Overview of Early English Colonization

Alright, so we're looking at the early English colonization today, and then we'll be looking at Puritan colonization, which is also English, but there's really two separate ones. You have what really kind of is designated by area, so you have the Chesapeake area, and then this here for the English colonization, Chesapeake. versus the Puritan or New England area. And while both of these are English settlements, it's very different as far as how they develop. So we're going to be looking at this one here, and then we'll be looking at the next one within the Puritan development. So with the Chesapeake area, you have the English reasons for the English to come over. And here's the thing with this is, you know, they were not as powerful as the Spanish at this point. And they weren't going to be able to compete directly, just like the French weren't able to as well. And so part of the aspect was to try to figure out how to be successful while not directly challenging the Spanish. And one of the earliest things they did was actually not even come over, but we'll call it sanctioned pirates. Queen Elizabeth allowed for individuals to attack the Spanish. And then I mentioned that with the Spanish one. But that was one of the ways of trying to make money and hurt the Spanish if they could. But as far as other reasons, it was presented to Queen Elizabeth as a kind of a list of reasons. And one of them was, of course, because of the land and the money that it could provide. You had that then religion. and specifically to stop Catholicism. Of course, to stop the spread of the Spanish. Well, uh, one of the other things that they mentioned, um, was that it would be economically beneficial, good, economically good for England, and most importantly for and maybe not most of it, but it certainly was emphasized a lot. One, they had soldiers that were somewhat idle and they didn't know what to do with them. And then you had what they basically called the wandering beggars and criminals. And they said, these are unwanted groups and we can get rid of them. And they can become profitable. So, I mean, this is definitely some of the earliest people they sent over were those groups. And all these reasons, certainly to get into it. Now, the earliest settlement, and I mean, it wasn't even successful. The earliest successful settlement is going to be Jamestown. But one of the first attempts was Roanoke. Roanoke was different because it kind of showed what some of the English were planning and it didn't work so it was a failure they actually didn't want to go to Roanoke. Roanoke was off of the coast they were they were actually going towards the the Chesapeake area the area was their goal instead they in order to avoid the Spanish ended up here and It was families, and this is going to be, you know, what's different. The fact that they brought over families. There was even a woman who was pregnant. And the main guy that was going to be like the governor, he was the father of this woman and his wife. He left him there. He said, I'm going to stay with the ship, go back to England, get more supplies and another boat, come back, pick you up, and then we'll continue on to where we're supposed to be. Until then, you know. Establish and set up a camp here and it wasn't just I mean it wasn't just his family So it was several families and men and women and so he left it took One year to get back and when he got back They were all gone. And there was no trace of them. The mystery of what happened, there was on a tree was carved Kurohitoa, which was a neighboring island. Outside of that, though, he didn't have a lot of time. The ship kind of forced him to stay here by herself or come back with us. He did like they did go to one of the islands, but that was about it And then he had to leave and then we still don't know exactly what happened two theories Are either one that they ended up getting murdered on a different island when they went to the other island? Not that you know always the nicest towards The locals in the area and if they pissed him off enough that could have killed him The other suggestion was that they got incorporated into a tribe if they kept going and maybe decided because that Roanoke was not Ideal for farming for anything else and while they had a settlement set up there it probably found themselves with lack of food and Were forced to try to the islands were pretty close together So they could get a canoes and they could have gone It wasn't like they were so far out that they wouldn't be able to get into the mainland And so they probably thought you know tried to see if they could you know migrate themselves over and make their way to somewhere that would be more profitable as well as livable. And so the potential is along the way when they were doing this, they either ended up being attacked and killed, or they were incorporated into the tribe and just assumed that he wasn't coming back. But it's one of those kind of mysteries we don't actually know. they only can speculate so the first uh successful uh place was uh jamestown and this was definitely not families um and was a different style and goal um and of colonization and this is where you see a clear difference between um the spanish and um The English and the French, Jamestown was set up with the goal of, which was the Virginia Bay Company. And 1607, 08 was the time frame. But how it was structured, and this became the foundation, was... Virginia Bay Company you had companies that got a charter from the king the king isn't Queen Elizabeth is dead now and now it's King James to be able to settle and what they did is that they paid and brought over mostly men initially with only a very few women and these were variety of soldiers and workers they had a few that's a few farmers there was and there's also some some English gentry so it's a weird mix of of people because soldiers some farmers probably should need more of that they had some noblemen some skilled workers like a blacksmith and jewelry okay so it was kind of this weird mix of individuals that they brought over and the idea was is that these people would work and farm the land and and ideally you know make money through cash crops In order to that would well mostly benefit the Virginia Bay Company because they pay for so work and make money on Cash crops and settlement basically anything that they could trade with Europe percentage a large percentage went to the Virginia Bay Company And then another percentage would go to England and a percentage, what was left, a small percentage to Gers. So there's several problems with this early setup. The first, of course, was Jamestown location. It was really a swampy area, which swampy area leads to malaria and mosquitoes. So malaria, mosquitoes. Um, this of course is going to lead to a lot of disease. The other thing is they kind of self-sabotaged. They dumped garbage and waste upstream of river, which of course means it flows right past you. And if you're using that as drinking and other types of water that you need, you're just contaminating, uh, yeah your own water so not so smart on that case all of these things create disease and death out of the the 104 that had shown up initially uh over half had died um including the first two women that had been there and um they brought more uh over 400 people on some of the next trips and ultimately after a long winter only 65 so you ended up with what was called the starving time period and this was due to as was mentioned right and starving time took place 1610 But really, you know, you could do 1609 to 1610 as far as time period. So the start of time period, you had a bad winter. You have disease. And then you had people, poor workings. Not skills, poor working ethics. And here's the crazy thing with this is that they had a hard time getting people to work. And there's part of the reason that they had a hard time getting people to work, right, is that there is not a lot of incentive. I mean, okay, yes, there is incentive to survive, right? That should have been the key thing right there. But because the money, remember, went to the Virginia Bay Company. Virginia Bay Company right not not really so many people went looking for gold Or just refused to work more than a few hours And then of course there are people sick and and this wasn't the only threat reason right you have people that were super sick and dying disease you had most of the population die um during the starving time period we know that some resorted to cannibalism they have there was on record of one man who was killed because he killed and ate his wife so that one uh i killed and his wife and he was actually then uh they he was tried and and killed for his crimes mostly because he killed his wife and i mean they ate it because it was public but there were they we know that there were additional cannibalism more often once someone died so they didn't kill someone for to eat them But they found other bones recently they did that one with a man it was on record They'd recorded it and put it in the notes And so we've known about that one for a while But what they recently discovered not that long ago is when they were doing a dig they found some more bones And it clearly had human like nom marks on the bones like they had eaten it and it dated to the around that time So we know that actually That there was more cannibalism going on than previously thought but I mean people were starving They didn't have good enough foods. The food that had been brought over in barrels, some of it had ended up spoiling. And they didn't do a good job of ultimately preparing enough in advance to... make sure that they were going to be able to survive. And so this created a huge problem by that. And ultimately, by 1616, over 80% of the colonists who had been brought to Jamestown had died. So you had... Alright, we'll put that here. 1616 over 80 percent of colonists brought to jamestown had died so a high mortality rates uh jamestown wasn't super successful the the um the early fort right if here's the river right they the fort was like this kind of triangle shape thing it was a dump they had towers okay i can draw that just slightly better here there you go so you had tower points here and then i mean this was the fence it was a fort it was called jamestown But it was, it was, this is Jamestown, James River, but this, this really was a foot and it was pretty crappy. The homes and everything else were in here. And it was, this is Swampland and this was just a muddy mess. It looked crappy. It looked unsanitary. It wasn't a fun place to live. It was it was it was horrible What happens is you know, what why does it become? Successful what changes because obviously we know that it becomes more successful. One of the things is that eventually people Stopped dying from stopped high death rate. So people still died due to disease. People that did survive and had children managed to survive. They were able to eventually, so that was a big part of it. it. And we'll look at it in a minute. They certainly did get help from the local Native Americans for surviving some of the harsher winters and being in trade as well as just helping them not completely perish. But the big thing that changed is how the Virginia Bay Company worked. What they realized is that What they realized is that the system they had where they're expecting people to work for really no personal long-term gain wasn't going to cut it because people just were not invested and really wanting, why bother essentially. And so they changed the system to provide individual land ownership. And we're going to create then the indentured servants and the head right system. Oh, and the development of a cash crop is necessary for all of this to come in. So you change. Actually, we should put cash crop. That's just here. There you go. So what it is, you change really the whole system that's going on during this period. So it's important, of course, that people stop dying from the disease because you're never going to be overly successful if they just keep dying with that. The Virginia Bay Company switched to individual owner land ownership and indentured servants to help. with a head right system and a cash crop which is going to be tobacco which allows them to um be successful and make money and then this a lot this this you know the domino effect of things people to cultivate the land and live there now tobacco also had uh so where this comes from is this actually connects to a different section we'll come back and talk about um indentured servants and the head right system in a minute let's see what is the local is Pohatan and the local well he was the chief as well as the tribe and the story of Pocahontas which certainly gets disseminated throughout culture on what was going on so when they arrived early on the Pohatan was the main chief of several tributaries tribes so it was like a similar similar to like Confederation To a degree, in a sense, but more militaristic and certainly forceful. Say forceful and militaristic in order to consolidate his rule, which certainly... Oops, here, sorry. He was a strong leader and expected people to pay tribute to him. Tributary states, so how do tributary states work or tribes? And this is anywhere. Is you pay tribute, thus the tributary state. And tribute usually involves money and men for military. Now there's not a former military, but what it and of course it requires loyalty to that And so, you know that creates a good strong number. He had 30 tribes under his control right until it was impressive and certainly powerful by that and he was chief at this time. What he saw went so I mean this size to 30 tribes they they said the area had around 15,000 to 25,000 Native Americans in the area so Jamestown people don't look threatening. by any means. In fact, what he saw was the people of Jamestown as a potential tributary tribe, essentially. And they did, you know, they had some stuff that could be useful to him. And they started out, started out friendly. Certainly the English had pointed out, right, they were, you know, aware of the Spanish reputation. The goal was to essentially avoid that. Plus they were far outnumbered. uh, no chance of, of attacking. I mean, there was, they were at the mercy of the local people there. They, they weren't going to, they didn't come up with any force, um, that was going to be able to do anything at all. And in fact, the first couple of years, um, first couple of years were pretty peaceful. They were no, they were no threat. Um, Pohattan ends up working with John Smith, who was a military captain, who ends up kind of being the governor. And they trade for... food and Pohatan wants weapons. And it wasn't, you know, it was mostly peaceful. More importantly, they did provide food to get the colonists through a couple harsh winters i so i mean they were important to survival they traded they worked with them that's not gonna now that where the problem is going to emerge is problems start as jamestown gets bigger the issue is is of course that they start getting larger and expanding More people show up, not everyone's friendly. They aren't also starving anymore. They're starting to be successful. And so this is going to start creating conflict between various groups, both of the groups. And at some point, some of the people in Jamestown end up killing some of the Indians in a Pahotans tribe, and they retaliate. And so you have this conflict. In the center of all of this is Pocahontas. Pocahontas was Polkhoten's daughter and often described as his favorite daughter slash child. And she, there, okay, there are a lot of stories about Pocahontas and it's mixed in with myth versus reality versus how she was used and propagandized. So all of this kind of, you know, takes into how, what happens with the structure of that. All right. So with Pocahontas. There's a daughter and she definitely interacted and was involved with the Jamestown We don't know Exactly, you know With James now, we don't know exactly how much the the myths of the way you end up is with kind of like Christopher Columbus You know, there's this massive myth versus reality of Pocahontas and the myth the story of it is certainly oh gosh the best example of that is Disney's if it's all of the conditions of this she they have her be older too she was young when they showed up she would have been a kid nine eight or nine but you know they have She learns English and helps out the settlers, falls in love with John Smith, saves his life, falls in love with James Smith, and, you know, the Disney version of everything is great. That's kind of the myth of Pocahontas. The reality was much more, ends up being much more bleak in the process, but she did get involved with... um jamestown to a degree a lot of um she does she ends up getting used though the reality is that pocahontas is is used politics um as a barrier a shield uh as protection and promotion. What happens is ultimately tensions rose between the colonists through the years and it looked like at one point it was going to be an all-out war and so the colonists knew that Pocahontas was a favored daughter of Pohatan and they figured that if they kidnapped her then she would they he wouldn't attack now some of what it suggests that she actually had it was already married to someone in her tribe and had a baby and what they end up doing is that the colonists Kidnap her and Taken a cat captured and taken hostage so With the with it and again what how much we know I don't know for sure But the the some of the stories were that she was married she had a baby and that the baby was left with the tribe and she was taken hostage. She stayed on a ship for a little bit and then ultimately in Jamestown so that they wouldn't, he wouldn't attack. While there, the English version, of course, is that she converted to Christianity and ended up marrying John Rolfe, not... Not Rolfe. Rolfe, not John Smith. And he, she married John Rolfe for, uh, two reasons. The first was, um, diplomatic. If there was a marriage between the two groups, then they would be allies rather than, uh, enemies. The other was John Rolfe wanted, uh, tobacco recipe, if you will. Tobacco. information because they had a better line than the colonists tobacco and so if he was married Pocahontas and he would have access to that and it ended that standoff essentially now you know there's there's other stories where that she was forced to convert for Christian name became Rebecca she was forced to convert was somewhat brutalized Wow taken hostage and then forced to marry John Rolfe. Whether forced to be married John Rolfe could have gone both ways. Women often both in Native American groups, especially women who were the chief's family, often were married off for political reasons. So that part, the marriage part isn't so abnormal nor surprising. You know, it's more what else was going on. When she was captured and taken hostage and all this other stuff. So, you know, that alone was, you know, not necessary. She probably was never a willing party or an independent party where she was making any of these choices here, even the conversion and marriage. Ultimately, around 19, she was taken to England. And she was taken to England very specifically to show off. and more specifically to show that Indians could be civilized right that was what they're doing they showed her to you know here look they can be civilized they can learn our language and they can become Christians and so this is a thing she does have she has a child with Rolf and then ends up gets sick and dies to to James tell him so she dies at a very young age doesn't ever make it back to her home Pohattan was devastated and supposedly so that he kind of withdrew after that and you know just he died the net the following year so he died a year later Paul cotton next year And some say it was because of that grief and heart heartache after his death you're gonna get a more conflict between colonists and Indians and of course one of the reasons Pohatan wasn't there but they're expanding the colonists are expanding there's going to be as with before issues with land and ownership and who should be able to have it and then of course the general view of English superiority and justification for doing so. So that's that's sort of what Pocahontas also, and I wanted to show you some of these pictures, was really used as propaganda. And images that came up later, images at the time, how she's been used through the years, has really been within this propaganda sense. So what we have, there we go, This one was actually commissioned while she was in England and has a Rebecca, daughter to the mighty Prince Pilhotin. It's just kind of a crazy image of just how unnatural it looks. She certainly doesn't look happy posing for that and this kind of getup wouldn't be particularly comfortable anyway. But this was what you could kind of say as the ideal Ideal English concept of Civilized Indians right they in all sense always they become as English as possible right she has what a close name religion consequently language just i mean all cultural components uh it was it was the only thing that she couldn't do is become white but outside of that in all areas of which you could become english and transform to that this this for the english right was the ideal this is what it can become kind of thing okay um changes go to the next one here is the classic uh one with the myth right here you have nope not sharing oh here you have you know Pocahontas saving John Smith this didn't happen most likely most likely did not happen earlier writings of John Smith here he doesn't mention it at all or really hurt too much everyone knew who pocahontas was and and there was a brief mention but not like personal contact later so his early writings no mention of this stuff but when he goes to write a book all of a sudden you know pocahontas is saves him He's more of the hero. I mean, you know, come on not super Surprising in that sense. So this is definitely that scene where pohaten This is pohaten and the council members are going to execute him and she steps in and saves him The images are interesting in of itself If you look at some of the evolution and style of how pocahontas is shown here in much more traditional Native American garb with you have a breast exposed half wearing clothes Feathers in the hair, you know traditional dress all of these things Play a role. It's also interesting that they're gonna there's some evolution if you look at the dates in order of when things were done And how they're showing her The color of her skin to lightens with time. Okay, there's that one Here's another one. This is a later one. Again, look now you still have some feathers, some traditional Native American and the peace pipe. Oh, this is interesting with this, right? They show this a lot because she's used for promotion and propaganda to, uh, basically she represents a lot of things, but peace. Because she did to them. I mean, that's not completely crazy to think about. Because she did in the sense that by marriage and that it did create a peace and a period of safety. So that's not so right. But it is interesting to note that this is often shown. And also we'll say what shows Native American characteristics. right excuse me but with this one if you look at her actual dress style this is very english european so she's looks less indian in this later photo than the previous one than when saving john Again, so it's interesting the evolution and how that changes and what's going on And how they're showing it. Okay, so there's no changes on that one I suppose I could but it and then here well, there's two I couldn't find the other one And this one's a later one and they did make her darker skin again. There's another one where she looks white Let me see actually, let's see if we can go Pocahontas And, oh, perfect, here we go. I just didn't search well. Let's make a little, oh, oh, okay. I'll make this one big this is this one is Pocahontas being presented towards Kim James and we actually see so you can see there's two of them here there's this one and then this one this is the more shown and it is later right these are later these are not being in the 1600s the only one that's from that time period is this one so this one is from that time period and this is you know what specifically done to promote her but again later we have this is fully just going around the picture in my space english dress there is is no indian uh connection characteristics right the feathers or the peace pipe she's even her hair but in the other ones tends to be a little bit of that and now you've got full dress meeting the king This this again is very much to say look they can be civilized see But in this picture you if someone didn't say hey, this is Pocahontas Let's say they didn't put this on here and they just you just saw this picture. You wouldn't know that was Pocahontas You wouldn't even necessarily know it was Native American at all that she was Native America, you know slightly darker skin I suppose but outside of that it's not obvious Nor necessarily even let's go back to that other one right this one I don't know there's no there's nothing that that indicates that and that was the point The point of these was is interesting showing this kind of progression as she becomes more and more connected to the colonists removing her otherness And that cultural identity as Native American or from the Pohatan tribe They didn't see themselves as a universal Native American group yet or Indian but from her tribe and instead taking on English Characteristics and this is how she was used and promoted and then later Used for and there was a couple of these this was to sell stuff, right? This is tobacco This is a tobacco brand and there were two right so this is Pocahontas saving John Smith was one will pull hot and brought Brandon and Pocahontas brand they had to head to different ones and again these are a little bit later one go one is from the 1950s so you have you have all the way into the 1950s Pocahontas being used to sell stuff and i mean you so this this legacy that's just i mean i i guess the key with this is she's just utterly and completely used in the process okay so that's that's pohon and pocahontas now i wanted to get back to um six the indentured servants and what happens there actually there's two indentured servants and we'll actually go tobacco brides and I want to talk about them first so wrong order but sorry we'll do it that way so tobacco brides tobacco brides were pre-indentured servants and actually happened during indentured servants too so the colony becomes tobacco based and that's an important part is why they're called tobacco as Jamestown and and and the Virginia area Jamestown Virginia area the cash crop is tobacco this is what they get you know send back to England and You have you so they create plantations and this makes a ton of money and in fact tobacco Becomes essentially the money at that time there. They don't have a lot of Cash as we would call it right I'm used you traded tobacco and people became wealthy and well off in the process but the one thing that they were lacking in the area is very few women and so not surprisingly there was a desire to push for more women and so how they did this is through tobacco brides they brought over women that the various companies paid for women to come over to get married and they promoted it and and there was it wasn't just whoever random people at first they actually had to have written recommendations in some cases they had to have a male escort Most were unmarried. There was with a few widows. Again, this is early on. It is going to change later. Both their expectation and everything else like that. And again, the goal was to marry. And why they were called tobacco buyers. The misconception, and definitely read those two articles that I put up there for you. The misconception was, of course, that they were bought or something like that, but that's not exactly how it worked. The companies paid for it. They set them up. They housed them if they did get married. Essentially, you got off the boat, and the goal was to find a husband. They would talk with the different available men, and they were fully involved in women. is clear women were fully involved in all of this and who they married they talked to the men they got to know them and if they found some already had it set up but if they didn't so some already set up before they left like England others met and talked with, we'll say the suitors. Once they found someone they're married they made a marriage contract and part of that after they got married is that the husband now paid the company 150 pounds. average this sometimes is 120 sometimes a little bit more of tobacco to cover travel Expenses right because they the women didn't pay for their way here That's that's the key and so that it that tobacco brides why they got called tobacco right by it was because of this right there So that's why Tobacco one they were largely marrying but they were paid in tobacco and then also and married tobacco Farmers, I mean so both of those things but they weren't bought where the woman had no choice in the in the early period In in one of the readings and your voices of freedom even talks about like we desire that they be married and they don't be Forced to marry someone they don't marry servants They're well means because this what this wasn't true this is that the it's a chosen importance and recognition of how important women women were essential to the survival of the colony and they knew it which is why early women that got there early tobacco brides or other women had a lot of freedom and choice they often became quite wealthy on their own right and part of the reason that that happened was because they often got lag here they got to uh make a lot of conditions in the marriage contract Okay, and so that mean that that played a huge role made a lot of contribution to marry contract or if they were widowed because if you if the few survived childbirth women tended out of their husbands and then they get remarried and they still could control a lot of their wealth and stuff that way that they otherwise didn't have and This ended up being wealthy and part of the why all of this is connected to this is was with the femme couvert and femme sole which i think i mentioned but femme femme couvert essentially in femme sole was when you were a widow or single it allowed for you to have some control of property or wealth by necessity to survive and if they didn't have a male figure then they had to be Femme Sole. Femme Couvre was when you were married and let's go down here all identity and property was husbands everything your name right that's why when you get married Mr. and This is John Smith, if you will. The woman's name just becomes that. All your wealth, any property, rights, political identity. You didn't have one outside of your husband's. What? is important for this is that essentially you have well two things so being widowed widowed and the necessity and importance of women this what it did is it allowed women to subvert the femme specifically through uh marriage contracts and opportunities that they otherwise they don't have later and we and and we know that certainly you see as more women Okay, so what happens, what we see with this is when population ratio is more even between men and women, women lose a lot of freedoms. and independence. the colonies and then they spend spend the rest of time trying to get him back so this was important for women to have that now what happens is that where I mentioned right this was happening early on and it gets worse later and you have indentured servants and we'll see how in a minute how tobacco brides got into that so indentured servants were a different function essentially you could for for people who could not afford the travel they would come over as indentured servants and indentured servants were you had plantation owners who paid for their travel and this is going to get connected to the headright system of encouraging because again what happens is the like Virginia Bay Company and others don't want to pay for people. So they're going to get the plantation owners to do it. The headright system, what it said is if you paid for someone to come over, one, you got a worker. The early contracts were two to five years. The later contracts, it was always better to come earlier, but you were more likely to die, I guess, with the early contracts because people were still dying five to seven years. So you got a worker for two to five years or five to seven years that had to work for you, and you... with the the head right system you also got 50 acres land and so if you pay it this also worked if you paid for your own passage if you paid for your own passage you got 50 acres of land so this was paid for yours or someone else's just if you paid for someone else's you also got him as an indentured servant now why was it been why would people come over well one so as an indentured servant you had to work um so why someone do this obviously it works for the workers so yes your but your travel was paid for and for some people they were never going to get over if they didn't have someone pay for it yes you did have to to work for five to seven years but but then after that time when you were freed you also got 50 acres of land and tools to help you start off and then of course the ideal was that they would become a plantation owner or at least a good or farmer and have indentured servants themselves this worked again early on just like tobacco brides this wasn't a bad plan you worked you got free you got land and then you had a potential for livelihood and success that you otherwise wouldn't have had and for many this worked well early on However, the problem was just like with later, you had both for indentured servants and tobacco brides, conditions got worse. For tobacco brides, brides. They were less picky who came over. And there were less men needing, wanting wives as the population increased. And if you didn't find a husband in set time, you became an indentured servant. And the thing was, this is not how early tobacco brides started at all. And eventually the tobacco brides just completely dies out and it just goes to indentured servants. Right now for the indentured servants, conditions worsened. So there was the contract with the indentured servants where they were supposed to be treated. They were supposed to have shelter. food and you know clothing essentially basic necessities and these were remember English citizens but the basic necessities this could be manipulated and there were various levels of quality so this totally dependent on even if you had enough of the basic necessities, right? The other thing was they started making fines for infractions. So that, and the fines were almost always increased time on, because the reality was, is that the goal, the farmers realized well if i can just keep them longer i can make more money um and what you really do see is a move to uh more permanently uh keep in dirt insured servants under contract and we're going to talk we're going to talk about um the evolution and shift to african slavery So we're gonna get into more detail with this later. So that's that's we're gonna end with that but what you have economically in the system with Virginia Starts off very much single men not very successful then moving to individual land and cash crops and Successful and then at that point you see the shift to them wanting to stay and bringing in women and trying to settle down So that's the the early system of English colonization We're going to conflict with the Indians that there are some wars and fighting and that's going to be perpetual and continue as far as dealing with expansion into their property, purchasing property but not really honestly. And there's like I said, various different ways and we'll look at that too of how they deal with that. We're going to be looking at that as well as. the puritans and the transition um to african slavery will be in a future lecture from that

And while both of these are English settlements, it's very different as far as how they develop. So we're going to be looking at this one here, and then we'll be looking at the next one within the Puritan development. So with the Chesapeake area, you have the English reasons for the English to come over. And here's the thing with this is, you know, they were not as powerful as the Spanish at this point.

And they weren't going to be able to compete directly, just like the French weren't able to as well. And so part of the aspect was to try to figure out how to be successful while not directly challenging the Spanish. And one of the earliest things they did was actually not even come over, but we'll call it sanctioned pirates.

Queen Elizabeth allowed for individuals to attack the Spanish. And then I mentioned that with the Spanish one. But that was one of the ways of trying to make money and hurt the Spanish if they could. But as far as other reasons, it was presented to Queen Elizabeth as a kind of a list of reasons. And one of them was, of course, because of the land and the money that it could provide.

You had that then religion. and specifically to stop Catholicism. Of course, to stop the spread of the Spanish. Well, uh, one of the other things that they mentioned, um, was that it would be economically beneficial, good, economically good for England, and most importantly for and maybe not most of it, but it certainly was emphasized a lot. One, they had soldiers that were somewhat idle and they didn't know what to do with them.

And then you had what they basically called the wandering beggars and criminals. And they said, these are unwanted groups and we can get rid of them. And they can become profitable.

So, I mean, this is definitely some of the earliest people they sent over were those groups. And all these reasons, certainly to get into it. Now, the earliest settlement, and I mean, it wasn't even successful. The earliest successful settlement is going to be Jamestown.

But one of the first attempts was Roanoke. Roanoke was different because it kind of showed what some of the English were planning and it didn't work so it was a failure they actually didn't want to go to Roanoke. Roanoke was off of the coast they were they were actually going towards the the Chesapeake area the area was their goal instead they in order to avoid the Spanish ended up here and It was families, and this is going to be, you know, what's different.

The fact that they brought over families. There was even a woman who was pregnant. And the main guy that was going to be like the governor, he was the father of this woman and his wife.

He left him there. He said, I'm going to stay with the ship, go back to England, get more supplies and another boat, come back, pick you up, and then we'll continue on to where we're supposed to be. Until then, you know.

Establish and set up a camp here and it wasn't just I mean it wasn't just his family So it was several families and men and women and so he left it took One year to get back and when he got back They were all gone. And there was no trace of them. The mystery of what happened, there was on a tree was carved Kurohitoa, which was a neighboring island. Outside of that, though, he didn't have a lot of time.

The ship kind of forced him to stay here by herself or come back with us. He did like they did go to one of the islands, but that was about it And then he had to leave and then we still don't know exactly what happened two theories Are either one that they ended up getting murdered on a different island when they went to the other island? Not that you know always the nicest towards The locals in the area and if they pissed him off enough that could have killed him The other suggestion was that they got incorporated into a tribe if they kept going and maybe decided because that Roanoke was not Ideal for farming for anything else and while they had a settlement set up there it probably found themselves with lack of food and Were forced to try to the islands were pretty close together So they could get a canoes and they could have gone It wasn't like they were so far out that they wouldn't be able to get into the mainland And so they probably thought you know tried to see if they could you know migrate themselves over and make their way to somewhere that would be more profitable as well as livable.

And so the potential is along the way when they were doing this, they either ended up being attacked and killed, or they were incorporated into the tribe and just assumed that he wasn't coming back. But it's one of those kind of mysteries we don't actually know. they only can speculate so the first uh successful uh place was uh jamestown and this was definitely not families um and was a different style and goal um and of colonization and this is where you see a clear difference between um the spanish and um The English and the French, Jamestown was set up with the goal of, which was the Virginia Bay Company.

And 1607, 08 was the time frame. But how it was structured, and this became the foundation, was... Virginia Bay Company you had companies that got a charter from the king the king isn't Queen Elizabeth is dead now and now it's King James to be able to settle and what they did is that they paid and brought over mostly men initially with only a very few women and these were variety of soldiers and workers they had a few that's a few farmers there was and there's also some some English gentry so it's a weird mix of of people because soldiers some farmers probably should need more of that they had some noblemen some skilled workers like a blacksmith and jewelry okay so it was kind of this weird mix of individuals that they brought over and the idea was is that these people would work and farm the land and and ideally you know make money through cash crops In order to that would well mostly benefit the Virginia Bay Company because they pay for so work and make money on Cash crops and settlement basically anything that they could trade with Europe percentage a large percentage went to the Virginia Bay Company And then another percentage would go to England and a percentage, what was left, a small percentage to Gers.

So there's several problems with this early setup. The first, of course, was Jamestown location. It was really a swampy area, which swampy area leads to malaria and mosquitoes. So malaria, mosquitoes. Um, this of course is going to lead to a lot of disease.

The other thing is they kind of self-sabotaged. They dumped garbage and waste upstream of river, which of course means it flows right past you. And if you're using that as drinking and other types of water that you need, you're just contaminating, uh, yeah your own water so not so smart on that case all of these things create disease and death out of the the 104 that had shown up initially uh over half had died um including the first two women that had been there and um they brought more uh over 400 people on some of the next trips and ultimately after a long winter only 65 so you ended up with what was called the starving time period and this was due to as was mentioned right and starving time took place 1610 But really, you know, you could do 1609 to 1610 as far as time period. So the start of time period, you had a bad winter.

You have disease. And then you had people, poor workings. Not skills, poor working ethics.

And here's the crazy thing with this is that they had a hard time getting people to work. And there's part of the reason that they had a hard time getting people to work, right, is that there is not a lot of incentive. I mean, okay, yes, there is incentive to survive, right? That should have been the key thing right there. But because the money, remember, went to the Virginia Bay Company.

Virginia Bay Company right not not really so many people went looking for gold Or just refused to work more than a few hours And then of course there are people sick and and this wasn't the only threat reason right you have people that were super sick and dying disease you had most of the population die um during the starving time period we know that some resorted to cannibalism they have there was on record of one man who was killed because he killed and ate his wife so that one uh i killed and his wife and he was actually then uh they he was tried and and killed for his crimes mostly because he killed his wife and i mean they ate it because it was public but there were they we know that there were additional cannibalism more often once someone died so they didn't kill someone for to eat them But they found other bones recently they did that one with a man it was on record They'd recorded it and put it in the notes And so we've known about that one for a while But what they recently discovered not that long ago is when they were doing a dig they found some more bones And it clearly had human like nom marks on the bones like they had eaten it and it dated to the around that time So we know that actually That there was more cannibalism going on than previously thought but I mean people were starving They didn't have good enough foods. The food that had been brought over in barrels, some of it had ended up spoiling. And they didn't do a good job of ultimately preparing enough in advance to... make sure that they were going to be able to survive.

And so this created a huge problem by that. And ultimately, by 1616, over 80% of the colonists who had been brought to Jamestown had died. So you had... Alright, we'll put that here. 1616 over 80 percent of colonists brought to jamestown had died so a high mortality rates uh jamestown wasn't super successful the the um the early fort right if here's the river right they the fort was like this kind of triangle shape thing it was a dump they had towers okay i can draw that just slightly better here there you go so you had tower points here and then i mean this was the fence it was a fort it was called jamestown But it was, it was, this is Jamestown, James River, but this, this really was a foot and it was pretty crappy.

The homes and everything else were in here. And it was, this is Swampland and this was just a muddy mess. It looked crappy.

It looked unsanitary. It wasn't a fun place to live. It was it was it was horrible What happens is you know, what why does it become?

Successful what changes because obviously we know that it becomes more successful. One of the things is that eventually people Stopped dying from stopped high death rate. So people still died due to disease. People that did survive and had children managed to survive. They were able to eventually, so that was a big part of it.

it. And we'll look at it in a minute. They certainly did get help from the local Native Americans for surviving some of the harsher winters and being in trade as well as just helping them not completely perish.

But the big thing that changed is how the Virginia Bay Company worked. What they realized is that What they realized is that the system they had where they're expecting people to work for really no personal long-term gain wasn't going to cut it because people just were not invested and really wanting, why bother essentially. And so they changed the system to provide individual land ownership. And we're going to create then the indentured servants and the head right system.

Oh, and the development of a cash crop is necessary for all of this to come in. So you change. Actually, we should put cash crop. That's just here.

There you go. So what it is, you change really the whole system that's going on during this period. So it's important, of course, that people stop dying from the disease because you're never going to be overly successful if they just keep dying with that. The Virginia Bay Company switched to individual owner land ownership and indentured servants to help.

with a head right system and a cash crop which is going to be tobacco which allows them to um be successful and make money and then this a lot this this you know the domino effect of things people to cultivate the land and live there now tobacco also had uh so where this comes from is this actually connects to a different section we'll come back and talk about um indentured servants and the head right system in a minute let's see what is the local is Pohatan and the local well he was the chief as well as the tribe and the story of Pocahontas which certainly gets disseminated throughout culture on what was going on so when they arrived early on the Pohatan was the main chief of several tributaries tribes so it was like a similar similar to like Confederation To a degree, in a sense, but more militaristic and certainly forceful. Say forceful and militaristic in order to consolidate his rule, which certainly... Oops, here, sorry. He was a strong leader and expected people to pay tribute to him.

Tributary states, so how do tributary states work or tribes? And this is anywhere. Is you pay tribute, thus the tributary state.

And tribute usually involves money and men for military. Now there's not a former military, but what it and of course it requires loyalty to that And so, you know that creates a good strong number. He had 30 tribes under his control right until it was impressive and certainly powerful by that and he was chief at this time.

What he saw went so I mean this size to 30 tribes they they said the area had around 15,000 to 25,000 Native Americans in the area so Jamestown people don't look threatening. by any means. In fact, what he saw was the people of Jamestown as a potential tributary tribe, essentially. And they did, you know, they had some stuff that could be useful to him.

And they started out, started out friendly. Certainly the English had pointed out, right, they were, you know, aware of the Spanish reputation. The goal was to essentially avoid that. Plus they were far outnumbered. uh, no chance of, of attacking.

I mean, there was, they were at the mercy of the local people there. They, they weren't going to, they didn't come up with any force, um, that was going to be able to do anything at all. And in fact, the first couple of years, um, first couple of years were pretty peaceful. They were no, they were no threat.

Um, Pohattan ends up working with John Smith, who was a military captain, who ends up kind of being the governor. And they trade for... food and Pohatan wants weapons. And it wasn't, you know, it was mostly peaceful.

More importantly, they did provide food to get the colonists through a couple harsh winters i so i mean they were important to survival they traded they worked with them that's not gonna now that where the problem is going to emerge is problems start as jamestown gets bigger the issue is is of course that they start getting larger and expanding More people show up, not everyone's friendly. They aren't also starving anymore. They're starting to be successful.

And so this is going to start creating conflict between various groups, both of the groups. And at some point, some of the people in Jamestown end up killing some of the Indians in a Pahotans tribe, and they retaliate. And so you have this conflict.

In the center of all of this is Pocahontas. Pocahontas was Polkhoten's daughter and often described as his favorite daughter slash child. And she, there, okay, there are a lot of stories about Pocahontas and it's mixed in with myth versus reality versus how she was used and propagandized.

So all of this kind of, you know, takes into how, what happens with the structure of that. All right. So with Pocahontas. There's a daughter and she definitely interacted and was involved with the Jamestown We don't know Exactly, you know With James now, we don't know exactly how much the the myths of the way you end up is with kind of like Christopher Columbus You know, there's this massive myth versus reality of Pocahontas and the myth the story of it is certainly oh gosh the best example of that is Disney's if it's all of the conditions of this she they have her be older too she was young when they showed up she would have been a kid nine eight or nine but you know they have She learns English and helps out the settlers, falls in love with John Smith, saves his life, falls in love with James Smith, and, you know, the Disney version of everything is great. That's kind of the myth of Pocahontas.

The reality was much more, ends up being much more bleak in the process, but she did get involved with... um jamestown to a degree a lot of um she does she ends up getting used though the reality is that pocahontas is is used politics um as a barrier a shield uh as protection and promotion. What happens is ultimately tensions rose between the colonists through the years and it looked like at one point it was going to be an all-out war and so the colonists knew that Pocahontas was a favored daughter of Pohatan and they figured that if they kidnapped her then she would they he wouldn't attack now some of what it suggests that she actually had it was already married to someone in her tribe and had a baby and what they end up doing is that the colonists Kidnap her and Taken a cat captured and taken hostage so With the with it and again what how much we know I don't know for sure But the the some of the stories were that she was married she had a baby and that the baby was left with the tribe and she was taken hostage. She stayed on a ship for a little bit and then ultimately in Jamestown so that they wouldn't, he wouldn't attack.

While there, the English version, of course, is that she converted to Christianity and ended up marrying John Rolfe, not... Not Rolfe. Rolfe, not John Smith. And he, she married John Rolfe for, uh, two reasons. The first was, um, diplomatic.

If there was a marriage between the two groups, then they would be allies rather than, uh, enemies. The other was John Rolfe wanted, uh, tobacco recipe, if you will. Tobacco.

information because they had a better line than the colonists tobacco and so if he was married Pocahontas and he would have access to that and it ended that standoff essentially now you know there's there's other stories where that she was forced to convert for Christian name became Rebecca she was forced to convert was somewhat brutalized Wow taken hostage and then forced to marry John Rolfe. Whether forced to be married John Rolfe could have gone both ways. Women often both in Native American groups, especially women who were the chief's family, often were married off for political reasons. So that part, the marriage part isn't so abnormal nor surprising. You know, it's more what else was going on.

When she was captured and taken hostage and all this other stuff. So, you know, that alone was, you know, not necessary. She probably was never a willing party or an independent party where she was making any of these choices here, even the conversion and marriage. Ultimately, around 19, she was taken to England. And she was taken to England very specifically to show off.

and more specifically to show that Indians could be civilized right that was what they're doing they showed her to you know here look they can be civilized they can learn our language and they can become Christians and so this is a thing she does have she has a child with Rolf and then ends up gets sick and dies to to James tell him so she dies at a very young age doesn't ever make it back to her home Pohattan was devastated and supposedly so that he kind of withdrew after that and you know just he died the net the following year so he died a year later Paul cotton next year And some say it was because of that grief and heart heartache after his death you're gonna get a more conflict between colonists and Indians and of course one of the reasons Pohatan wasn't there but they're expanding the colonists are expanding there's going to be as with before issues with land and ownership and who should be able to have it and then of course the general view of English superiority and justification for doing so. So that's that's sort of what Pocahontas also, and I wanted to show you some of these pictures, was really used as propaganda. And images that came up later, images at the time, how she's been used through the years, has really been within this propaganda sense.

So what we have, there we go, This one was actually commissioned while she was in England and has a Rebecca, daughter to the mighty Prince Pilhotin. It's just kind of a crazy image of just how unnatural it looks. She certainly doesn't look happy posing for that and this kind of getup wouldn't be particularly comfortable anyway.

But this was what you could kind of say as the ideal Ideal English concept of Civilized Indians right they in all sense always they become as English as possible right she has what a close name religion consequently language just i mean all cultural components uh it was it was the only thing that she couldn't do is become white but outside of that in all areas of which you could become english and transform to that this this for the english right was the ideal this is what it can become kind of thing okay um changes go to the next one here is the classic uh one with the myth right here you have nope not sharing oh here you have you know Pocahontas saving John Smith this didn't happen most likely most likely did not happen earlier writings of John Smith here he doesn't mention it at all or really hurt too much everyone knew who pocahontas was and and there was a brief mention but not like personal contact later so his early writings no mention of this stuff but when he goes to write a book all of a sudden you know pocahontas is saves him He's more of the hero. I mean, you know, come on not super Surprising in that sense. So this is definitely that scene where pohaten This is pohaten and the council members are going to execute him and she steps in and saves him The images are interesting in of itself If you look at some of the evolution and style of how pocahontas is shown here in much more traditional Native American garb with you have a breast exposed half wearing clothes Feathers in the hair, you know traditional dress all of these things Play a role. It's also interesting that they're gonna there's some evolution if you look at the dates in order of when things were done And how they're showing her The color of her skin to lightens with time. Okay, there's that one Here's another one.

This is a later one. Again, look now you still have some feathers, some traditional Native American and the peace pipe. Oh, this is interesting with this, right?

They show this a lot because she's used for promotion and propaganda to, uh, basically she represents a lot of things, but peace. Because she did to them. I mean, that's not completely crazy to think about. Because she did in the sense that by marriage and that it did create a peace and a period of safety. So that's not so right.

But it is interesting to note that this is often shown. And also we'll say what shows Native American characteristics. right excuse me but with this one if you look at her actual dress style this is very english european so she's looks less indian in this later photo than the previous one than when saving john Again, so it's interesting the evolution and how that changes and what's going on And how they're showing it.

Okay, so there's no changes on that one I suppose I could but it and then here well, there's two I couldn't find the other one And this one's a later one and they did make her darker skin again. There's another one where she looks white Let me see actually, let's see if we can go Pocahontas And, oh, perfect, here we go. I just didn't search well. Let's make a little, oh, oh, okay.

I'll make this one big this is this one is Pocahontas being presented towards Kim James and we actually see so you can see there's two of them here there's this one and then this one this is the more shown and it is later right these are later these are not being in the 1600s the only one that's from that time period is this one so this one is from that time period and this is you know what specifically done to promote her but again later we have this is fully just going around the picture in my space english dress there is is no indian uh connection characteristics right the feathers or the peace pipe she's even her hair but in the other ones tends to be a little bit of that and now you've got full dress meeting the king This this again is very much to say look they can be civilized see But in this picture you if someone didn't say hey, this is Pocahontas Let's say they didn't put this on here and they just you just saw this picture. You wouldn't know that was Pocahontas You wouldn't even necessarily know it was Native American at all that she was Native America, you know slightly darker skin I suppose but outside of that it's not obvious Nor necessarily even let's go back to that other one right this one I don't know there's no there's nothing that that indicates that and that was the point The point of these was is interesting showing this kind of progression as she becomes more and more connected to the colonists removing her otherness And that cultural identity as Native American or from the Pohatan tribe They didn't see themselves as a universal Native American group yet or Indian but from her tribe and instead taking on English Characteristics and this is how she was used and promoted and then later Used for and there was a couple of these this was to sell stuff, right? This is tobacco This is a tobacco brand and there were two right so this is Pocahontas saving John Smith was one will pull hot and brought Brandon and Pocahontas brand they had to head to different ones and again these are a little bit later one go one is from the 1950s so you have you have all the way into the 1950s Pocahontas being used to sell stuff and i mean you so this this legacy that's just i mean i i guess the key with this is she's just utterly and completely used in the process okay so that's that's pohon and pocahontas now i wanted to get back to um six the indentured servants and what happens there actually there's two indentured servants and we'll actually go tobacco brides and I want to talk about them first so wrong order but sorry we'll do it that way so tobacco brides tobacco brides were pre-indentured servants and actually happened during indentured servants too so the colony becomes tobacco based and that's an important part is why they're called tobacco as Jamestown and and and the Virginia area Jamestown Virginia area the cash crop is tobacco this is what they get you know send back to England and You have you so they create plantations and this makes a ton of money and in fact tobacco Becomes essentially the money at that time there. They don't have a lot of Cash as we would call it right I'm used you traded tobacco and people became wealthy and well off in the process but the one thing that they were lacking in the area is very few women and so not surprisingly there was a desire to push for more women and so how they did this is through tobacco brides they brought over women that the various companies paid for women to come over to get married and they promoted it and and there was it wasn't just whoever random people at first they actually had to have written recommendations in some cases they had to have a male escort Most were unmarried. There was with a few widows.

Again, this is early on. It is going to change later. Both their expectation and everything else like that.

And again, the goal was to marry. And why they were called tobacco buyers. The misconception, and definitely read those two articles that I put up there for you.

The misconception was, of course, that they were bought or something like that, but that's not exactly how it worked. The companies paid for it. They set them up. They housed them if they did get married.

Essentially, you got off the boat, and the goal was to find a husband. They would talk with the different available men, and they were fully involved in women. is clear women were fully involved in all of this and who they married they talked to the men they got to know them and if they found some already had it set up but if they didn't so some already set up before they left like England others met and talked with, we'll say the suitors.

Once they found someone they're married they made a marriage contract and part of that after they got married is that the husband now paid the company 150 pounds. average this sometimes is 120 sometimes a little bit more of tobacco to cover travel Expenses right because they the women didn't pay for their way here That's that's the key and so that it that tobacco brides why they got called tobacco right by it was because of this right there So that's why Tobacco one they were largely marrying but they were paid in tobacco and then also and married tobacco Farmers, I mean so both of those things but they weren't bought where the woman had no choice in the in the early period In in one of the readings and your voices of freedom even talks about like we desire that they be married and they don't be Forced to marry someone they don't marry servants They're well means because this what this wasn't true this is that the it's a chosen importance and recognition of how important women women were essential to the survival of the colony and they knew it which is why early women that got there early tobacco brides or other women had a lot of freedom and choice they often became quite wealthy on their own right and part of the reason that that happened was because they often got lag here they got to uh make a lot of conditions in the marriage contract Okay, and so that mean that that played a huge role made a lot of contribution to marry contract or if they were widowed because if you if the few survived childbirth women tended out of their husbands and then they get remarried and they still could control a lot of their wealth and stuff that way that they otherwise didn't have and This ended up being wealthy and part of the why all of this is connected to this is was with the femme couvert and femme sole which i think i mentioned but femme femme couvert essentially in femme sole was when you were a widow or single it allowed for you to have some control of property or wealth by necessity to survive and if they didn't have a male figure then they had to be Femme Sole. Femme Couvre was when you were married and let's go down here all identity and property was husbands everything your name right that's why when you get married Mr. and This is John Smith, if you will.

The woman's name just becomes that. All your wealth, any property, rights, political identity. You didn't have one outside of your husband's.

What? is important for this is that essentially you have well two things so being widowed widowed and the necessity and importance of women this what it did is it allowed women to subvert the femme specifically through uh marriage contracts and opportunities that they otherwise they don't have later and we and and we know that certainly you see as more women Okay, so what happens, what we see with this is when population ratio is more even between men and women, women lose a lot of freedoms. and independence.

the colonies and then they spend spend the rest of time trying to get him back so this was important for women to have that now what happens is that where I mentioned right this was happening early on and it gets worse later and you have indentured servants and we'll see how in a minute how tobacco brides got into that so indentured servants were a different function essentially you could for for people who could not afford the travel they would come over as indentured servants and indentured servants were you had plantation owners who paid for their travel and this is going to get connected to the headright system of encouraging because again what happens is the like Virginia Bay Company and others don't want to pay for people. So they're going to get the plantation owners to do it. The headright system, what it said is if you paid for someone to come over, one, you got a worker.

The early contracts were two to five years. The later contracts, it was always better to come earlier, but you were more likely to die, I guess, with the early contracts because people were still dying five to seven years. So you got a worker for two to five years or five to seven years that had to work for you, and you...

with the the head right system you also got 50 acres land and so if you pay it this also worked if you paid for your own passage if you paid for your own passage you got 50 acres of land so this was paid for yours or someone else's just if you paid for someone else's you also got him as an indentured servant now why was it been why would people come over well one so as an indentured servant you had to work um so why someone do this obviously it works for the workers so yes your but your travel was paid for and for some people they were never going to get over if they didn't have someone pay for it yes you did have to to work for five to seven years but but then after that time when you were freed you also got 50 acres of land and tools to help you start off and then of course the ideal was that they would become a plantation owner or at least a good or farmer and have indentured servants themselves this worked again early on just like tobacco brides this wasn't a bad plan you worked you got free you got land and then you had a potential for livelihood and success that you otherwise wouldn't have had and for many this worked well early on However, the problem was just like with later, you had both for indentured servants and tobacco brides, conditions got worse. For tobacco brides, brides. They were less picky who came over. And there were less men needing, wanting wives as the population increased. And if you didn't find a husband in set time, you became an indentured servant.

And the thing was, this is not how early tobacco brides started at all. And eventually the tobacco brides just completely dies out and it just goes to indentured servants. Right now for the indentured servants, conditions worsened.

So there was the contract with the indentured servants where they were supposed to be treated. They were supposed to have shelter. food and you know clothing essentially basic necessities and these were remember English citizens but the basic necessities this could be manipulated and there were various levels of quality so this totally dependent on even if you had enough of the basic necessities, right? The other thing was they started making fines for infractions.

So that, and the fines were almost always increased time on, because the reality was, is that the goal, the farmers realized well if i can just keep them longer i can make more money um and what you really do see is a move to uh more permanently uh keep in dirt insured servants under contract and we're going to talk we're going to talk about um the evolution and shift to african slavery So we're gonna get into more detail with this later. So that's that's we're gonna end with that but what you have economically in the system with Virginia Starts off very much single men not very successful then moving to individual land and cash crops and Successful and then at that point you see the shift to them wanting to stay and bringing in women and trying to settle down So that's the the early system of English colonization We're going to conflict with the Indians that there are some wars and fighting and that's going to be perpetual and continue as far as dealing with expansion into their property, purchasing property but not really honestly. And there's like I said, various different ways and we'll look at that too of how they deal with that. We're going to be looking at that as well as.

the puritans and the transition um to african slavery will be in a future lecture from that

Transcript for:Overview of Early English Colonization

Transcript for:
Overview of Early English Colonization