AP Bio Review #5
Introduction
- Presenter: Mr. Monsour
- Location: Room 102, Tiffan Coloman High School, Tiffan, Ohio
- Purpose: AP Bio Review #5
- Exam Overview:
- Section 1: 60 questions, 1.5 hours, 50% of the score
- Section 2: 6 questions, 1.5 hours, 50% of the score
Key Topics Reviewed
- Molecular Genetics (Unit 6):
- Replication
- Transcription and RNA Processing
- Translation
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Mutations
- Task Verbs for FRQs:
- Identify, Justify, Make a Claim, Predict
DNA Replication
- Occurs during S-phase
- Semiconservative Nature: Each new DNA molecule contains one original and one new strand
- Important Enzymes: Helicase, DNA Polymerase, Ligase
- Directionality: 5’ to 3’
- Example: Meselson-Stahl Experiment showing semi-conservative replication
Transcription and RNA Processing
- Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein
- Types of RNA:
- mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, miRNA, siRNA
- Introns vs Exons:
- Introns are non-coding and removed
- Exons code for proteins and are expressed
Translation
- Process: mRNA is used to generate polypeptides
- Steps: Initiation, Elongation, Termination
- Genetic Code: Universal among organisms
Gene Regulation
- Regulatory Sequences: DNA segments that interact with proteins
- Epigenetic Changes: Affect gene expression through reversible DNA modifications like methylation and acetylation.
- Operons in Prokaryotes: Groups of genes regulated together, e.g., Lac operon
Mutations
- Changes in phenotype due to changes in genotype
- DNA Sequence Alterations: Lead to changes in protein production
- Errors in Mitosis/Meiosis: Result in phenotype changes
- Example of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Mutation leading to selective advantage
Practice and Application
- FRQs and Task Verbs: Describe, Identify, Predict, Justify
- FRQ Types: Lab investigations and conceptual questions involving biological processes and disruptions
Conclusion
- Next Session: Natural Selection Part I with Margaret Evans
- Advice: Don’t cram, have a plan, and practice FRQs
Note: These notes summarize the key points from the review session by Mr. Monsour, focusing on understanding and applying molecular genetics concepts for the AP Bio exam.