knit cultivation the planter produced Indigo in lands that he directly controlled he either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars to produce indigo he directly employed laborers to produce indigo there were problem with Niche cultivation the niche cultivators found it difficult to grow Indigo as it required a large fertile area but it was not easily available as most of the land was densely populated even laborers were not available sometimes as they were busy with the rice cultivation thus they were not interested in growing Indigo anymore under the variety system the Planters forced the riots or Village headmen to sign a contract those who signed the contract got cash advances from Planters at low interest rate to produce indigo but this system was not in favor of the cultivators the planter used to provide the seeds and drill to the farmer and he in return had to take care of the plants but soon the riots realized that this system was not an easy one because they got tracked in the cycle of loans which were never ended there were other problems too after an indigo harvest the fertility of the land reduced and the land became unfit for the growth of rice the blue rebellion and after effects in March 1859 Rebellion broke in Bengal against the planters many of the peasants refused to pay rents to the Planters and to grow indigo not only this they attacked Indigo factories at some places The Village headmen also supported this Rebellion peasants at some places thought that they would get support from the britishers but it was not so as the britishers became cautious after the Revolt of 1857. so the government brought military for safeguarding Planters in the Indigo districts Queen Victoria ordered magistrate of Prasad Ashley Eden to issue a notice stating that riots would not be forced to enter into Indigo contracts the government set up the Indigo commission to inquire into the system of indigo production it declared that Indigo cultivation was not profitable for riots hence they could refuse to produce Indigo in future after the Revolt production of indigo came to an end in Bengal and Planters shifted to Bihar dears this was all about ruling the countryside hope this video is helpful for you to understand the concept easily if you like this video please share and subscribe to this channel for more updates thank you [Music]