in this video we're going to look at COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease this is an overview an introduction COPD encompasses a number of diseases including osma chronic bronchitis and chronic asthma in this video we will mainly focus on and compare chronic bronchitis and empyema let us first begin by looking at the signs and symptoms of of both of these patients with osma are also known as the pink puffers because they have difficulty breathing but are well profused patients with chronic bronchitis are also known as the blue bloes because they are usually sosed some signs and symptoms in empyema and chronic bronchitis include dnia difficulty breathing having a productive cough and chest tightness patients with pure Osa have a barrel chest muscle wasting as well as pursed lips patients with pure chronic bronchitis can have peripheral edema and erased jvp due to a potential right sided hot failure let us now look at the pathology here I'm drawing a lung let us first begin by looking at changes that occur in empyema pure empyema mainly affects the functional units of the lungs which are the alvioli Alvi are covered with elastic fibers which allow the alvioli to expand and recoil back pushing air out as we exhale however in empyema what we see is a loss of elastic fibers you also have a decreased in surface area of the alvioli this could potentially lead to a collapsed alvioli you can have something called air trapping occurring which is where air is still trapped in the alvioli as we exhale because the recoil mechanism is not working in pure chronic bronchitis we have problems along the airway tract specifically the bronchioles here I'm drawing a normal bronchial with smooth muscle and mucus in chronic bronchitis we have smooth muscle hypertrophy and contraction as well as mucous hyp secretion this all leads to difficulty breathing some risk factors for COPD both osma and chronic bronchitis include smoking Advanced age low socioeconomic status genetic factors constant exposure to air pollution and developmentally abnormal lungs which predisposes one to COPD investigations that should be performed in a suspected person with COPD include H x-ray where findings can include a flattened diaphragm and hyperinflation another important investigation or in examination to perform is is a spirometry a spirometry is a machine that a patient blows into this is to measure the lung function here we have a normal spirometry reading with a normal inspiratory and expert curve however let's compare this to a graph with someone who has COPD so again here we have the normal inhalation and exhalation curve in black and in red COPD there is a decrease in volume especially during exhalation the criteria to diagnose COPD is forced expiratory volume 1 over forced vital capacity ratio less than 70% also to be sure it is COPD the administration of a Bronco dilator following the first barometry reading should improve the lung function and so on the next barometry reading in the grath should go close closer to normal the management of COPD involves smoking cessation use of oxygen in late stage Bronco dilators B2 agonists or M3 antagonists and steroid inhalers for as a preventer