hey everyone welcome to professor Long's lectures in anatomy and physiology I'm professor long we are the coronavirus shutdown so we'll do a little quick videos they're crude and they're not the way I want but what's going to get us through this lecture video is intended for my AMT 1 students 24:01 so we're gonna follow the notes set for my class if you're not in my class I hope this helps you in some way we're on page 94 of the note said we're just about done we're about to do the autonomic nervous system which we actually did back when we did the first lecture on the brain when we did the efferent division somatic and autonomic and we're gonna reiterate that add a little bit more detail but this is one of the most important systems for many students to understand who are going into healthcare there's a lot of drugs that are called sympathomimetic s-- let me just throw something out at you some patho means sympathetic and mimetic comes from the word mind to act like like a pantomime you know they have like they're pulling a rope or they're stuck inside of glass case or something well sympathomimetic s-- mind the sympathetic nervous system so those drugs are going to have the same effects that sympathetic reaction would have increased heart rate increased blood pressure increased breathing rate dilate the respiratory tract dilate certain blood vessels increase mental activity and have an adverse leanette or not adverse but a negative effect on the digestive urinary and reproductive systems so you would expect to see certain side effects with certain drugs that people are administered so understanding the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system gives us a tremendous amount of information on what's affecting the body and what's happening when we're under stress when we're relaxed why does digestion change under those conditions why don't we not digest or lose their appetite when we're stressed but when we're relaxed we're hungry and we want to eat and we digest well have good bowel movements and things so autonomic nervous system is hugely important so as you guys know the efferent nervous system comes out and it has somatic and autonomic so kind of a quick overview right so as our efferent ervis system here's your brain here's your spinal cord I have neurons coming out and then they're going to come out to effectors what's your muscle right they're going to give us the desired effects and there's two different systems as we know the somatic nervous system which is part of the efferent division of the PMS remember all this your peripheral nervous system everything outside the brain and spinal cord has a ferrant and efferent afferent comes in we're not talking about that even coming up motor commands going to muscles the somatic nervous system controls skeletal muscle [Music] or will we consider to be our own voluntary stuff voluntary muscle okay which is skeletal muscle your brain has to consciously think about exactly what does it want to get accomplished so we call this voluntary of your brain volunteers if the other part is the autonomic nervous system I think of autonomic as those things that happen automatically you don't get to decide there's no thinking they're just going to naturally adjust them and the autonomic nervous system controls both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle well cardiac muscles in the heart so it's going to affect heart rate and smooth muscle is found in the lot of the tubes of the body we find some smooth muscle in the respiratory tract we find some smooth muscles so you know under sympathetic stimulation we need more air we can relax the smooth muscle and breathe better when we irritate the respiratory tract that much can constrict to decrease the size of the lumen so that less air gets in protecting the lungs from irritants and other things we have smooth muscle in the walls of the digestive tract all the peristalsis and all the movement here all the digestion all the glands that are secreting have smooth muscle working in them so digestion a lot of secretions our sweat glands secreting sweat the sebaceous glands treating oil when we're stressed we get sweaty when we're when we're not stressed and we're relaxed we don't sweat as much right so under sympathetic stimulation you get all sweaty your palms sweat your pits wet you get start dripping sweat you get nervous under parasympathetic you can clam up your skin gets kind of dry and clammy so when you're shutting down all your heart rate and you're in some bad situations then your skin gets cold and clammy so we find smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels some blood vessels are going to dilate and increase blood flow to some organs and constrict so the autonomic nervous system is going to control both of these and make adjustments but these are adjusted based on the demands of the somatic nervous system so to speak and so these are going to affect things like heart rate digestion respiration blood flow urinary function production of urine and waste and the removal of waste from the body reproductive secretions we're stressed out it's really hard to get all excited and get all the proverbial you know creative juices flowing to to prepare to participate in some kind of sexual activity and so we usually do that when everything's calm and cool so that's the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system so we're going to focus on the autonomic we're going to go back in and we're going to look at sympathetic and parasympathetic both the sympathetic and parasympathetic are going to affect both of these but it's going to adjust these to meet the demands of the somatic nervous system so that we can survive all right so now I'm going to race some of us not all of it and we're going to look at these two symptoms hey now they just erase it all and we'll start over it now if you're gonna follow along in the note said we're gonna be on page 94 but one last thing I want to do and I've done this before I'm gonna do it again I'm gonna keep hammering the same concepts home and so they stick to your brain it was real hard you know we had these long lists of things we had to memorize as students and because I consider myself not super smart I had to figure out easier ways to think about it okay and this is how it made sense to me and I dawned on me one day so I've given this talk to y'all before I talk about it again old school steam engine trains you know old cowboy western movies we know how they functioned they have this engine that works on steam in order to produce steam we have to boil water in order to boil water you need flames so in order to have flame and fire you have to have two things one is you need a carbon source something that has carbon and hydrogen and usually oxygen so for us that's c6 h-12 o-6 so usually the car right behind the engine was filled with coal all these chunks of carbonaceous material that are easy to burn well for us this car actually represents our liver our livers force glucose but it really stores it in the form called glycogen we can break down the glucose or the glycogen into glucose and then we send that glucose into ourselves for energy now in order to burn any carbon source we have to have air oxygen and we have to get the carbon dioxide out well that's the function of your respiratory system and our lungs are going to take oxygen and put it into our blood our liver is going to dump glucose into the blood well guess what's pumping the blood your heart sorry for all that squeak eNOS so your heart actually the fireman on one of these old trains he had to shovel coal into the fire and then take a bellows one of those things with handles it looks like an accordion and blow air into the fire as the air got hotter as the fire got hotter it boiled the water faster pistons moved up and down faster the train went faster if I need to slow down then I cut back on how much oxygen and glucose that I'm pumping into the fire and in my simplistic way of thinking of this this is my brain and skeletal muscle that's the engine this is my respiratory system and this is my cardiovascular system now if the Train needs to go fast if I'm going to have a high level of activity and I'm talking about the brain and skeletal muscle so if I'm gonna take a big exam my brain is gonna burn a lot of energy if I'm gonna study actually the three-pound brain that burns as much energy as the 60 pounds of muscle over the same period of time so that's a lot of energy so if I'm gonna have the brain and skeletal muscle and high levels of activity I'm gonna kick into the sympathetic nervous system the autonomic nervous system is going to feed into my brain and skeletal muscle activity if they are at a high level activity sympathetic nervous system fires the sympathetic nervous system has specific effects we know that it's going to have to increase our breathing we got to start huffing and puffing to get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out so you breathe more rapidly more breaths per minute maybe some deeper breathing it's going to increase respiration it's going to increase heart rate and blood pressure what we call cardiac output your heart's gonna start beating faster and harder shoveling more oxygen and glucose into the fire so the Train can keep up its energy levels it's going to increase mental activity so when you're stressed no matter how much you try to put it out of your mind and go to sleep you can't stop thinking you can't sleep at night you're restless your brain is going 90 miles an hour sometimes it starts dreaming up scenarios that may not not have any basis in reality because we're stress and we start thinking about all of this stuff okay it's going to increase blood flow to all of these organs that need the blood so it's going to dilate blood vessels to be structures they bring the lungs my penmanship gets shoddy when they get near the end of the board but nonetheless the brain the lungs the heart itself and skeletal muscle also to our skin because I've got to have that heat that I'm generating from all this activity bringing blood the blood will carry the heat to the surface effect sweat glands activate them and then you start sweating to dissipate the heat so it will dilate your pupils but it's also going to dilate the Airways for breathing it's going to do all of those things it's going to do all of that increasing now when it comes to the other parts of our body when it comes to things like digestion it's going to decrease all your digestive function your mouth gets dry when you get nervous because your salivary glands shut down because you're not going to be eating your stomach won't digest as well you might get indigestion or just have a harder time digesting food you lose your appetite you know you don't you know make waste as often as well so it's going to shut down all your digestive function digestive secretions digestive activity it's gonna decrease waste function so that's urinary you're not gonna make waste as often you're not gonna pee this frequently and it's gonna be a defecation you know people get constipated when they're under prolonged stress they don't use the restroom as often it's going to decrease reproductive secretions you know it's harder to get excited about reproducing I mean think about it if you have an argument with your significant other right before you're supposed to go out for your anniversary dinner the kids are gone you got a whole evening planned and you get in a big fight with your significant other over something stupid you start arguing of course because guys very often we go well you know what I don't want to fight let's just go eat and the response is I'm not hungry anymore I've lost my appetite okay great let's skip dinner and get right to it nope not in the mood sorry we lose that ability because we're under stress now there's good stress exercise and other things there's bad stress but nonetheless any time we're under stress increase physical activity fight-or-flight then we're going to increase the the well we have increased levels of activity for the sympathetic nervous system we get all these effects all of this is going to increase I'm going to increase breathing rate increase the diameter of the tubes getting air in I'm going to increase heart rate and blood pressure I'm going to increase mental activity and I'm gonna have to increase blood flow to all of these things so I'm going to dilate all those vessels I'm gonna have decreased digestive function everything above the diaphragm shuts down what do you think about the the ventral body cavity everything above the diaphragm kicks to high levels of activity everything below the diaphragm shuts down digestion urinary waist function reproductive functions so that also means I'm going to decrease blood flow to these up organs so I'm going to constrict blood vessels going to here to a bare minimum so I can force all the blood here while I need it when I get to a quiet restful place and the Nature has been removed I can switch back to rest and digest and not what I often say is rest digest and reproduce I reverse all the arrows heart rate goes down breathing rate goes down blood pressure goes down my brain settles down and I can chill out my blood flow to all those organs decreases I'm going to constrict the airway some so we wheeze more and make more noise when we sleep at night I'm going to increase digestive function under parasympathetic I'm going to increase the production of waste I mean after you sleep all night it's one of the first things you do when you wake up you go to the restroom and you eat it's rest digest and reproduce okay rest I just waste and reproduce so we're gonna have decreased urine output decreased ability loop under parasympathetic we would increase your and output and defecation reflex we can increase the reproductive secretions when we're all calm and cool and then we're going to increase blood flow to all of these things because they're active now so if you know super-thick fight-or-flight which is all of this you know parasympathetic you flip the arrows and the way I like to think about it is this little choo-choo train this is your brain and skeletal muscle if they need to go then I need to get oxygen and glucose is so respiratory cardiovascular and the gluconeogenesis the breakdown of sugars something we're going to talk about in part two in more detail so that I could go 90 miles an hour and when the trains going 90 miles an hour you can't stop and eat you can't go to the restroom I mean think about a train traveling across the country where there was nowhere to stop you don't just stop so can't go to the restroom can't eat can't turn around to your partner in there and want to reproduce I guess you could try but if the train has a wreck that's a terrible theme so none of that happens it's all focusing on danger and keeping everything running when you do pull into the train station and the train slows down and comes to a stop all of this shuts down to a bare minimum and then we increase all of this you can step off the train and use the restroom wash your hands grab a meal you know whatever it is that you need to do take a nap so that's the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system it's really important that you know this I would learn sympathetic everything above the diaphragm all the way up to your brain kicks off dilated pupils you get increased heart rate breathing rate increased mental activity increased air flow and increased blood flow to all of that there's some other things that happen like you know sweat glands and some other things but for the most part this is your emergency stuff you'll learn those other little details and integrate them into this so that you can read a patient if someone's all sweaty and nervous and jittery maybe they're stressed out or maybe they're on some sympathomimetic or central nervous system Yulin like methamphetamine cocaine speed something like that too much caffeine or too many bang energy drinks or whatever the hell people drink now that's bad free now if we go to parasympathetic it's the exact opposite so these are kind of Downers and things that relax you they're going to increase up this and shut all this down sympathetic parasympathetic it's kind of simple now all of that stuff is kind of reviewed in here throughout the next two or three pages and there's a big review of it all on the bottom of page 96 you know sympathetic you increase heart rate blood pressure you're going to increase blood vessel diameter to skeletal muscle on cardiac muscle you're going to decrease blood vessel diameter to smooth muscle you're going to increase respiration you're going to increase the diameter of the bronchial tree you're going to shut down peristalsis which is digestion you're going to shut down defecation urination and reproduction parasympathetic you flip the arrows that's it you need to know that now the rest of this page is some details that I'm about to explain and then we're done for the semester you can take your last round of quizzes take your last lab test I'll enter your grades and get ready for part two so I'm gonna race all this junk I'm sorry for the poor handwriting but you know I'm doing the best I can what I got and today's been a rather stressful day this is about the fifth or sixth time I've tried to shoot these videos because my AC shut down the AC guy showed up we have a family emergency going on but well I can't do anything instead of sitting and stressing I'm accomplishing things I could be sitting on the phone calling a million people talking about this situation but it's not going to solve anything so we manage our stress and not managing mine in a productive way alright so another name for the sympathetic nervous system we can for sympathetic we can use the term fight-or-flight we've used that and it's usually going to use adrenaline at the target cells which is norepinephrine okay it is also called the thoracolumbar system from the thorax and the lumbar region and the reason is this if I have the brain sitting here like this on either half of your skull and I have this the spinal cord and medulla come down and I have the spinal cord like this if I could draw a little person here a neck shoulders hips okay in the thoracic region of the spinal cord and in the lumbar region a lot of our autonomic sympathetic ganglia are going to come off the spinal cord a lot of the sympathetic nerves between the thoracic and the lumbar region so thoracolumbar fight-or-flight okay and you have to remember I'm going to take this part of this body wall off if I'm gonna go to the heart and the lungs and a lot of these organs down here I'm going to have two neurons in the autonomic nervous system from the spinal cord to the target the first neuron exits the lateral grey horn and will synapse on an autonomic neuron at an autonomic ganglia and then the postganglionic neuron is going to go all the way up to the targets we're going to release acetylcholine at the game Leon but we're gonna release adrenaline and the target organs all of these different target organs nor epinephrine or adrenaline and it has a cousin called epinephrine that has similar effects or the same offense okay so um this system is active during high levels of activity during stress and other things one of the things you can notice is the preganglionic neuron is rather short the postganglionic neuron is that rather long there are some ganglia for the nurse sympathetic nervous system that are called the sympathetic chain ganglia because they're all kind of linked together or they're also called there's another group called the collateral ganglia because they're right next to the spinal cord because all these ganglia are right next to the spinal cord the presynaptic neuron that goes from the lateral gray horn to that in ganglion is short the postganglionic neuron is very long acetylcholine adrenaline okay so those are a couple of details that I do want you to know about this system all of this stuff again I'm following on page 94 and page 95 okay so now the parasympathetic nervous system is often referred to by a couple of other names the parasympathetic nervous system can be called rest and digest we've talked about that before and I always include reproduce because it affects the reproductive system alright another name for this by the way is called the cranial sacral division and it's called the cranial sacral division because these neurons that that have the parasympathetic affect come directly off your brain one of them is going to be cranial nerve number 10 the vagus nerve so your vagus nerve coming directly off your brain actually gets the name Vegas from wandering and it will drift way down into your abdomen and have a whole bunch of effects here and there's quite a few of the nerves coming out of the sacral region that are going to affect so they some of the area and the pelvis so because the parasympathetic neurons come out of the cranial region and the sacral region they're referred to as the cranial sacral division we know what parasympathetic does and we have cranial nerve 10 and this and the sacral nerves sickle nerves two to four actually but those nerves are going to be affecting this now one of the things that we know about the system is this the preganglionic neuron that goes from the spinal cord out towards the target organ is very long it's going to synapse on a ganglionic neuron that is very short and then has a broad effect on the target organs and the ganglion is in the wall of the organ so we call it an intramural gangly on the intramural ganglion is going to be the the game Leon that's in the wall of the target organ that is the part of the cranial sacral division now in this situation we're going to release acetylcholine at all of these synapses so if you look at these four synapses we always use a single Colleen the only exception is in sympathetic activation at the target cells got it we use adrenaline there it's kind of a simple way to think about it and sympathetic preganglionic neuron is short post ganglionic neuron is long parasympathetic the preganglionic neuron is long the postganglionic neuron is short it's from the wall of the organ into the organ itself okay a couple of little other details about this there's a little table that I did on page 96 that puts all of this together we have the characteristics of the preganglionic neuron how long is it where's the location of the soma what does the neurotransmitter is myelinated or not we have sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons short lives in the lateral gray horn it releases acetylcholine is always myelinated for both it is the postganglionic fiber where it changes okay actually in the parasympathetic nervous system the preganglionic neuron is long but they are always in the lateral green one they always release acetylcholine they're always myelinated the postganglionic neuron if you look at it for the sympathetic nerve division is going to be long okay it's going to release adrenaline and it's usually unmyelinated for the parasympathetic nervous system it's short it uses acetylcholine and as unmyelinated there are some exceptions to the rules but we're gonna stick with this so what that tells us is some little key details about this they give me great options for test questions or quizzes so for this last quiz you guys are going to need to know all of these alternate names for this sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system you need to know whether which part of the spinal column they come out of thoracolumbar sympathetic craniosacral parasympathetic short long myelinated unmyelinated acetylcholine adrenaline long short myelinated unmyelinated acetylcholine acetylcholine those are the details you obviously need to know the effects of the sympathetic nervous system in the parasympathetic heart rate blood vessels and all of that some of those questions will be repeated so to speak I might rewrite them in different ways but there's your information so this concludes the very last lecture for a and B one for my students so I hope you had as much fun as I did I hope you've enjoyed this semester I will put a video that just touches up on what you should be studying for the final exam and all of this so thanks for watching I hope you learned something I hope you have as much fun as I did see you guys on the flip side