[Applause] [Music] please subscribe like and share it really helps us out and of course if you have any questions comment below and we will answer you as soon as we can [Music] welcome to the next of our videos in our series on igcse geography this is episode 3.1 in today's lesson we will be learning about development if you haven't seen our previous videos click on the card above [Music] in geography when we are studying development it is about measuring how developed one country is compared to other countries or to the same country in the past development measures how economically socially culturally or technologically advanced a country is the two most important ways of measuring development are economic development and human development economic development is a measure of a country's wealth and how it is generated for example agriculture is considered less economically advanced than banking human development measures the access the population has to wealth jobs education nutrition health leisure and safety as well as political and cultural freedom material elements such as wealth and nutrition are described as the standard of living health and leisure are often referred to as quality of life [Music] regions with high levels of development can be recognized by the high availability of medicines health technology and educated workers let's look at some of the indicators that make up development firstly health does the population have access to medical care what level of health care is available basic or advanced is it free next industry what type of industry dominates less economically developed countries focus on primary industries such as farming fishing and mining more economically developed countries focus on secondary industries such as manufacturing the most advanced countries tend to focus more on tertiary or service industries such as banking and information technology and also education does the population have access to education is it free what level of education is available for example primary secondary or further education more economically developed countries are countries that have a high standard of living in a large gdp less economically developed countries are countries with a low standard of living and a much lower gdp this map shows the locations of less economically developed countries and more economically developed countries remarkably most of the southern hemisphere is less developed while countries in the northern hemisphere are generally more developed what are some of the key economic indicators gross domestic product gdp this is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year gross national product gnp this measures the total economic output of a country including earnings from foreign investments gnp and gdp per capita this is a country's gnp or gdp divided by its population per capita means per person economic growth measures the annual increase in gdp gnp gdp per capita or gnp per capita [Music] let's look at some other indicators of development inequality of wealth is the gap in income between a country's richest and poorest people it can be measured in many ways for example the proportion of a country's wealth owned by the richest 10 percent of the population compared with the proportion owned by the remaining 90 inflation measures how much the prices of goods services and wages increase each year high inflation of a few percent can be a bad thing and suggests the government lacks control over the economy unemployment is the number of people who cannot find work economic structure shows the division of a country's economy between primary secondary and tertiary industries demographics study population growth and structure it compares birth rates to death rates life expectancy and urban and rural ratios many less economically developed countries have a younger faster growing population than more economically developed countries with more people living in the countryside than in towns the birth rate in the uk is 11 per 1000 whereas in kenya is 40. development often takes place in an uneven way a country may have a very high gdp derived for example from the exploitation of rich oil reserves while segments of the population live in poverty and lack access to basic education health and decent housing hence the importance of human development indicators measuring the non-economic aspects of a country's development [Music] let's look at some of these human development indicators life expectancy the average age to which a person lives for example this is 79 in the uk and 48 in kenya infant mortality rate counts the number of babies for 1 000 live births who die under the age of 1. this is 5 in the uk and 61 in kenya poverty indices count the percentage of people living below the poverty level or on very small incomes for example under one dollar per day access to basic services the availability of services necessary for a healthy life such as clean water and sanitation access to health care takes into account statistics such as how many doctors there are for every patient risk of disease calculates the percentage of people with diseases such as aids malaria and tuberculosis access to education measures how many people attend primary school secondary school and higher education literacy rate is the percentage of adults who can read and write this is 99 in the uk 85 in kenya and 60 in india access to technology includes statistics such as the percentage of people with access to phones mobile phones television and the internet male female equality compare statistics such as the literacy rates and employment between the sexes government spending priorities compares health and education expenditure with military expenditure and paying off debts [Music] geographers compare the statistics for different countries to see if there is a relationship or correlation between the data for different countries a correlation helps to show what factors contribute to development in this example we compare gdp per capita to the adult literacy rate in a scatter graph the plotting for each country does not show much on its own but together they show a pattern this scatter graph shows that there is a correlation between the wealth of a country and its adult literacy rate [Music] a development index measures a country's performance according to specific development indicators some countries may appear to be developed according to some indices but not according to others vietnam and pakistan have a similar per capita gdp however life expectancy and literacy are considerably higher in vietnam than they are in pakistan saudi arabia has a per capita gdp comparable to that of croatia however in saudi arabia there is greater inequality between men and women when considering access to education and political power so although they are equal on an economic development index saudi arabia is less developed on the human development index [Music] development indices can be misleading and need to be used with care for example many indices are averages for the whole population of a country this means that indices do not always reveal substantial inequalities between different segments of society for example a portion of the population of a highly developed country could be living below the poverty line in some countries the data used in indices could be out of date or hard to collect some countries do not wish to have certain index data collected for example many countries do not publish statistics about the number of immigrants and migrants finally for today some exam tips in an exam you may be given some development indicators for different countries read the information for each country carefully always look at all the data presented don't jump to conclusions about a country on the basis of one or two indicators thank you for watching our video please like subscribe and share and comment below so we can clarify things for you