Lecture Notes: Why Nepal and Bhutan Were Never Annexed by Major Powers

Context and Background

• Geographical Position: Nepal and Bhutan are located between two major powers: China and India.
• Historical Examples: Unlike Poland and Armenia, which were partitioned by neighboring powers, Nepal and Bhutan maintained their independence.

Historical Context

The Mughal Empire

• The Mughal Empire was an expansionist state but had internal issues and larger enemies to deal with.
• The Empire collapsed, leading to a divided India, much of which fell under the Maratha Empire.

British Influence

• The British, lacking manpower, ruled through local rulers who stayed in power by swearing loyalty to Britain or the East India Company.
• Nepal's expansion brought it into conflict with Britain.
  • Resulted in a war where Britain emerged victorious.
  • Nepal retained independence and received British protection by allowing trade access.

The Case of Bhutan

• Initial confusion by the British about Bhutan's territorial status relative to China.
• British invasion led to the acquisition of Darjeeling but not Bhutan due to its challenging geography and limited benefit.
• Bhutan became a buffer state in the British sphere of influence.

Relations with China

• Nepal:

  • Viewed as an extension of Tibet by China.
  • Initially paid tribute to China following conflict.
  • Geography and British influence deterred Chinese annexation.

• Bhutan:

  • Similar geographic difficulties and benefits as Nepal.
  • Close relations with Tibet provided a deterrence.
  • British influence further complicated Chinese ambitions.

Post-Colonial Developments

• After British withdrawal, Nepal and Bhutan remained independent, unlike Sikkim.
• Sikkim, once a British protectorate, became part of India in the 1970s.

Chinese Communist Era

• Mao Zedong claimed the Himalayan States as part of Tibet.
• No actions were taken by China post-British era to annex Nepal or Bhutan.

Conclusion

• Geographical challenges, historical circumstances, and diplomatic maneuvers contributed to Nepal and Bhutan's continued independence.

Additional Notes:

• Buffer states and strategic importance played a crucial role in the politics of the region.
• The diplomatic relations and treaties with major powers ensured the semi-autonomy of these smaller states.

Credits to Patrons for supporting insights on the topic.