hey welcome back to mr mig's classroom i'm mr mig and i'm going to continue talking about the weather section of the faa port 107 exam let's get started with the faa part 107 exam weather section if you're new to my videos i ask that you give me a thumbs up uh thumbs up and subscribe this is the part two to weather so if you haven't watched part two yet go ahead and watch part one first a lot of my part ones and twos like my um question review it doesn't really matter you could watch the part three first and then part two and then part one it doesn't matter this one i think would be better if you go back and watch part one first and then watch part two uh without further ado i'm gonna go ahead and share my screen here um and i finally fixed it so it says mr mig here which is what i go by my last name is a difficult name for my students to pronounce so i let them call me mr mig it's easier um i i love my last name i'm proud of it so don't you you don't need to write in the comment section to be proud of the name you can you can if you want to but i'm very proud of my name but it just it is easier for them um and i think it's a little catchier too um [Music] let's see let's do visibility in clouds i think that's where we left off all right so visibility in clouds this is uh this is i'm going to do another video on the life cycle of a thunderstorm so i'll kind of touch on that in here too but anyway we talked about this last time the faa requires that you are 2000 feet horizontally away from a cloud when you're flying in uas and that you're 500 feet vertically below a cloud and so some people are like what's the difference here if you're a flatlander like me i live in a coastal area it seems like it's kind of odd like that there's that difference but it's really for people in mountainous areas so people in mountainous areas are like you could be up here on a mountain right say you're up here on a mount and then like there's a cloud over here and it's coming in um you you want to be 2000 feet away from it because you could be on level with the clouds if you're up up on a mountain right and there could be an airplane in the cloud and you don't see it until it's too late and you could run into it that's not good so that's why they want you 2000 feet horizontally from a cloud this does not mean if you're standing on the ground and there's clouds say a thousand feet above you straight above you that you can't fly no no no that's fine if they're more than 500 feet above you you can fly it doesn't mean that they have to be both at the same time 500 feet above and 2000 feet horizontally away no no no that's not what that's saying it's just saying like if they're you know if they're at your level right then they got to be 2 000 feet um away from you horizontally all right that's that's what they're saying right so what if they're if they're above you they got they do have to be 500 feet above you or more otherwise you can't fly but don't think if there's like a cloud that's 20 000 feet like you know a stratus cloud that's 20 000 feet above you and it's straight above you don't think oh i can't fly because it's not 2000 feet horizontal lane way it's like it's it's more than 500 feet above you so you're okay um here here's a nice little tip uh they might test on this but it's just a nice little thing for you a pilot to know the remote pilot command can determine local visibility by verifying a known point at least three statute miles away in visibility similarly an object with a known height can be used to observe how high a cloud is so if you know a tower is a thousand feet tall and the clouds are above it you're good or so you know a building's 500 feet high or even 400 feet high and the clouds look to be more than 100 feet above it then you're you're probably good [Music] okay the faa defines cloud types into three general categories we've got low clouds middle clouds and high clouds um low clouds are six thousand five hundred feet and below middle clouds are from six thousand five hundred twenty three thousand feet and then your high clouds are way up there in the atmosphere places we should never be flying our ua really we should only be flying in the low cloud area um even though you're only going to find the load cloud area they're going to test you on the exam about some of the middle and high clouds so you've got to know these things even though we're probably not going to be affected by them as ua pilots [Music] okay so let's see so here's our different types of clouds um right here this is a cumulonimbus cloud and go ahead and think to yourself or tell me if you want to even though i can't hear you what this is all right and if you want to pause this video and think about it go ahead this is a thunderstorm that's what a cumulonimbus cloud is here's a cumulus cloud this could be the start of a thunderstorm so i'll talk about a different video we got three stages of the thunderstorm the cumulus stage which would be this guy here nice puffy cloud kind of big but not nearly as big as this huge guy which would be the mature stage that's where like things are happening right there's no rain happening in the cumulus stage but this stage there is um and then you got the dissipating stage um so what we really want to know is uh pilots we need to be aware of the cumulonimbus clouds because there's thunderstorms and you don't want to be out in a thunderstorm the cumulus cloud you should be aware because that could be the start of a thunderstorm um and then uh obviously this is this nimbo stratus cloud that's going to be nice steady rain we we can't fly unless we have three miles of visibility but as a manned pilot maybe this isn't so bad right you could actually have pretty steady air or stable air and a nimbo stratus cloud but for us we need to have three statute miles of visibility as ua pilots so you don't want to be flying that you'll want to know these clouds as well they might test you on these i didn't see a whole lot of questions on these upper clouds just to be honest but fair warning they could be in there these you're going to get tested on anything down here be prepared to know about these like literally the cloud type of name [Music] okay so um and what you might want to do maybe you want to make a flash card and know these just be aware of them the stratus clouds are low thin flat clouds characterize the stable air and that's kind of what you'll want to know about them like what cloud is characterized as having being with stable air stratus clouds cumulus clouds white fluffy clouds characteristic of unstable air because they have vertical currents what's happening during the cumulus stage of a thunderstorm is you get these updrafts and so that's bad because that's going to cause a lot of turbulence right so the cumulus clouds are things we should we need to be aware of and we need to be mindful of um you know so uh you know that and that could be a question is cumulus clouds could be characterized as having what of the following and it could say something like rain stable air unstable air it doesn't rain with cumulus yet but it's going to have that unstable air remember stratus clouds a rain cloud with steady precipitation remember the steady precipitation as we talked about in last video had stable air it was that showery precipitation that had the unstable air uh cumulus stratus clouds a rain cloud with showery precipitation so nimbus stratus would have steady stable air cumulonimbus that's your thunderstorm is going to have um showery precipitation and unstable air there's some pictures [Music] i won't go into these as much just know your middle clouds your altostratus clouds and your outro cumulus clouds high clouds all right the only one you really want to be aware of here is your towering cumulonimbus cloud with an extensive vertical development right this one here that's the top part of your thunderstorm thunderstorm clouds i mean these things are huge like like let me go back real quick it's like just to kind of give you an idea like this is like if you can see it over here 25 000 feet is right here i mean this is like the 40 000 feet up here these things are miles high these thunderstorms like miles high these things are massive compared to like the stratus clouds and everything else so you want to want to be aware that those thunderstorm clouds like can be miles high because remember miles 5000 over 5000 feet so um 5282 [Music] so those those clouds are multiple miles like five miles high the cumulonimbus thunderstorm clouds another thing that we want to be aware of with these thunderstorms again they're going to ask a lot of questions about the thunderstorms and the cumulus because they can lead to thunderstorms and these are dangerous to fly in so another thing they might actually ask about is that and built top so you'll see that on the thunderstorm cloud so it might say what kind of cloud type is characterized as having an anvil top that'd be your cumulonimbus your thunderstorm cloud [Music] uh characteristic of mean nasty weather thunderstorms with strong wind rain and possible hail they will ask about that one okay what is the minimum visibility required to for suas operation pause the video and tell me your answer okay good three miles remember we have to have three miles now that doesn't mean that you can see your drone from three miles away if you're flying a dji mini you're not going to see your drone from three miles away um they're tough to see uh but you've got to be able to see three miles away so if an airplane or a building or tower is three miles away you should be able to see it if you can't see it there's not good enough visibility to fly your drone you gotta be able to see three miles away that's the minimum visibility to fly your your drop [Music] and again i asked you last time if you like this setup where i go over some stuff and then ask you questions please put that in the comment section below um that would be helpful if that's if this is effective then i want to keep making it like these if you don't like this then tell me tell me why and also give me a thumbs up uh the weather report lists the ceiling at 800 feet what is the highest you can operate your seo at s-u-a-s so if it's saying the ceiling's 800 feet it means you're the bottom part of the clouds or 800 feet so the lowest part of the clouds are 800 feet so remember how many feet did you have to do the clouds have to be above you in order to be able to fly correct 500 feet you have to have the clouds have to be at the lowest 500 feet above you if they're only 400 feet above you it's the clouds are too low to fly so they're going to be 500 feet above you so if the ceiling's at 800 feet what's the minimum height or the what's the highest you can operate your suas well that would be um that would be 300 feet right because if you're then the clouds are still 500 feet above you they got to be 500 feet above your ua so if you go 300 feet up and the cloud ceiling starts at 800 feet there's 500 feet of separation i mean you if the cloud ceiling is only 800 feet you can't go more than 300 feet up now whereas normally if there's no clouds at all how high can you normally buy fly 400 feet you can normally fly 400 feet unless they're low clouds and that's going to keep you a little bit lower [Music] so meaning to fly you know well actually i already said that to fly at all the clouds can't be if they're below 500 feet you can't fly at all [Music] all right uh what conditions are necessary for the formation of a thunderstorm is it high humidity lifting force and stable conditions high humidity high temperature and cumulus clouds lifting force moist air and extensive cloud cover go ahead pause the video if you want okay and the correct answer was high humidity lifting force and unstable conditions uh remember you're gonna get unstable conditions because of the hot air from below is rising and the cold air is falling right so um that's gonna give you those unstable conditions uh high humidity as we'll learn in future videos is also bad for stability um so that's the can what conditions are necessary for the form of thunderstorm so that's that's kind of just remember this if nothing else write these on a flash card because this is very likely to be tested i definitely saw a test question like this and i've seen this in the practice test saw [Music] thunderstorms which generally produce the most intense hazard to aircraft are so which thunderstorms are the most hazardous to aircraft is it squall line thunderstorms steady state thunderstorms or warm front thunderstorms um go and pause if you want to try to answer this i don't think i've said this yet so um all right the what the answer is squall i just know that squall line thunderstorms are the most hazardous to aviation um so most intense thunderstorms for aircraft uh a squall line is a non-frontal narrow band of active thunderstorms the line may be too long to easily detour uh it often contains several steady state thunderstorms and presents the single most intense weather hazard to aircraft [Music] where are squalls most likely to form is at high altitude low altitude at any altitude gonna pause the video choose your answer and and after i say pause make sure you're unfast no kidding um remember what i said before let's say you saw this when you're like i have no idea i can't remember if you're in that situation i feel like from what i've seen with these test questions the vast majority of the time the answer is any or all were that you know that type of answer usually is the answer now i've seen one time on a practice that's where it wasn't but most of the time if you get that any or old option go with that so scroll can uh occur at high or low to altitudes let's do icing and fog and then uh let's wrap this video up so icing so structural icing occurs on an aircraft whenever super cooled condensed droplets of water contact uh with any part of the aircraft that is also at temperature below freezing okay so if the water touches the freezing metal then it's gonna create structural icing icing in precipitation is of most concern to the remote pic because it can occur outside of clouds right so like if there's like rain that then starts to freeze to your propellers then that could be bad right because then it's going to cause your aircraft to be heavier and sluggish and it could fall out of the sky the effects of structural icing on suas are lift decreases thrust decreases and drag increases if it appears that ice is accumulating on the suas it should be recovered immediately to avoid loss of control you don't want you don't want your aircraft falling out of the air and you don't want to lose your aircraft either um but more importantly you don't want to fall out of the air because it can pull on somebody so uh if you're you really shouldn't be fine i i mean i wouldn't be fine in rain even if you somehow have three stature miles of visibility but if it's rainy and cold that's when you can really run into these problems because remember as you get higher up in the atmosphere it could be colder so maybe it's not freezing where you're standing but it could be freezing you know a few hundred feet up it's possible and that structural icing could possibly occur just be aware of those things um okay icing and fog okay so dewpoint is like a cool thing to learn about like this is something i feel like until i started learning about this stuff i didn't know a whole lot about so this is kind of cool so the dew point is the temperature to which air must be cooled to become saturated with water vapor uh when cooled further the airborne water vapor will condense to form liquid water dew when air cools to its dew point through contact with a surface that is colder than the air water will condense on the surface okay so let's break this down so basically all dew point means is like if the air cools to whatever the dew point is to that temperature then it is going to be fully saturated the air cannot be more than 100 saturated with water vapor it can't if it gets to that point so let's say we got a dew point i'm in the southeast in summertime so it's hot and the dew point where i'm at will be can be high i mean like mid 70s so let's say the dew point's 75 degrees and then the air around you know that air cools to 75 degrees then the dew point is equal with the air at this point you're going to get it it's something has to happen with that water vapor right the the dew point cannot be higher than the outside temperature so that's where you're going to get moisture and that's where you're going to get fog and this is something we got to know i talked about metars if your dew point with this within three degrees of your temperature so say 2.75 and the temperature is 77 that's when you're gonna start experiencing fog because that moisture has got to escape somewhere all right so know that if you're within three degrees of the dew point and the temperature that's when you can get full they'll ask about that if the dew point and the temperature are the same you're almost almost you're you're going to probably have fog right all right so so when the cool when cooled further the airborne water vapor will condense and will form liquid water so that's when you start seeing dew um what happens here is when the air uh when air cools to its dew point through contact with a surface that is cooler than the air the water will condense on the surface so let's say uh you know the dew point is um 75 degrees like super high like it is here this time of year um and what will happen is maybe you have an object like either could be your car windshield could be the blades of grass or whatever might be actually cooler than that temperature so maybe it's not it's cooler than the air for whatever reason maybe it was sitting under an awning so it wasn't getting in the sun or whatever whatever it was so it might be that surface might be cooler than the air well the air is eventually it's gonna touch that car or that blades of grass or whatever it is and so that's going to cause due to form because now when that air touches that surface it's going to get cooled down to its dew point and it's going to form those water droplets or that do onto the car windshield or those blades of grass i hope that makes sense that doesn't say something in the comment section i i'm not going to play this youtube video for you i do that for my students but i just this is kind of separate a little separate from the uas thing but i think it's really interesting to know a lot of times we talk about relative humidity when we're saying how humid and it is but really what's better than relative humidity is actually going by the dew point so let's say you know um for example if you you have a dew point of 75 degrees even if the relative humidity is only like 50 percent or whatever it's gonna feel really really really really humid oppressively humid is what they say here um so whereas if the dew points less than 55 degrees even if it's a hundred percent humidity it's actually going to feel kind of dry um so it's like the dew point is actually kind of better to go by about how humid it's going to feel than the actual relative humidity percentage that you see um fog is a surface-based cloud composed of either water droplets or ice crystals ford may form by cooling air to its dew point or by adding water to the air near the ground fog is classified by the way it's formed okay they're going to ask you for questions on the part 107 exam what i kind of recommend is maybe that you take these put them on flash cards right radiation fog on the top and the other the definition for it on the back um they're going to ask you specific like fog what is the characteristic of radiation fog what this happened what type of fog represents this event you know so you know these um radiation fog formed when terrestrial radiation cools the ground which in turn cools the air in contact with it when air is cooled to its dew point fog will form like we talked about once we start getting within three degrees then you can start seeing fog this fog will form most readily in warm moist air over low flat land areas on clear calm nights so that's kind of the question you often get which type of fog is most likely to occur in warm moist air over low flat land areas on clear calm nights and the answer would be ground fog or radiation fog so that right there is very often a question i've definitely seen on practice tests advection fog or sea fog formed when warm moist air moves via wind over cooler ground or water a warm air mass moving inland from the coast in the winter so i you know maybe like well in my area the water might be warmer than the air usually it is and so that could cause that sea fog you'll see this um in other areas as well but anyway up slope fog this is going to be in mountainous areas so it's formed when moist stable air is cooled to its dew point as it moves up a long sloping terrain like a mountain so as you know the air is moving up the mountain it gets cooled and then it gets cool to its dewpoint and it creates fog and so sometimes when you're driving in the mountains you'll see like that cloud hanging out at the top of the mountain that's absolute fog precipitation induced fog i would say these first three are the ones i see on the practice questions the most then um i've seen steam fog on there some too just saying write them all down though uh okay uh let's see particip precipitation-induced fog is most commonly associated with the frontal activity with frontal activity and is formed by relatively warm drizzle or and rain falling through cooler air evaporation from the precipitation saturates the cool air and fog forms steam fog forms in winter when cold dry air passes from land area over comparatively warm ocean water low level turbulence can occur and icing can become hazardous in steam fog um so this would be like again my area maybe like in the winter time when the air is cooler and it goes over the water so we have like the the gulf stream comes up this way so the water's a little bit warmer and that could cause that steam fog conditions are conducive to the formation of fog when the temperature and dew point are converging so again once that temperature starts to get close to that dew point you're going to see fog within three degrees you can see fall certainly if they're the same temperature you'll see fall and they'll ask you that like sometimes on a metal question i think i've talked about that in my metar video like uh which of the following is a hazardous condition that could exist at this airport and they'll show you the metal report and if the the temperature and the fog are within three degrees celsius of each other celsius because they use celsius and this i don't know why the faa goes back and forth between imperial empirical and celsius but they do for distance feet for when it's not for for temperature celsius but if it's within three degrees celsius you can see fold i should throw that celsius in there because that doesn't make a difference right icing fog a radiation fog um we already talked about that one i just giving you pictures at this point um that infection fog that sea fog that's like san francisco gets a lot of that [Music] there's some mountains of that slope fog [Music] okay here we go question time one in flight condition necessary for structural icing to form is pause the video and choose an answer [Music] visible moisture if you have visible moisture and then you're flying up in altitude it could be colder up there and that could cause that structural license so conditions are necessary for structural icing and flight the aircraft must be flying through visible water such as rain or cloud droplets and the temperature at the point where the moisture strikes the aircraft must be below zero celsius remember zero celsius is freezing if you're in america uh and you go with fahrenheit's 32 fahrenheit but the test is good they're going to use celsius for temperature so be familiar with celsius zero zero celsius is freezing 100 celsius is boiling and honestly like yeah you should know those it's like good information even outside of this what environment is most conducive to frost formation go ahead pause the video and pick your answer and then unpause it dew point of surface is below freezing dew point is above freezing so um so frost on cool clear calm nights the temperature of the ground and objects on the surface can cause temperatures of the surrounding area to drop below the dew point remember if it drops below the dew point you're gonna get fog when this occurs the moisture in the air condenses and deposits itself on the ground buildings and other objects in the morning this moisture is known as dew and it sometimes can be seen on grass and other objects in the morning if the temperature is below freezing the moisture is deposited in the form of frost [Music] what situation is most conducive to the formation of radiation fog this is like really how you'll see it on a test pause and then answer and unpause [Music] um warm moist air over low flat areas and cool calm nights if you got that wrong please make your flashcards just make your flashcard radiation fog and on the back put this on the back a lot of this some of this stuff on the test is just memorization so just take the time to memorize it [Music] all right i think i've pretty much said this i'm not going to read that again in which situation is infection fog most likely to form pause and then choose your answer and then on pause [Music] an air mass moving in land from the coast in winter remember i see san francisco right so they're like on the coast and the air is coming from the west and it comes right over that city so that's why they get a lot of fog convection fog forms when moist air moves over cooler ground or water it is most common along side coastal areas as fog frequently forms offshore as a result of cold water than it's carried inland by the wind and in like california they got real cold water over there that's why they see it so much all right we're going to stop for here we'll go over density altitude in the next video um hey thank you for watching mr mix classroom please go ahead give me a thumbs up i really appreciate that and put some comments in the comments section if you like the video say so if you have questions say so if you like this format where i do these question answer type of thing i keep this um say so if you don't like it say so so um and make sure to subscribe and give me a thumbs up i'll see you next time we'll talk about density altitude until then um peace