hi everyone so this is an introductory video to econometrics and econometric Analysis and what we're going to cover is what is econometrics um the basics of econometric data um we're going to touch on the goals of econometrics um we're going to cover some preliminary basics of economic data and then finally touch on the simple linear regression and so first things first what is a conom metric in simple terms a conom metric is the application of statistical methods in economics and so what that has to deal with a lot of the time is regression analysis and so if you know regression analysis this will be pretty straightforward um for those who don't know a regression is the relationship between one or uh several independent variables and the expected value of a corresponding dependent variable so that might sound a little bit intimidating at first but the concept's actually quite simple um basically what it is is we have some dependent variable Y and then we have a whole bunch of independent variables that affect y through some function so we have say these independent variables X1 X2 all the way to xn and in some functional form they affect y so why is this interesting um it um say a change in X causes a change in y we want to know how how large that effect is which direction that effect is in and uh a bunch of other neat things and typically we do this because it it makes estimating relationships between economic variables very easy um it helps with testing economic theories and hypotheses um it's great for forecasting economic variables and evaluating or implementing government or business policy it's very important in economics and so an example would be say you have uh wage and some function of say education and experience so this would be something a labor Economist would do and they would want to know how um a change in education affects lifetime wages or your your certain wage and how experienced if it changes how it affects wage as well then they might also be interested with certain particular levels of experience and education so what we're trying to do is essentially find this functional form in a con metrics and so before we get into that there's some preliminaries that are very important such as the types of economic data and there's three main types essentially the first is called time series and you might be used to dealing with this already um it's the most basic of data sets the second would be called crosssectional and you might have heard these before in an econometrics class or a statistics class the third is called panel data which is the hardest to deal with but we will get into that later so time series is um observations over time it's the most basic an example would be uh say GDP um measured for 10 years in one specific country so Canada's GD P for 10 years um which is pretty basic cross-sectional would be it's a little bit different it it would be across subjects instead of across time so an example staying on the topic of GDP would be annual GDP of a certain set of countries in a specific year and then panel data the reason it's slightly more complicated is organizational issues and also there's a lot more uh data generally because it is observations over time and over individuals so um an example would be uh annual GDP over a certain set of countries between uh a set of years so the annual GDP of the set of countries between 2000 and 2005 so now that we have covered uh the different types of economic data we can sort of get into um the the simple linear regression so what economists do is they take one data or combinations of these data and they try to find this functional form and so the simple linear regression is one with one independent variable as soon as you add another one such in this case where we have two independent variables um it becomes what we call a multiple linear regression which is slightly more complicated but it has basically the same principles so we're going to start with the simple linear regression and so what we're basically trying to do is find a linear function of our dependent and our independent so we're given all this data say we have a whole bunch of data and what this will look like in the end a lot of the time is what you might be familiar with is a line of best fit so it'll look something like that we're just trying to find a linear line that represents the relationship between y and x and so we have um basically the standard form for a linear line which would be Y is equal to mx + b which you should be very familiar with where m is the slope and uh X would be your independent variable y would be your dependent of course and B would be the intercept so if we extend this line so it touches the Y um axis then this value here would be B and if we took the slope of the line at any point the slope would be equal to M so simple enough that's basically what we're looking for um the only difference is that with a regression we have a slightly we have one extra variable enter the function and that variable is the error term and so our function will generally look something like this Y is equal to some constant which would be our B we're going to call it beta0 or beta not plus our slope which was our M here one uh independent variable then plus our error term which we often call U and in the population regression we'll call it U and so what this error term is is this function isn't supposed to be a a function of the line it's it's more of a function of each individual data point and so we want to know for every single x what is our data point equal to and so we take this line which is this part we have this is the function for the line the linear line and then we have this error term and this error term is not a constant it changes as X changes but we just we just leave it as this U because what it is is it's the distance from this line to each individual point so it's this distance and it's also at this x it would be this small distance here and say we had a point here so we can show a little bit better the distance from this line to here would be our U and so that way we can specifically say Y is equal to this line so say we have an X here which is X uh n so at xn we take the the function of the line and so it brings us to this y but then we have a negative U and the negative U brings us down to here and so what it is essentially saying is is at xn our point is here and so this is the very basics of a simple linear regression what it is this is the general form of a simple linear regression and what it means and so what economists are generally trying to find is a causal relationship which is um how uh how does y change uh if x is changed and all other variables are are held constant so if this were a multiple regression we would hold X2 all the way to xn constant but since it's linear we uh if we want to assume causality we have to assume that X is the only variable that affects y but that is definitely beyond the scope of this this video I hope you understand uh slightly better what a regression is what a chometric is some of the goals of a conom metrics um different types of data and uh the basic form of a simple linear regression what it sort of means so we're going to go into simple linear regressions in the next model or sorry the next video and we're going to touch on the interpretation of each of these um sort of coefficients and intercepts and that would be all thank you for watching you can subscribe and I hope to see you [Music] soon [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music]