Transcript for:
AQA Paper 2 Exam Preparation Insights

[Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] good afternoon one and all that was a rush we just about made out of time we've just completed an hour and a half of Ed EXL gccp paper 2 and you guys very kind of you to be so are here for AQA so we've just switched over the transmission as it were what a rush I mean I haven't literally haven't moved from my seat but nevertheless it's one of those things I'm James if you don't know me really good to see you teachers out there really appreciate you being here and having your students join in students I know it's busy at the moment you got a lot going on with exams and we're here to help I hope this proves fruitful for you we got a lot of material to cover this afternoon this AQA paper 2 session and I want to stress to you I I'm going to go deep in the weeds today okay I've not filled this up with massive notes pack I want to go deep into things like classification skill what else we do guidance I think or whatever is coming up we're going to go deep into those I'm going to really really focusing on skills I warn you now guys you are going to be scribbling scribbling scribbling and it almost feels like a dictation session in some ways I hope that's okay I think it's probably in some ways better than me just flashing up a PowerPoint slide or whatever you're seeing me do it and hopefully you can model it off the back of what I'm doing my handwriting is not great however so we're doing that uh in return guys there's nothing free session so in return I'd urge you please please please do hit like on the YouTube video and do consider subscribing to the YouTube channel we're really trying to boost that get past 15,000 subscribers at the moment we're far off couple hundred away and you guys can help us with that I mean getting that followship on YouTube actually really makes a difference to us so if you can find it in your heart to do that we would really really value it thank you very much um thirdly we have live chat available today it's not on YouTube we don't open that up we did that once it was ridiculous um but what we do have is on the Hub page we have a little chat bot down the bottom right in corner Mar's with me in the studio and she's going to pick those uh questions up and bring them to me in the intermission or indeed at the end now we do expect this session to go close to the full hour and a half so we will definitely finish by 6:00 I'm shattered I've been working since 600 this morning so we're definitely finishing at 6:00 and this will be my third hour of teaching in a row but nevertheless we'll finish on time but oh phone ringing Marty um but we will get there now other things folks can I stress to you you do need the note Pages available to you for this particular session all right so if you have if you haven't got them get them onto your tablet with your Apple pen or I've got the Samsung one here that I'm using or indeed get yourselves um a printed version of those notes will make a big difference to you and finally folks as I've mentioned already I'm going to focus a lot on skills in the session and it's going to be really really thorough so hopefully you'll see the reasons for that as we go through and hopefully this will prove really legitimate preparation for you before your paper two exam now I've already spoken too much so unless Mar tells me otherwise I'm going to try and uh switch streams you happy y uh I think Geor was taken to work that's what that call was probably um so I'm going to switch stre here and hopefully this is going to work Nic me this is a bit where I get nervous because this is where oh folks when I switch the canvas we are switching microphones too so you might just adjust your volume all right so just be prepared for that we've got we've got a really creaky chair so I'm trying not to all right guys here we go let's get stuck into this folks obviously we're here for paper two we all know that hopefully you guys have got a bit of a sense of what these sessions are about I want to stress I'm going to I'm going to emphasize BR straight away we are here for both the knowledge of the exam obviously we dress that up here to my sort of A1 knowledge and making sure you guys are sort of competent in terms of what's required of you but also I really want you to focus on this aspect of the session now I'll come to that point almost um immediately but we're going to focus a lot on skills in this session so there will be elements of this where it feels like we're we're being quite repetitive in some ways like we're going over lots of justifications for example but the idea of that is it's high impact and high value for you guys so go with it okay secondly you really really really really really need to be doing the session with the notes page in front of you either on your tablet or or with your thingy pen or obviously in a hard copy and you writing on top of them so you need to be doing that secondly and I'll I'll show you these immediately actually have the exam infographics uh available to you they're valuable we've written a national mock exam paper for um paper for paper 2 and you've got the paper the mark scheme and the model answers now a couple of things I want you to be aware of is obviously we're going to be covering this material in the session today and obviously I've mentioned skills to you a couple of times I want to just remind you of what the infographic actually looks like okay so if I just hide that a second you'll see oops that one was not meant to be there yet let me get rid of that one uh let me get rid of that one I was meant to come back to that if I come back to here look we're saying that we're going to go over classification of skill first well why why are we going to do that well one of the reasons we're going to do that is that it's a really really significant topic for us in fact it's the most assessed topic across a range of papers we're going to do a lot of kind of covering explanations today why because other than identifying things and stating stuff explaining is the key skill in this paper you're also going to notice that we're going to do a lot of skills that relate to kind of like four Mark answers and picking up that kind of explanation for marker type type model why because that's a high impact aspect of our behavior and if you look down to the most dominant skill in the very last paper it was in fact explaining that is on the trend upwards now you also saw a second if I just get rid of that layer a second and open and open this one for you I just want to take you into thinking about something like classification skill the very first topic we're going to study here the the way I'm presenting this to you is not just hey it's always on the paper kind of thing no well what we can say is it is commonly on the paper you'll see it's multiple marks on every paper since 2018 that doesn't make any guarantees maybe it isn't on the paper this year who the heck knows right but this is the point I want to make this is a very very commonly assessed topic moreover it's commonly assessed and fair play to AQA consistently assessed 22 over half of these 43 marks have come from the justify skill so yes you're going to get me defining stuff and you're going to get me describing stuff absolutely fine we're going to do some of that but the majority of our time is going to spend justifying this business of classification of skill and I just want you to be aware of that not to kind of show off of here's all of our data analysis uh no I want to show you this but you have an understanding of what lies behind the decisions we make coming into these sorts of sessions okay so I just want you to think about that now with all that understood let's actually Zoom our way into classification of skill and I'm actually just going to make the screen a little bit bigger for us and we're going to start first of all describing and defining these continer that's the Lesser marks and then guess what we're going to do we're going to get into classifying placing and we're going to get into justifications cuz that's the majority marks so let's make sure we understand basic and complex skills well basic skills folks involve few decisions so you can start to think well they often are closed for example but there's few decisions we sometimes refer to them as habitual skills we kind of do them the same over and over again uh and we can say there is little thought there is of course thought with a basic skill of course there is but there's not a lot of that thought and there's little if I was to put little interpretation so I've just sort of a little slash there so we got little thought little interpretation for our more basic skills now what about if I go up the other end to compat skills it's obviously the the opposite here we've got many decisions so lots of decision making during the actual performance of the skills the skill is often adapted and it's of course it's adapted to suit the specific circumstances in which it's been performed and we've got lots of thinking and interpretation of of the scenario okay okay so that is what we mean by a complex skill let's go on to our open and closed skills what do we mean by a closed skill we're saying with a closed skill there are few environmental environmental stimuli so this is something which is not changeable dependent on the situation that's being performed think about things like a a a shop put for example or putting a shot I should say really that that is pretty much done the same there might be some very marginal changes here and there but that's more decided in advance during the actual performance and explosion of that skill very little changes from repetition to repetition to repetition to repetition in fact the word repetition is actually a useful one here whereas open skills we can describe this as having many Environ environmental don't know why I go Welsh for that um stimuli okay so you you've probably already start to think okay well our open skills are quite often are complex skills very often there are a couple of exceptions to that actually and I'm not going to get into that Nuance right now if you think about it if you want to and see what you can come up with there are some exceptions but generally our complex or open skills generally our basic are our close skills in many cases not in all but in many now let's keep going what is a self-pac skill well a s a self self pay skill is one where the performer initiat GES okay so in other words this is a binton player choosing the moment to serve yeah there are some conditions around that they can't keep everyone waiting forever but the performer initiates and the performer cont controls the rate controls the rate okay so that second one think about that as something like an 800 meter Runner um they they control the rate that they're going to run at there are some sort of um external factors like the gun going at the start for example it could be an attack from another opponent but the performer themselves controls right whereas an externally Pace skill is when the environment maybe I shouldn't use that word it's more toward towards the open skill but environment initiates the need uh for the skill so think about uh defending a corner in football or a short Corner in hockey the environment dictates when you go and make your block when you jump for your head and not in hockey god um it also it it it it's it control so if we also say the environment controls the rate because you've got to get to a certain place to respond to a certain situation and our grow and our F skills are perhaps the easiest ones to think about our growth skills are performed with large let me choose a different color with large muscle groups large muscle groups and we're also talking about these being done for things like endurance strength that's what we mean with a grow it's strength it's endurance it's power speed's an interesting one CU speed can actually be more to do with dexterity things like the fingers that can lead to fine but speed as in legged it down a track that would also fit into obviously a growth skill whereas a fine skill tends to be small muscle groups you know more intricate movements small muscle groups we are talking here about accuracy we are talking here about Precision think about the um think about something along the lines of uh the the the sort of the fine control and Archer or a pistol shooter or something has when they're kind of like bringing their weapon I suppose into the sort of the release moment the firing moment that sort of intricacy those small tiny adjustments those very very fine skills now with that in mind what we can do is we can start going about now effectively classifying skills so the first one I've got here is I've got dribbling past an opponent in hockey how would we go about classifying that and obviously we'll justify as we go so I'm going to say that first of all because we are dribbling past opponents and because the spaces are determined by um the scenario with that we are in I'm going to say that this is a complex skill okay so it's a complex skill it's complex because we got to make lots of decisions that's where the space is that's where I'm going to attack okay that space is closing I'm going to switch Direction I'm going to move the ball to here Etc that's a complex skill because we're making decisions as we perform secondly that by the way there will be certain set move set moves but of course they're always environmentally impacted as well therefore it's more of an open skill okay now I'm I'm not going extreme in either case there are some kind of say set plays and some um set decisions but generally speaking it's an open skill is it self or externally paced it's externally paced because the environment dictates when and how the this the dribble should be initiated and also the rate is going to be uh it's going to be done at in other words it's going to be where the space is Right generally speaking and is it a gross or a fine SC I found this one quite interesting I went just towards gross but I went not too far near near the middle now it's gross in the sense that we've got large muscles of the arms sort of pumping the ball down towards the ground but we've also got that fine control of the fingers now I wouldn't be surprised if some of you had that maybe up here a little bit not maybe too much but a little bit up there now what we're going to do and again this is one of the areas where I said we're going to go nice and steady going to jump to here and what we're going to do is we're going to this is skill one for us notice this is skill one what we're going to do is we're going to go down here and I'm going to change up my yellow cuz it's hard to read and what I'm going to do here is I'm going to go basic or complex well what we're saying is it's complex now we have been asked to justify that key skill so what do I need to do in that environment to get us over the line we need to use all because it's a closed that's a c for closed because well why is it a closed skill why is drip sorry why is it a complex skill because we have to interpret interpret position and movement and I I I'll just leave that there but that would be of teammates and um and opponents and also you know where space is opening and closing now is it open or comp is it open or a close skill where an open skill so so we'll go we we'll let me undo that we will go um for an open skill and we will say it's O it's open why is it open because there's my skill again the position the the position of teammates and opponents I'll just put Oppo and Oppo dictate so it's open because we do the dribble because of the scenario that's around us therefore is it s for externally Pace well we're going to go for EP externally Pace why because the rate of the dribble I'm going into sort of shorthand rate of dribble uh caused by position of others okay position of others now finally we're going to go into is it a gross or a fine SK now I said it was sort of in between so I'm going to go for more G more gross because and now it's all about my justification because large muscles of the arms of the arms push ball downwards now on that one again I want to say you could have a pretty good justification to saying it's more fine skill you know you've got the fingertips kind of controlling uh the ball maneuvering it slightly folks I'm so sorry a yawn came over me and I couldn't do anything about it but what would what I'm trying to say there is that your justification of the ski is the key in my opinion that is more of a growth skill and I've Justified it as such large muscle groups of the arm pushing the ball down that's a fair amount of sort of power being used to do that but you could make an equivalent justification of it being at Le at least more fine what about a swimming front C very very different classification this time so is it basic or is it complex well we're going to argue that it's more of a basic skill why because there's relatively few decisions to make is it open or closed it's a closed skill or certainly it's a more closed skill why because the environment isn't changing apart from the water kind of rumbling and a bit of wave drag being created which is completely standard in swimming there are a few environmental stimul yeah your opponent might go on a bit of a burst but it depends on the nature of the race is it self-paced or is it externally paced well except for the start of the race and the need to turn this is a self-pac skill where the performer decides the rate at which they perform in fact I'm just going to bring it up a little bit because obviously we've got the the swim start which is um externally paced is it gross or a f well it's really down the gross end there are specific intricate movements of accuracy Precision the specific movement of the hand under the body in the S shape sweep um we've also got sort of like the the actual finger position that we hold to make that sort of cup angle of the hand but generally this is a grow skill because we're pulling against the water with our hips with our shoulders these are large muscle groups so let's go about justifying that how are we going to do that so skill two folks we're thinking again about our justification why is this a basic skill we're going to put basic because there are very few decisions we could say things like no need for adaptation no need for interpretation okay there's very very few of that a little of that is it open or closed it's closed why it's closed because there are very few environmental stimuli environment Al sorry about my writing folks I do try my best stimuli okay moreover is it an externally or a self-pay skill well of course we could say if this was about the swim start it would be externally paced of course but the swimming itself is self-paced why is it self-pac because again there's my key skill there's my justification because the rate is determined by the swimmer okay if the swimmer decides to go faster or slower that would be the rate being determined by them M and I suppose whether they're fatigued or not I guess is it gross or fine we're saying it's gross because and let's be as specific as can be we've got large muscles and I'm going to say here of let's let's say uh glutes gluts and hip flexes performing leg kick now again I'm I'm not necessarily suggesting you should get into the specific muscle groups performing leg kick but my point is I'm justifying AR I'm saying well if those M if those muscles are doing the leg action then by definition they're some of the biggest muscles in the body actually the hip flexors aren't but the gluteals are and therefore um we're getting sort of large muscle group involvement now let's keep going tennis a lot of controversy over this one folks um not that you students need to know but lots of lots of people argue the tennis service a comp skill it isn't it's a basic skill why because there are very very few decisions it could move slightly that way if you got a gust of wind literally during the Ball Toss or your opponent made a dramatic movement to the left or right and you saw it and had to interpret it then it would sort of it would shift slightly towards away from the extreme end but it would still be a basic skill we do it habitually repetitively and very few kind of um external factors influence how we do that now is it open or closed it's generally speaking a close go why there's few environmental stimuli yes it could move slightly that way if it was um if it was you know a very very windy day or something like that but that but those gusts would have to be literally between the ball going into the air and you striking it is it a self or externally pay skill it's mostly a self- pay skill although there are time restrictions in tennis and you have to serve within a particular moment of time ra of Nal Springs to mind is it a gross or a fineing sko well I went sort of on my one I went sort of here I think it's a grow skill but if we were talking about a first serve it might be here and if we were talking about a second serve it might be more here okay because of course then the accuracy is is more important the first Ser is more about that kind of power and getting a good sort of strike or it could be to do with spin I suppose but it would get us there obviously things like Spin and manipulation would move it slightly up this end now it would it it's a serve is never going to get into this territory okay unless I suppose it's a sort of an underarm very slicy kind of thing but even then we're talking about arms whole swings but nevertheless now let's get into our justification I know that I'm dragging this out guys but it is actually relevant that we do this because a it's a very commonly assessed thing and B this justification skill is a really useful one this use of this because is going to be really useful for you now is it basic or complex well I'm going to say it's a basic skill again I know some people are going to disagree with me but there you go um and what we're going to say is there are near it should be say because there are near zero decisions now I'm going to say during the serve okay so yes the decision about which side I'm going to hit it but that happens beforehand but it's because that almost no decision to make is it open or closed well it's closed because there are very few Environmental stimul really by the way a nice way to think about both a basic and a close skill there are exceptions by the way but a basic and a close skill generally speaking you can practice it on your own now that is not a practice type of practice method but think about going to a tennis CL just hting serve after server try that with a return how are you going to do that okay you might get a serving machine or something like that the point is you can't so a close skill a basic skill very often our exceptions will be able to perform with no one else you just don't want to have a go now not that this is advisable because of safety but a gymnastics Vault for example is a basic and a closed skill now theoretically you can perform it on your own in a gym now don't do that because it's dangerous if you trip over and bang and bang your nut it's going to be a problem but the point is technically speaking you could now is it self or externally paced generally speaking serving is self paced why because it's because it's initiated by the performer yeah there are restrictions they've got a time limit as we said before but that's why it's self-paced is it gross or fine we're going to say mostly gross especially the first serve I wonder if you could get a question and it could differentiate between first and second server I know especially the first which uses large groups for power okay and there's my justification there's my key skill last one folks let's do this in some kind of blue uh let me go to a blue let me do this some kind of blue that will do the trick okay we've got throwing a dart is it basic or complex well it's right down here at the extreme basic very few decisions once the action is in motion is it open or closed it's very closed even more closed than our tennis surf nothing's going to change in that environment is it self or externally paced it's self paced the performance determines entirely the initiation the rate of that is it gross or fine it's right up the fine end but of course we do have the arm movement itself but the finger movement the accuracy the Precision All Leads it to be a fine skill let's justify those things what have we got is it um is it basic or complex it's a basic why because because the board the dark board that is is static but if it was if it was moving and bouncing around then you'd have a different thing to to have to do with it and the distance is equal okay so the board is not moving about it's not coming towards you it's staying in the same position is it open or close well it's closed why because there's nothing changing because nothing changes now someone say well what if your um D is in the way you've already thrown one and it's blocking the treble 20 or something like that well yeah that is a factor but as soon as you've made decision ahead of your throw what you're going to do is Habitual and consistent you're going to go for treble 19 or whatever so nothing changes in the environment okay there's a bit of noise especially if you're playing and friendly fly green I should know friendly um but you know there you go is it self paced or externally paced it's self-paced why I'm just going to say as above it's because it's in initiated by the performer is it fine or grow it's fine because small muscle groups small muscle groups create Precision now folks you're probably already bored sick of me going over that particular set of skills and I make no apologies for it because it's actually really important that we do that in fact we're going to go into another topic now where we're going to do a different skill this time not justification but evaluation but now folks let's have a think about our second topic and in a lot of ways we've got a similar sort of environment here I've given you the key information already you've got very clear descriptions of what a visual guidance of verbal guidance and manual and mechanical would be and what we're going to do here is we're going to go through the process of evaluating now again coming back to what we uh looked at early if I just go right way back up the top here if I just get rid of that particular view you'll see that um you'll see in here that we've got this really important sort of skill of evaluating is it in as important as explaining and identifying no but it's a clear requirement and what we need to do is to be able to understand when we get the evaluate command what does that mean of us so with that in mind we're going to go down here back to here and what we're going to do is we're going to assume knowledge of guidance we will use it as we go over this but what we're going to do here is we're going to look at evaluative points and evaluative points mean that we've got positives and negatives and we need to reach some form of conclusion so let's go through Visual guid which of course we know is um we know is is is um providing mental picture it's a demonstration it's a video it could be a wall chart or a guide or a sort of a brochure that's a weird word to use um why is this positive it's really good for groups so demonstrations work really well with groups this is why they're so common in things like P lessons for example also they provide what's called a mental picture for participants a me performers can see what this thing is meant to look like therefore it's particularly important to beginners sometimes we call these cognitive stage Learners also about a demonstration one of the positives it's repeatable and of course it could be repeatable and we'll come to verbal guidance second it could be that it's combined with other forms of guidance such as verbal now there are problems with this type of guidance though there are negatives well the first one is what is the quality of the demo now this is probably the biggest and obviously it varies from demonstration to demonstration but what is the actual quality like I'll tell you a little story here I'm not a basketball player by top be my whole career and I used to teach basketball in my P lessons and I never played it as a kid anyway so I I I honed these skills I worked on them on my own got better shooting dribbling anyway I I demonstrated this layup and I'm not very good at it and anyway every kid had this sort of flawed layup technique as a result afterwards it was quite embarrassing at least they tried um now then other issues we can also cause info overload and what I mean by that is watching a whole performance demonstration is an issue and therefore it it's a lot of information take in that's why that repeatability matters moreover it's not relevant or not as relevant for our Elite Performance sometimes we call these autonomous learners but it's not relevant not as relevant because of course they don't necessarily need to see what it looks like because they themselves have performed it many many times now let's go back and let's look at our verbal guidance our coaching points are instructions why is it why are they positive well first of all they provide cloud it okay and we often do them in combination so we often do them in combination what will we combine our coaching points with well very often it will be some kind of demonstration doesn't have to be it could be manual or mechanical guidance but we'll often put them in combination this is what we refer to as queuing you know we perform the basketball layup and we say okay please watch my feet and see how they step not in my case but that's what we might do we might Focus we might focus on one element okay so it could be that we just provide coaching points on one particular element and the other thing I haven't really got space for it here it can be done for either individuals you know that individual um coaching or groups so that verbal guidance can become quite specific um to an individual or it can be used sort of efficiently for groups but there are problems what have we got here well again if it's not done properly we've got info overload that's an issue with verbal guidance also verbal guidance lacks a picture okay so it doesn't provide a mental picture unless it's combined of course it can cause confusion and that often comes down to the language that's used by the coach and I'm just going to put here language is a blunt tool is a blunt tool and what we mean by that is what has meaning to one person may have far less meaning when described to another person uh if I got into very lofty elev ated sort of degree level Sport Science language in the session it might not feel as relevant to you right and that's the same when we're given coaching points we need to perform those coaching points there's a really nice theory about this from Donald and it's called human sense if you're interested it doesn't matter for this course but um we have to put those coaching points in the the language and the framework of the recipient and that's actually an interesting overall point of communication General in life actually now we've also got our manual this is when let's say a a swimming teacher is is manipulating the performer's leg action in breast stroke or something like that or it's spotting or a hand holding trampolining why is that why is this helpful well first of all a performer can experience early early care Nur thesis so what I mean by that is before they're actually ready to perform let's say a somersault and a trampoline they can feel what it's like because they're supported also it's really good for safety okay so often safety will be the terminer for for manual guidance sort of holding a hand or guiding or spotting that's often why it therefore can lead to much better confidence of a performer to try something and also it's really good when we're in the onetoone scenario that's a positive by the way up there now of course there are negatives as well it's not much good for groups it doesn't really work if you got a group of performers and you're manipulating the legs of one it's not going to benefit the other another point is about permission now there's no technical reason that without permission without supervision this manual guidance shouldn't be done it's completely legitimate methodology but of course those things do need to be achieved um pace is an issue in other words this slows down learning quite a bit because it takes time to do this now it can be impacting that's useful and the other thing is removal can cause worsening now I'm not going to get into performance curves and all that for another day another qualification but if you're doing lots of manual guidance and then you remove that the the actual action can be lost and therefore the progress can be lost so it's about when you remove it and if you remove it the wrong time that manual guidance it can be detrimental now mechanical that use of AIDS ropes parachutes bowling machines whatever whatever why are these useful well we get an increase in safety that's great think about a crash M and trampoline for example we also get an earlier experience of whole skill now again that's a w there of uh whole skill I made it worse so we get to do that rotation early even though we might not be that ready because we got the trampoline harness on the other thing and I think we often miss this one is getting the trampoline harness out the bowling machine out it's quite exciting it's quite novel it feels quite modern people really enjoy it and excit if you went to a table ton is practice and you can either hit and hit and hit with an opponent or you could go and work with the robot what would you want to do and I think there's a nice sort of well who knows what you want to do but that's a nice thing other thing it can be considered on the negative side it can be cons considered slow progress so it takes time it can slow progress down and also especially when we remove so when we get remove removal this slow progress can then kick in the other thing is it's completely temporary so we can't we can't play a tennis match with a serving robot not yet at least um so it's a temporary influence and one of the things that I think you also should um add into here it's often to do with expense or availability you know do you have a parachute bungee to Sprint with probably not most people don't therefore there's a certain exclusivity to those things now again what we're going to do here is we just make sure that we can get our answers into the right frame workor here okay so what we're going to do here is we're going to think about okay what kind what kind of guidance is being done in these scenarios and we're going to explain um effectively what's occurring and why so let's say you this year s students learning a bad serve with a with a demo within a p lesson well clearly that's a visual okay so that's a visual type of gu we've got that and why is this being done well it's being done because the demo provides the demo provides a mental picture a mental picture for students to copy for students to copy so there's my key skill now we're doing sort of explanations here we've done evaluations bit above um therefore obviously you're getting some of these key skills built into what we're talking about here let's go further England rugby team with a scrum practice now I'm going to assume they're using a scrummaging machine so I'm going to go for mechanical okay so mechanical why because they work they work work W uh with a scrummaging machine with if you're not sure what these are by the way you can Google what a scrummaging machine is a completely standard um mechanical guidance at sort of higher level rugby to work with a scrummaging machine which um which causes the team or the scrum I suppose to be able to practice as an a to be able to practice as an eight and what I mean by that is because they using the scrummaging machine they don't have to separate into okay we're going to work on Mini scrums with four of the eight against the other four no they're going to get the whole eight on one side working Against the Machine and the resistance so that works really nicely for us what about a large Elite Squad training uh being given instructions well of course what we're talking about there is that's verbal and we're given scenarios here where they're all done in isolation often these will be combined because because the coach because the coach can give spec can can give specific I'm going to put CPS for coaching points CPS can give specific coaching points and goals to the team and players so we really like the verbal instruction for this because it you used for whole team instructions like tactics but you can also go to your goalkeeper or Defender or whatever happens to be and go I want you to do this okay this is your role specifically so verbal works really nicely for that type of environment and finally a gymnastics support uh supports handspring so obviously we're get manual guidance here so the coach is doing some kind of sport by the way I've done this many times in my career uh why because the handspring can be dangerous is dangerous trust me can be dangerous um and an experienced coach let me just change color experienced coach can ensure safety or that no one gets hurt you might want to say so there's our explanation of those things now we're also asked here and this by the way this is an explained question why because we've got the how aspect to it so how is always link to explain it so let's get into this how would you use verbal guidance differently if you were coaching a group of beginners compared to an elite athlete so we've got sort of like a explanation and a comparison I'm not going to write this out into sentences I'm going to give you the nutrition of this answer and I'll ask you to put it into your format now I'm going to make four I'm looking for four points in my answer okay so the first point I'm going to make is I'm going to talk about type of language so the first point I'm going to make is that I'm going to use different types of language and what I mean by that is it's going to be more or less technical so obviously my coaching points with the experience high level performance going to be more technical language for the novices is going to be much more to do with sort of simple instructions my second point that I'm going to build into my answer I'm going to talk about the number of points and what I mean by this is that with my uh with my beginners I'm going to do fewer coaching points but with my experience fors I could if I want to use more coaching points because they're used to that because they've got a good technical knowledge thirdly another difference is I'm going to do it with or without a demo so of course when I do my coaching points for um my beginners I'm going to combine it with the demo use that queuing methodology with the experience performer I may well not do that and then fourthly if we now go into um sort of what we call error correction so we're going to use guidance when we're doing error correction you know you got this wrong try this now what we're going to do here is that we've got two different types of error correction we've got gross error correction which is where like literally your foot's in the wrong position we've got gross error correction that's going to be done by obviously got done with the beginners and you've also got fine error correction now what I mean by this is that this second one this is going to be for our experience performers and this is all about refinement so you might find that literally limbs are in the wrong place here with gross area detection a correction with um the beginners and here you're going to find that something very subtle has to change and I would form that into my explanation I've got the reasons that they are different now folks um I will cover this really quick I'm aware we're only on three topics but trust me we've done the big bit of today's session we've done the air quotes hard bit let's look at aggression and let's move this on so what is direct aggression first of all what direct aggression is any form of aggression involving physical contact so this for example is um when well let's go through it so we might go for some I don't know if this is a fair term but we're going to go for a maximal tackle in rugby completely fair but what we're doing is we're really hitting the opponent hard and forcing them back hitting them you know full on Square on properly arms wrapped Etc head to the right side Etc but we're really making that impact another one would be a jab to the chest a jab to the chest in boxing this is direct aggression again completely standard behavior in boxing but it's something which is direct physical contact between opponents now then indirect aggression can often be considered to be like the scapegoat theory of this and what I mean by this is when aggression is taken out aggression is taken out on an object on an object okay so the aggression is taken out on an object and this is important to gain an advantage okay so it's not just done because you're frustrated lobbing your racket in the crowd or something don't do that but you're doing it because it gains you an advantage so what would be examples of this it's a really nice one with some like Bodyline bowling now I'm in my mind I'm thinking Cricket B because this could be uh uh baseball related or softball related but Bodyline bowling you know literally firing the ball at the body of the bat person that would you know especially if it they get hit with the ball that would be indirect aggression and secondly this one I think is a good one we smash an overhead shot they saying tennis at the opponent now if you think about the situation where you've played a tennis point you've worked your opponent into a sort of a really weak position and the ball's lobbed up as a defensive shot and you could smash it down the corner or whatever but this time you smash it directly at your opponent even though you've got the choice not to and that could be considered sort of an idea of intimidation okay or yeah aggression intimidation that's what we mean by indirect aggression okay change well there we go that it might not feel like we've got very far guys but those are massive topics and topics that will stands in really good stad no one knows what's going to be on your paper I definitely don't know what's going to be on your paper but we can certainly say that things like skill classification have been really really commonly assessed as just saw earlier which is why we include it could there be a year without it of course I could um but you know it's really worthwhile and obviously that justifies skill it's a really really valuable one for us to be able to look at Mart any comments any requests any uh questions we've got a couple of shoutouts the first one for withington girls school oh yeah I've Just Seen itool Department reminding the girls that yes there is revision session yes so I hope uh yeah withington girls yeah withon is Manchester I think isn't it got feeling it's not too far from Stockport I hope I'm not getting that wrong I might wrong I know there's a withington Al there's also withington in um Chum I believe as well all right but anyway yeah yeah and another shout my second never teaching uh job P teaching job interview not far from there I'm trying to remember the name of the school I didn't get the job but what was it I'm going to call I want to say it was in a place called glossup I might be making that up it's a long it's about 26 years ago so it's a long time ago anyway they've been me c to buy me and didn't want me yeah bastard anyway anyway the house out is for goes to Newcastle High School for Girls where the girls have gone into school during ter yeah sorry got a picture there seen picture um of the girls working really hard during the origion so heads off I am going to say that is a really nice classroom that is a really really nice classroom yeah that looks like and I'm to you guys up in Newcastle I'm going to say I've got a feeling because I think I used to play cricket near there because I've got a feeling you guys might be in jasond which I think is where the Newcastle Cricket Club is when I was L kid in carile I used to play cricket over there way anyway don't matter but uh um any where was I going with this I did notice those chairs look very very good Lumber support that's what I've noticed you don't often get that in school chairs it's one of the things school chairs gym benches not that their gym benches but brilliant yeah thank you guys and thank you for I think GDs I think they're a gdst school aren't they the new I'm not sure yeah yeah I think so but anyway thank you guys really appreciate wow coming into school you Maniacs we appreciate it we're at work as well so yeah now Mar I believe we got in the region about 30 minutes 35 minutes so that'll work quite neatly did we have any questions did anybody pose any queries no not at the moment possibly at the end but I the moment um yeah I just want to reiterate that point again guys of the skill focus of the sessions I know I'm banged on about it but I really do want to get oh but I do want to get that point across U Mar question I think very yeah quite an exciting uh shout out goes to the Alice Smith School it's 12:15 a.m. in Malaysia what it Smith I don't know if that's miss miss shepher or not I don't know if it is as a non visitor where is it I'm sure I've got it here somewhere we went to ah I knew I had it I saw it earlier there you go guys the Alice Smith School over we had the pleasure of joining and visiting you obviously when was that M back in last January I want to say 2023 yeah January 2023 and you guys are what a brilliant school what a brilliant environment and amazing Hospitality shows as well uh big um I don't know um Anna um hug high five shake a hand deleters whatever is appropriate but you know you know we always appreciate you guys and you guys are absolutely top of the pops as far as we're concerned so we really appreciate you guys thank you very much for the shout out and uh yeah um fantastic okay we're going to get back into the session and we're going to go over and we're going to move on to sponsorship and media another biggie um but we'll make much more rapid progress through the remaining topics so let me line things up hopefully this is going to work I'm going to try and stay with it last bit of the day here we go okay we got different types of medium and sponsorship folks let's go through them I sometimes feel a bit silly telling you about these types of media to be honest but we've got TV we've got the Press which I guess we're talking about the written press there newspapers magazines Etc I would also include things like uh well I suppose it spreads onto this next one as well I would also include things like uh blogs and articles into this as well uh the radio don't underestimate this especially with regard to sport radio is a very very popular medium for engaging with uh broadcast sport for example especially when people are on the move and traveling the other thing is we've got air quotes the internet now that's quite a big concept obviously but we have numerous aspects of that we have um the combinations with uh social media obviously we've also got the idea that anyone can uh can can print can record can blog can uh can upload and therefore we've got a lot of access to uh media in sense now we're also interested in the ideas of type sponsorship so what do sponsors sponsor they sponsor equipment they sponsor things like facilities I didn't WR so big uh they sponsor things like clothing they sponsor things such as well Financial sponsor you know literally paying uh a club or a team it's often an event uh and it could well be that the stadia or a stadium is sponsored for example I'm sure you can come up with examples of those now what we're going to do is we're going to go back to our explain skill again one of those key requirements for us we're looking explain the relationship between sponsorship media and Sport and I always feel like we should change this and in here should be the word Elite Sport because of course we're talking about Elite Sport something that wants to be consumed through the media for example so let's go through this and I'm going to write out a whole answer here maybe we'll we'll mark at the end of fact let me just just go a little bit bigger so we've got a bit of space to see this I'm going to say the following I'm going to say media companies and I want to get my examples in so I'm going to go for media companies and I'm going to choose two I'm going to say such as sky or you could go for BT or what's it called TNT Sports but I'm going to say sky sports or BBC 5 live which is a radio station BBC 5 live radio station obviously by the BBC so few advert well no adverts but anyway so what do they do they pay Sports they pay Sports such as WSL so this is the women's Super League such as WSL for the live broadcast rights for the and it could be highlights as well but I'll go with the live broadcast rights live broadcast rights now you'll notice that what I'm saying here is that perhaps in my example sky sports are playing paying for the the the rights to show games live through the TV um through the internet and BBC 5 lives paying for the rights to broadcast them through radio broadcast you can imagine that the the TV is a more expensive package right but nevertheless both of these media companies are investing in that now then the WSL so we're now going on to let me change color because I'm now going on to S sort of say what the sport is going to do with this I'll go to AG green the WSL that's the women's Super League invests this invests this so you know literally WSLS receive this money to provide to provide the best the best possible the best possible Air quot Show um and spectacle in other words you know the WSL sort of use this money to create like a really enjoyable thing to watch spectacle with high quality with high quality matches you'll notice that the bigger matches are often shown full-time players for you know so Prof effectively full-time professional players which was not the case 10 years ago full-time players Etc now I wouldn't encourage you to do an Etc but I'm going to use it there now I'm going to go into the sponsors and their role I choose some kind of or color here sponsors sponsors pay and I'm going to go for both in capitals again you don't need to do this in R I'm trying to express it to you both the media company in our case let's say sky sports the media company the media company to display their adverts and and Elite Sport WSL and I should have just put WSL really but and Elite Sport to sponsor clothing um stadia or events and you might want to be thinking about well why are they doing this this allows the spon this allows the sponsors brand to be both and again I'm going to use that term again capitals to be both visible that more people see it and therefore desire it and linked with a healthy and let's say positive symbol that being do yourself football so we would call this entire relationship here this entire relationship we would call this commercialized Okay so we've got effectively the media company is making its own profit by you know selling advertising space and uh sub perhaps TV subscriptions you've also got uh the sponsor that's getting its brand out there becoming a household name for example and you got Elite Sport that's um taking that money and is investing it both in the elite format but presumably into Grassroots Sports as well this is what we mean by the commercialized structure and the relationship obviously you can talk about the Golden Triangle I've described it and explained how it happens here by all means make reference to the Golden Triangle that may well be a mark for you and so on okay let's move things down I want to get into conduct of performance and there's a bit of nuance here folks so I sort want us to pay attention technically we're halfway through although we're actually much further than that what is EA it's actually quite hard to Define isn't it in some ways but EA is a what we call a convention not people getting together in a hotel big room but a convention like it's an Unwritten rule okay and it's specific to that so examples of when people follow an Unwritten rule is when someone congratulates an opponent congratulates an opponent um when for example uh we could go for shaking hands after a match okay this is not in the in rules but it's a con mention people expect it now sportsmanship has got a slightly different sort of notion to it and it is the following it is conforming to to the rules which we've not got over here in EA the rules spirit and etiquette spirit and etiquette so what we mean by that is that yes sportsmanship is doing all of the etiquette stuff but it's also sticking to the rules rules of the game etiquette of a sport so it's a bit of a broader term etiquette is really specific it's just that kind of Unwritten bit that's what etiquette means it's got nothing to do with the actual technical rules of the sport so for example what would be an example of sportsmanship well what we've got here is we've got kicking a bull out I'm thinking of football here out of play for an injury now what I mean by that is an opponent perhaps is potentially injured and you choose to kick the ball out of Play It's not required of you but you do it anyway and it shows that kind of spirit of the play I also think this is a good one walking in cricket if you're not really sure what this is speak to your teacher about the the specifics about it but walking in cricket is that even if no one else has noticed that you've edged the ball and you're out you decide well I'm out I'm walking I'm going to go off the other one I think is really nice one I see this in in lots of sports we got the idea of acknowledging a foul not disputing it not arguing it not claiming it didn't happen but y yep fair play that would be a good Sportsman like or sometimes people think they're just bang to rights now gamesmanship now this is an interesting one it's when we are gaining an advantage gaining an advantage by stretching the rules but notice we are not breaking the rules by stretching rules we are not breaking those rules they are being stretched their limits what would be an example well in some sports it is allowed to appeal to the referee in fact I'm going to say in here in some sports in some sports it's not and would be considered a foul or unsportsman likee behavior but in lots of sports appealing trying to persuade a referee or an umire whatever that they should go with your side on their decision is legal and it is not outside the rules therefore it is allowed but it is sort of trying to gain an advantage you know I see it all the time in the sport football is like Association foot soccer where people trying they know that balls come off them to go for a throw in a corner and they try to convince uh an assistant referee let's say that no it it's their throwing or whatever it happens to be now look at this this one it's so hard to give examples of this slightly delaying play now I've had to include the word slightly to make it not against the rules if i' said just time wasting that's against the rules you can't do that and this one I think is an interesting one how do you spell this EXA is it like that exagerating a foul notice we're not faking an injury we're exaggerating a fou that is within the rules of most sports but is it gamesman like yes because you're trying to gain Advantage oh man one of the ones that does my head in these days is is screaming you know people scream I've heard this in rugby I've heard this in football I don't think I've heard it elsewhere but people yelping and screaming a as if they you know as if they're in a war and they anyway let's not go down that road now what is the contract to compete now the contract to compete encompasses four things it encom is always trying hard okay so when you take part in sport there is an assumption that you and others will try hard always allowing others to do the same you know so honoring the fact that it's not just you that's trying your best but other people as well it's um sticking to the rules Come Back to the sportsmanship sticking to rules and also it's respecting others including officials including coaches that in many ways folks defines Sport and we can call it the contract to compete so let's take the top one always trying hard what about this one running a PB Personal Best in let's say 400 meters clearly that is someone trying the absolute best another one if I just put here no gamesmanship gamesman ship is often can be defined as preventing someone else doing their best um we've got the idea of no deviance deviance is where we break the rules we dope we act aggressively hopefully we don't do these things but those would be deviant that contract comp is almost a summary of those behaviors and what sport emerges as if they are followed now I'm going to say the briefest of pause is just to sit my te lovely sippery in fact I'm still sipping it now then I really want to focus this here okay I really want us to think about the advantage and disadvantages of we're assuming illegal performance enhancing drugs for the performer and then we're going to extrapolate a little bit and look at perhaps how we could evaluate this for the sport even an event where this might happen Okay so let's get into this first of all why do performers take drugs I mean that's a good question well they do this CU they get up Arrow increased chance of success or I mean this is a very very simple point but let's make no BS about it that is why people dope there are a couple of other exceptions injury recovery these these sorts of things well they might also be considering the fame and the recognition they get by being the champ I suppose they might be thinking about the wealth they might be thinking about the income generation of being that character you know that's going to be something but another argument is that it levels the playing field now I don't want to get too deep into this because it's quite a sort of a neat little topic we've got here but it's certainly the case that some very very high-profile dopers have claimed this exact point one of them ironically is Lance Armstrong who claims that when and it's an interesting thing to reflect on that at some point he was a young athlet a young clean athlete who went into a sport of cycling and doped now yes we can blame him for that but what were the cultural conditions that led to that it's actually an interesting what was everyone else was doing it and therefore he felt like he had no choice or the only way to get to that level who knows I'm not defending him by the way I'm not a fan but nevertheless now with the disadvantages these are kind of obvious right we get reputational damage you know someone once their C is going to have their reputation ruined I go back to Armstrong as a great example of that it could be that they're sacked it could be that they're banned obviously loss of sponsorship as also going to H happen here lose sponsorship that's going to be uh caught doping a sponsor won't have anything to do with them they've also got Associated health risks they've also got the possibility of addiction now I don't those latter to very much depend on on obviously the length of time um the doping has been going on hand which has been done one thing is worth saying though is that when athletes don't they take massive quantities of the substance in question now what we want to do is we want to start to think about well okay are there any factors that we could almost lead to the sport here okay what have we got in relation to the sport now it's very easy to go to the sport and think well there's disadvantage now see if I can give you a couple advantages as well but what do we have well we've got uh reputation damage that's very much the same again so we've got reputation damaged we've also got the idea uh of susp suspicion you know successful performers in the future will be treated with suspicion we've also got the idea of less sponsorship you know sponsors are not going to get involved uh media companies perhaps are not going to pay as much for a sport which you know people believe are doping we might get down arrow fewer Spectators this means there's less money coming into the sport we might get reduce participation or if if a sport is you know really cynically been doping then obviously people might feel less inclined to take that spot up um we've also got more spending on anti-doping on anti doping so in order to catch people you got to spend a lot more of course that's going to require in uh investment you get a loss of trust a loss of trust we also get um historical results change historical results change okay so you know you got to script titles and this sort of thing and also we've got the idea of honest athletes okay so some athletes will be clean but they might be sort of by association because they're in an era or in a period of time where doping is common now the point I want to make to you folks is obviously what we've done there is we've looked at the performer in pink there's all that stuff there but what I've also done there is I've gone on and looked at the specific disadvantages to the sport so what I'm going to try and do hopefully I won't mess this up too badly is I'm just going to try and kind of grab this material here I'm going to grab that there I'm going to command C command V and I'm going to drag the fow down hopefully this there you go look at that so what we're going to do here is we're going to place that this stuff is disadvantages obviously to the sport and to the events Okay so we've got those disant and that's really what the question is likely to be that's like what you're going to get asked but what could be potentially some ADV are there any in fact advantages um to sport um of performance of performers taking drugs now we've got to be clear we don't think that you're going to get a question on this but I just want to cover bases well could we put question mark question mark more spectacular could we argue that um ESP sport is more is question mark question mark you've got faster times you've got uh more spectacular hill climbs um do these things become sort of viewable and some people are actually trying to commercialize this at the moment I don't know if you've come across these sorts of stories of effectively doped World Championships where people are allowed to take what they want to take anyway I'm not going to get into that but it it becomes I'm not going to use that term but it becomes a a sort of like a an experimental show of what can the human body do with all this kind of enhancement and what have you perhaps those are the advantages to sport that for temporarily become salable and meteorites so but these benefits are very temporary what are more permanent are these disadvantages and that's where we want to really be drawing our attention Okay good stuff let's move on between to health and fitness and the links between the two it's going to bring the screen size down so we can see everything context what we're going to do here is we're going to go through social physical and mental health and well-being and we're going to look at the association with Fitness why should people participate in physical activity why do we want them to do that well let's start with socialist the less fashionable one of these well first of all people get the opportunity to socialize to meet new people to meet people of different kinds we can obviously make friendship groups friends is a really important part of life not that everyone needs to have lots and lots but we've got this kind of enrichment to our life second L we've got the idea of Co cooperation we cooperate often in team environments even just sharing clubhouses but also actually competing together um I'd also go on to say things like teamwork I think is an an important part of this you could also say things like leadership wherever there are groups of people leadership needs to be displayed and followed so there's some nice ones to add in there as well now this last one I don't really know what where we meant to go with this but um one of the social benefits is that we're able we're meeting uh a essential needs now I'm not sure what they want me to tell you about that so I'm just going to write it down people get together and then essential needs are met H not totally sure if I'm interpreting that the right way what about the mental health benefits well first of all physical activity is a Feelgood thing and think about the sort of the serotonin hypothesis serotonin that we get that sort of um release of this Feelgood in this case neurotransmitter and it makes us feel better fantastic we get a cathartic effect we get decreased stress the word I used by the way there was cathartic I'll Chuck that in for you in case you want to be Posh in your answers cathartic means it relieves stress that is literally what it means now also one of the great things about participating physical activity is we get better at controlling our emotions you know we're better at being a sort of a more balanced person because we we experience success failure and everything in between what about the physical health well we get an improved heart function so our heart works well perhaps we prevent coron your heart disease we get better body increase in body systems efficiency so the the body system s work better we get a decrease risk of illness why because physical activity is strongly associated with the immune system and therefore our immunity uh specific immunity is improved we can also avoid lifestyle conditions like obesity therefore that's going to that's got certain co- um morbidities and illnesses that are associated with ob obes we can avoid them and the other thing is we can do everyday tasks so we can stretch to reach things we can run to the bus we can do the gardening we can clean the car we can walk to work cycle to work because we participate on a regular basis now Fitness is a slightly different question the reasons for participation and the associ with Fitness is very very simple participating physical activity increases Fitness okay now that Fitness could be quite varied it could be flexibility it could be mus Insurance it could be strength we also got a decreased tendency for injury that is fantastic one of the reasons that if we participate regularly our fitness will be improved that way um and we've also got an increased capacity for manual tasks now we've sort of touched on this already just below but think about for example I Reon a lot of you will have part-time jobs for example and you might work at a restaurant or a kitchen or a shop or something like that think about standing on your feet for eight hours a day I'm telling you I'm 47 you get to my age it's ripping hard and obviously Fitness and and participating in physical activity can can maintain that tendency over time now then let's get on to the consequences of sedentary lifestyle nice simple topic for us here let's just be clear what we mean by a sedentary lifestyle sedentary means sitting down sitting or lying down okay that's what we understand by senty and lifestyle is for extended periods so this is there's absolutely nothing wrong with you at the end of a busy college or school day getting home go put me feet up for an hour nothing wrong with that that's complet Norm that's not a centry lifestyle if you're walking to school if you're doing a manual job if you are playing sport going to the gym you are not s we're talking about doing this too much and one of the things that's interesting to reflect on is how our society structure if I was to Chuck two words in here schools work you know which of these are sedentary on average in their nature are schools active places and I want you to think not not the bits in between where you walk to go on your bike from not the bit at break time where you're on your feet whatever I'm talking about the school day is it sedentary or is it active and I would say it's sedentary in the main what about work now obviously that if you're a farmer you're pretty active if you're um if you're a gy structure you're active but work on average is sedentary so the point I'm making here is that a society is structure around sedentary activities and we have to change that and find a lifestyle that works with that combination oh I needed that se hang on now what are the outcomes well we feel excessively tired if we are sedentary we gain weight obesity remember obesity is BMI I shouldn't use this color BMI of Greater and 30 I just go over that for you BMI of greater than 30 is what we mean by obesity we might experience coronary heart disease things like atherosclerosis angina we might have hypertension this is chronic high blood pressure now obviously all of these things happen over time folks it's not all in one go it's done over time diabetes and let's call it type two two diabetes develops where the pancreas and the the regulation of blood sugar through insulin and glucagon and you guys I know you studi this in your biology that becomes less and less efficient and we have to support the body in doing that we might also sleep less well that might of course lead to our lethargy and we might feel worse about ourself now of course not all of these things happen quickly not all of these things happen in each individual but there is a tendency for these things to be more common in people essentally therefore it's something for us to consider now then we're very nearly there folks I just want to talk to you quickly about the effects of dehydration before we finish this off now we're obviously going to talk about dehydration but I'm going to give a fairly Bland definition of Hydra of of dehydration we're going to call it a lack of water balance and I'm going to say sufficient sufficient to affect cellular function now you guys know a lot about cells probably most forgive me P teers you guys in your G GCC biology probably know more about Sals s function that a lot of p teachers will know so I feel bad about that comment already however the point I want to make just a very very simple think about your cytoplasms think about your Plasma in the blood think about all these factors that require water to contain like cytoplasm you you know that that's where the cell activity goes on you know that cytoplasm is there to suspend organel without that cells can't function properly and therefore we need hydration and dehydration occurs when we don't have enough now I'm going to give you a little bit of teaching on this a lot this is really a revision session of rece but I just want to go through something here if we experience a lot of sweating and we don't replace with water we could get blood thickening increased blood viscosity viscosity means thickness and I want to show you something I don't normally draw I'm going to sketch this this here is a heart rate response graph okay so what we've got here is we've got time and here we've got heart rate in beats per minute I'm only going to sketch this okay and what I'm want you to imagine is that this here is rest and then this person starts to exercise and they're on their training run now what I want you to realize is that over here this is the end of their training run now they're not going to they're not going to run faster here they're going at a nice steady state but what's going to happen is their heart rate is going to start going up to here even though and then they get to the end of exercise and then of course we get recovery so my question to you is why is that heart rate going up there why why is that drifting upwards and the reason that's happening is because the blood is getting thicker it's getting more viscous now what that does you see here we've got reduction in blood flow in other words we've got reduced stroke volume now you guys know that if we come back to our equation of cardiac output I'll write it out for you cardiac output equals stroke volume stroke volume times heart rate well if what we're saying is if stroke volume is declining because we got thick blood what's got to happen heart rate's got to go up and it's got to drift upwards and the point to stress here guys is from here this person is not running harder this person is doing the same amount of work but their heart rate has got to go up as a result so we've got that reduction of blood flow to working muscles we've got an increased heart rate I've just demonstrated that to you the body temperature goes up we might overheat become faint pass out being able to carry on we get an increased react time remember this is bad increase in this case we get slower we make poor decisions we get cramps and fatigue and so on now to finish this day off let's do the following let's do this let's take a bunch of our uh effects of dehydration and say what the consequences so we got blood thickening slows blood flow reducing blood flow to the working muscles now what I'm going to do here is I'm going to go to up Arrow therefore we get an increase in heart rate now what what are the consequences of this well one of them is we get a reduced heart rate range think about this a second if my steady state running for me as a person is 150 beats per minute that's when I'm just running and I'm not dehydrated and my maximum heart so so this is so this is steady state running for me that that's about right for me actually steady St running and let's say my maximum heart rate my Max HR let's just say that mine is 180 you see I've got 30 beats per minute above my sort of steady state to my maximum well if my heart rate starts to go up it's consuming that sort of Reserve it's taking that away and what that is indicative of is I'm doing more work an aerobically obviously you know go back to paper one to be thinking about that now the other thing is that as a result of this we reach fatigue earlier and I want to be really clear about something for teachers who are watching this as well I don't mean earlier in time I mean earlier in intensity okay so we would fatigue a lower intensity of exercise because of that now then let's go to the next one we get an increase in I'm going to put body temp now actually this can be quite facilitating can be quite useful however it can lead to overheating in extreme cases okay so think about hot humid day running marathon that sort of thing we might get decreased decreased in efficiency of energy release now I'm not going to get into this here but go back to your studies on the effect of temperature on um on enzymes that you've studied in your biology obviously if things get really really hot those enzymes Den nature and they can't perform their function same obviously in the human body right that's what's going to happen we also get an increased dehydration rate when we are in very hot conditions or we feel hot the rate that we dehydrate is quicker and therefore that's a problem and then finally last point of the day we've got an increase in reaction time well that's good isn't it no no no this is bad we are effectively slowing down therefore what do we get we get blunt reactions you know maybe our opponent gets the better of us more often we uh quotes lose battles not literally the sort of onet to ones with our opponents or whatever and um one of the ways I think is nice to sort of summarize this a person can be air quotes beaten to the punch now obviously that could be related to boxing but it could simply be that we don't get to a tackle or a breakdown quickly enough that we don't respond to a serve rapidly enough whatever it happens to be we're beaten to the punch and therefore we're easier to be and one of the things interesting as about sport is that when you're not at your best it doesn't mean that only you you performing worse it means that your performing doesn't your opponent doesn't have to perform as well to succeed and that's something for you to consider think we're done there we go we made it 3 hours straight I know you guys only did an hour and a half but 3 hours straight we didel before so it's been a bit of a Whopper of an afternoon we've also got two sessions tomor OCR GCC anded x a level paper 2 and then on Thursday we've got AQA a level paper 2 and OC level paper 2 leaving only OC level for the very final session next end the next week Mar any questions or requests yes one question can you please clarify why the heart rate went up on that graph show okay so what we showed there was the idea that exercise intensity was continuous so there was no increase in intensity but we had an increase in heart rate towards maximum heart rate despite knowing increas in intensity and the reason that was occurring was because the individual represented the graph was experiencing dehydration their blood plasma levels were lower the blood was more viscous thick sticky therefore the stroke volume out of blood leaving the heart per contraction decrease so to maintain chout but heart rate had to increase and there's all there's a whole sort of negative feedback loop for those of you that have studied that in your biology that actually controls and senses those things so um we don't touch on that in this particular course but if you were to go into a level it would be actually you know how how does that actually occur uh some interesting stuff in there actually so yeah so that's why there's a there's a simultaneous um rise in heart rate um because of an inverse proportionate decrease in stroke volume because the blood is thick and fisus that's why we actually call it cardiovascular drift if anybody really wants to know that for future reference again we studed that on a level so we look in a bit more detail s interesting interesting phenomenon so yeah any other questions or thoughts or requests Mar should I check a bit of social before we sign up just in case we've missed anybody um no I don't think we haven't got uh yeah we haven't got any any other any other messages okay so guys in that case we're going to sign off I hope that's been useful for you both the paper one session and that paper two session I hope the fact that we've sort of tried to focus on the skills as much as the content is going to prove valuable to you I realize that means you guys can't just could pick up and go you have to write more and think more but that's how you perform better in exam so hopefully that's uh relevant to you we're really proud of the stuff we're putting out and hopefully it's going to have an impact for you guys um when you do the exam for paper two if you find that this was useful or indeed not let us know come back and tell us tell us what you think could be different or better for um next year's year 11s and people coming through we really would like to hear from your students as to what your experience of these sessions were and um how we can refine them but with that in mind I shall wish you uh the very best for all of your exams and um um yeah and and I hope it goes really well for you including the P paper 2 which is I can't remember when it is it's sometime next week is it I can't remember which day I'm going to say I'm not going to try and guess what day it is I know it's next week but I just can't remember what day it is we've got our revision and exam calendar out there going to have a look they're so it's got ridiculous yeah got it's got silly 22 sessions we've done anyway good stuff have a brilliant evening what's on telly tonight hang on Tuesday I don't know anything that's on telly tonight is this possibly some Cricket these young people which like do they no they don't no unless it's and they're and they're revising exactly all day every day so they they're going nowhere near Prime Netflix or Apple TV for sure all right guys have a great one take it easy and just play out with a little bit of music and then we are going to sign off cheers [Music] [Music] [Music]