hello there welcome to this GCSE revision video for industrial people's health in this video we're going to be talking about living conditions in those urban industrial cities we're going to talk about backtoback houses and cramps and terrible living conditions in industrial cities like Manchester and Leeds we're then going to talk about response to epidemics and we're going to look at cholera we're going to talk about how uh attitudes and beliefs about cholera changed during the industrial revolution we're going to talk about the story of Jon Snow and the Broad Street cola epidemic and then finally we're going to talk about public health changes we're going to talk about the um work of people like Edwin Chadwick in the 1848 public health act and then we're going to talk about why the 1875 public health act was so so crucial in bringing about massive changes in terms of people's health so um let's find out a little bit more about industrial people's health okay so there's the information in terms of the timeline remember the key themes are impact to living conditions response to epidemics and improving public health and the key factors are beliefs attitudes and values local and national government science and technology urbanization and wealth and poverty in this video we're going to talk about the industrial era which was 1750 to 1900 so in terms of the specification for industrial Britain you need to know about industrialization and the growth of major cities and political change and an overview of that so when you when you're looking at urban living conditions in the early 19th century you're going to be talking about housing food clean water and waste you're also going to be looking at the responses to cola epidemics and you're going to think about public health reform in the 19th century including the public health act and then some more local initiatives as well so these are some key features of industrial Britain we're talking a lot about movement of people people moving from countryside to towns people moving to live within the British Empire people move from town to town using new transport like railways and there's increased urbanization during this time period huge population increase from 6 million in 1750 to 37 million in 1900 terms of democracy more and more men were given a right to vote in 1832 1867 and 1884 governments had to take more notice the needs of the poorer people now of course women did not get the vote until 1918 in terms of societal change the middle class had grown in power and number they lived in better conditions in the suburbs and they were often ignorant of industrial slums the working class were ignored as their living conditions got worse and didn't have the vote um but 1867 many working class did get the vote and that was really important change and in 1870 children under 10 began to get an education other key features people stopped working from home and they were working in factories factory work was hard and difficult and there was lots of pollution machinery in the countryside made supply of food easier transport and technological change there's railways the steam trains steam ships for example much easier to transport things around the country increase in trade but the wealth of the British Empire led to a growing divide between the rich and the poor lots of changes in terms of beliefs and attitudes the theory of evolution becomes quite accepted religious belief declined and Louisie Pastor who's pictured there came up with the germ theory of disease which led to better understanding of the causes of disease the temperance movement was against alcohol so let's have a look at living conditions during the industrial revolution now when we're talking about living conditions during this time period we're very much thinking about only towns we're not looking at life in the countryside anymore living and working conditions for people during the industrial period were terrible for the poor people who lived in urban areas lifestyles got worse due to crowded poorly built slum houses disease was very common which was mainly caused by dirty water leading to um diseases caused by water waterbornne diseases like cholera and typhoid housing was terrible with backto-back houses and families sharing houses people rented out damp and dingy sellers towards the end of the 19th century the government had to do more to help poorer people especially when many working-class men got the vote after the 1867 reform act this artistic interpretation shows the difference between the living conditions of rich and poor in the distance you can see the suburbs where most of the wealthy people lived they weren't affected by the horrific living conditions you can get a sense of all those cramped houses that we can see during the industrial revolution here this is just out doorways London backyard from a train and again we can see backto-back houses people um in yards sharing houses that were common the cities were often polluted with what are called P super fogs pollution from trains engulfed homes obviously you know they these are um burning coal for example so that spread pollution the railway vioideucts were built over slums dominating the houses and tiny shared privies washous the only way to keep clean people's accommodation was directly related to how much money they had the cheapest accommodation was rented cellar space which was damp and not ventilated backto back housing was cheaper and poorly constructed uh family often had to have just one room downstairs and another upstairs the effect on health was significant the lack of fresh air led to chest infections and lungrelated diseases such as TB tuberculosis so why were living conditions so bad well towns grew really quickly um so Manchester grew from 17,000 in 1750 to over 300,000 in 1850 this meant that people's health got worse as towns could not cope with the increase in numbers houses were built really quickly in Shabily for example disease spread quickly landlords could make huge profits from renting homes houses like backto-back houses were built quickly property owners and builders did not care about people's health so the fact that they're built really quickly affects people's health they're living in cold damp houses which are overcrowded spreading disease town government is weak expanding towns did not have a corporation to oversee how the town was run and organized not a proper systems many property owners who ran ta towns did not want an increase in the rates or the taxes so proper facilities such as clean water or sewage systems were not provided for people living in the towns in fact there were no laws and regulations to ensure decent housing and protect people's health national local government had what was called a less afair approach they they thought they should leave alone that it was best not to interfere in people's lives and of course people did not know that germs cause disease people explained disease through myasma or contagion louis Pasta's germ theory was not published until 1861 so there's no urgency to bring in clean living conditions because people did not really realize that dirty towns would cause disease now water companies are unregulated and waste remained a problem water companies got their water from ponds rivers and streams so the water that was provided for people was often dirty and unhealthy typhoid and of course collera that we'll look at as a case study were very common in most areas of cheap industrial housing the sewers could not cope with the amount of human waste existing sewers were for draining rain water not human waste so pools of stinking water filled the streets privies collected waste which built up until it was empty or overflowed in a typical street over 10 families shared one privy some houses were connected to 6 ft deep brick cesspools midden privies had only a hole under to collect waste and they were difficult to empty with night soilmen having the job now of collecting waste waste emptied into rivers causing pollution like the great stink of 1858 in the river tempames in London where the temps just blocked up with sewage the flushing toilet more middle and upper class uh class families started to have them they were linked into the sewers and they drained into the rivers where water companies got water to sell to um homes for drinking cooking and washing now flushing toilets meant more volume of sewage meaning sewers could not cope and therefore they overflowed dirty water with sewage led to diseases like cholera now the working class also had a poor diet causing malnutrition and weakened immune systems the basic diets were poor in the industrial revolution with potatoes bread butter beer and tea beer was actually cheaper than tea no little gardens now for growing fruit and vegetables so it's hard to get fruit and vegetables in towns and cities and that contributes to malnutrition workers had no access to land to grow food the diet was high in carbohydrates they needed for that for the long hours of labor until the end of the 19th century there was no government regulation for checking the quality of food so working-class families often ate food which had been mixed with other products this is called adulteration for example chalk was added to bread cheap meat was sometimes available to the poor but the quality of the meat was really bad it sometimes came from diseased animals from the 1860s food could be preserved in cans and that was actually a way of getting more food to people now these are some of the industrial diseases um that could kill people during this time in terms of living conditions so you can read about them in a bit more detail but tuberculosis is a lung disease um and it's thrived and overcrowded and poorly ventilated houses sometimes spread through unpasteurized cows milk too disease attacks the lungs influenza is common typhoid is a disease that spread through food or water contaminated with human waste even the rich weren't immune prince Albert Queen Victoria's husband died of typhoid fever in 1861 typhus is similar to typhoid but spread by bites from body lice again this is common in poor areas where there was overcrowding or where people could not keep clean and then diptheria is spread through coughing and sneezing so when you think about living conditions you want to think about how some of these diseases are very much caused by unhealthy living conditions and it's a good example to have good idea to have some examples of these diseases to link them to poor living conditions okay so cholera is a really nasty disease that spread quickly and affected the poor people the most it was brought to Britain in 1831 by sailors who arrived in British ports from India the symptoms of cola are vomiting stomach cramps and watery yellow diarrhea people become dehydrated their pulse weakens and their skin turns blue victims often died within one to two days water became infected by the excrement of people who carried the disease most towns and cities did not have a proper sewage system now there are cola outbreaks in 1831 1832 1848 1854 and 1865 to 1866 and overall during the industrial revolution it killed around about 100,000 people now at first people believed that there were two main causes of cholera one was my asthma the belief that bad smells cause disease and the other was a religious explanation they still even in the industrial times believed that God caused disease now this is a really interesting cartoon it's called the court of king it's published in Punch magazine in 1852 now in this cartoon you can see lots of features of unhealthy living conditions that allows Kolera to thrive you can see people sharing one room there's a big rubbish heap for example huge amount of people and basically the message of this cartoon is that Kolera is very much in charge and that these people are kind of powerless in the face of it but it's also a really really good one to just emphasize some of the unhealthy living conditions that people are living in during this time period so responses to kolera change through time so as we've seen kolera came to England in 1831 now the kind of beliefs that people had people believed in the myasma theory which said that disease was caused by poison air the church said that cola came from God as punishment for sins but connections began to be made between dirt and disease now Robert Baker was a young surgeon in leads who analyzed cola cases and said it was caused by dirty conditions he produced a map to back up his ideas and the government set up the central board of health to study the disease in other countries such as Russia for example a national day of fasting humiliation and prayer was also set up for the 2nd of March 1832 that's really important evidence because it shows the continuation of religious ideas and the belief in God being the cause of cholera in terms of local responses people burnt tar in the streets to purify the air believing in mythma cleared rubbish from the streets to stop the stench quarantines which stopped poor people entering towns colora hospitals and burials in separate graveyards to stop contamination and health boards were given advice um to monitor the spread of cholera one thing that's really interesting is to think about some continuities in response to the color epidemic of 1831 to 1832 so there's continuity in the belief in bad air causing disease that's seen in both medieval and early modern era continuity in the idea of watchers and searches that they had in early modern time and the idea of isolating people so cola hospitals were similar to the idea of pest houses during the early modern period authorities copied ideas from Scotland France and the Italian citystates about how they tackled the plague and that's similar to in Kolera looking at what was uh being done in place like Russia in the early modern period town corporations printed summaries of plague orders for people to read and that kind of idea was used against um kolera as well and people in medieval times and the early modern period sought help from God through prayer and fasting and the national day of humiliation and fasting is an example of a continuity of that now in the 1840s a man a social reformer a man called Edwin Chadwick produced his very famous sanitary report it contained shocking details of the public health crisis and Chadwick had linked poor health to disease including cholera but crucially Edwin Chadwick still believed in the myasma theory himself but his work um led to the 1848 public health act which set up the general board of health and encouraged local council to set up health boards to clean up towns but there was limited progress because the 1848 public health act did not force change town leaders thought the change would be too expensive local rate payers resented an increase in tax to pay for better public health now another huge event is there was an outbreak of cola in the Soho area of London around Broad Street and this man here Dr jon Snow a young surgeon he proved that cholera was spread by infected water he found evidence that a water pump at Broad Street in London near his surgery was the cause of disease in the area he did this by mapping out the cases and basically in the middle was the pump he also discovered that brewery workers did not get colorous they drank beer and that all the victims have drunk water from the pump including a rich lady who lived a couple of miles away apparently she was sending her servant to get water from the pump because she liked the taste however interestingly many did not believe Snow's ideas and continued to believe in myasma unless a fair attitude continued the General Board of Health was abolished in 1854 many simply did not believe Snow's ideas too many myasma ultras out there to uh for Jon Snow to really make the breakthrough that he should have done so the Great Stink the Great Stink um you can see there um an an image that was put in newspapers about the Great Stink huge concern spread by the media about pollution and dirty conditions in the river temps the smell was so bad that parliament had to close down and it helped persuade parliament to find the funds to uh basically fund Joseph Basiljette's sewer network now by 1866 the ideas of Jon Snow were widely accepted and this is because in 1861 Louis Pastor had proved that germs cause disease there was another cola outbreak in 1866 the far one but the sanitary act of 1866 made local councils responsible for sewers water supply and street cleaning basiljette sewers limited the impact of the 1866 collar epidemic in London and Joseph Basilchett's new London sewage system had opened and that helped transform public health so by the end of this sort of time period um people got a bit more knowledge about cholera and the approach to cholera um is improved basically the way to treat colera is to prevent it and you're going to do that by having clean water and good sewage systems so knowledge about how the disease spread improved through the work of scientists like Jon Snow in Louis pastur um the government is beginning to abandon its less a fair approach and the myasma theory is starting to go being replaced by the germ theory and that made dealing with the causes of diseases like colera much easier as the importance of cleanliness became accepted as a way to prevent disease now the research into how disease spread led to a local and national government focus in providing clean water and good waste management systems such as the replacement of the miden privy uh with what was called a pale privy which was a toilet with a removable bucket that was first done in Rodale for example and then of course the 1875 uh public health act which replaced the 1848 one which we'll look at in a little bit more detail in this video this new law forced councils to take responsibility for cleaning up their towns which included the appointment of health inspectors now there were no further occur ep epidemics after 1866 but it had taken four major epidemics and changes in scientific thought beliefs values and attitudes to bring about a change in the way the government dealt with diseases like cholera okay let's look at public health reform so we kind of go back on a few different things we've already talked about Edwin Chadwick's sanitary report it's actually officially called the sanitary conditions of the laboring population challenged the government to introduce reform to address the appalling poverty many industrial workers lived in he suggested a national public health authority be set up which would force local councils to improve public health it challenges this idea of less a fair which is this idea that's really common in the start of the industrial times to leave things alone government not interfere in things water company bosses also objected to Chadwick's proposals because they thought it might affect their profits and rateayers the taxpayers objected to his proposals because they didn't want to pay more tax but another cola epidemic triggered the 1848 public health act and let's find out a little bit more about it now so the 1848 public health act did bring about some kind of progress the act did create the general board of health the government could force local councils to make public health improvements if the death rate was really high councils were encouraged to have a medical officer who would oversee local health issues and the less a fair approach was challenged um but the government could force um limitations of it government could only force local councils to make improvements if the death rate was higher than 23 per 1,000 so reality many did nothing by 1853 there were only 163 places with the local board of health and the general board of health was actually abolished in 1854 so there was a limited long-term impact london was excluded and there was still no government minister for public health now one really interesting story which is to do with adulteration of food is the story of Hanbug Billy so on the 31st of October 1858 a market store holder known as Humbug Billy had sold some peppermint loengers which he had acquired a pepper a knockdown price and this is in Bradford in Yorkshire now plaster of Paris was often added to the sweet however a mistake had been made by the supply of Hanbug Billy in that deadly arsenic had been added instead of plaster of Paris and we can see here a cartoon that appeared in the newspapers at the time about this so this basically contaminates these sweets and led to the deaths officially of 20 people with 200 being seriously ill and it's likely the toll was even higher humbug Billy himself was paralyzed due to eating his own sweets now this story got lots of media coverage the media is quite a factor for change actually during the industrial revolution and it led to more laws to tackle the adulteration of food which is a big public health um reform as well but also this is quite an interesting story to think about the idea of adulteration of food and when you're thinking about living conditions as well we already know that chalk was added to bread but plaster of Paris added to sweets um but you definitely don't want arsenic added to uh your humugs that's definitely not going to be good for you so this leads to the adulteration of food activating 60 now there were no laws before this to protect people from eating unhealthy food for example bread was often made with a combination of flour substitutes like alim potassium sulfate or chalk which is going to be easier to remember um lots of progress here it's the first law to prevent the contamination of food it provided for the appointment of a food analyst and is another way of eroding the idea of less a fair but only seven analysts were ever appointed there were no compulsory inspections of food and the act was often um ignored um soon revised in 1872 and eventually replaced by the 1875 sailor food and drugs act which was a better law now Joseph Basiljette brought in a new London sewage system london sewers flowed into the central part of the river tempames and that led to the great stink of 1858 and people believed in the myasma theory so 1,300 mi of sewers were created in London low-level sewers were built behind embankments man-made banks to take waste to a treatment plant which is still there in London and the spread of waterbornne disease was prevented h it was really good as well like when there was a color outbreak in 1866 not many people got it in London because of the better sewage systems and there's no real limitations to it it's just a great idea so well done Joseph Basilchair absolutely great idea now the the in terms of those sewage systems I think this picture of the Cross Nest pumping station which opened in 1865 shows that sense of civic pride in Victorian times many of their engineering solutions were built with great pride and I think that just shows you the sort of power and innovation of the Victorian engineering in this sort of like late 19th century time period okay the sanitary act is brought in 1866 we've already referred to it so a cola outbreak and the need to make local authorities responsible for public health led this development it forced local authorities to take action to provide fresh water and sewage and waste disposal all houses had to be connected to a main sewer it defined overcrowding and if local authorities did not carry out the work they were built by central government who did it for them so there's another blow to less afair the act though was badly worded and was slow to be put into operation so we're just going to look at the sale of food and drugs act now 1875 so there were basic food quality problems which needed solving harsh punishments are needed for those who continue to break the law so in terms of progress it improved the quality of basic foods and it introduced harsh sanctions for food adulteration local authorities were given the power to seize unhealthy food now the most crucial public health uh reform during this time is definitely the public health act of 1875 now he replaced the 1848 act and the 1867 reform act meant that working-class men were now voters so their views had to be listened to in terms of progress it forced local councils to clean up towns provide clean water and proper drains and sewers a medical officer had to be appointed by local councils and sanitary inspectors had to be appointed it led to huge improvements in public health but there were still problems of poverty and slum housing in the years afterwards now why is the 1875 public health act a turning point in people's health well big cities like Birmingham were quick to make huge changes to public health places like London had benefited from Joseph Basiljette's newest sewage system and it was the first in a series of new laws to improve public health so for example the artisans dwelling act allowed councils to clear slums and build better homes for working families the sale of food and drugs act madden the use of harmful substances and food such as chalk and flour laws against pollution of rivers were introduced and eing forest and London became a protected open space for people to enjoy so we start to get lots of parks however by 1900 there were still poor living conditions for poor people in 1900 life expectancy was still below 50 and 165 infants out of every 1,000 still died before their first birthday some local authorities were slow to bring about change dr bruce Law reported on the River Rhonda in River and described how it's full of pollution and disgusting uh things that you can read about in a bit more detail there if you like okay in 1891 there was slum clearance in Spittlefields um which is an area of London there was a need to clear out the overcrowded unhealthy SW slum dwellings newly established London County Council ordered the clearance of the overcrowded old nickel slum and new modern three-bedroom tenementss were built but the remain slum areas in many other parts of the country another great change locally is the opening of the Thelmir Dam in Manchester cities like Manchester found providing fresh water really difficult development in engineering helped projects like this to happen to provide clean water to big industrial cities so in terms of progress fresh water was carried from a new reservoir in the Lake District to Manchester hugely successful engineering feat of a system of tunnels and it encouraged other towns and cities to have similar schemes it helped to ensure a big city like Manchester had enough clean water but a limitation was it took 15 years to be built from approval to completion okay another local initiative was the women's cooperative guild the women's cooperative guild held its first meeting at Hebdon Bridge in 1883 and it began to campaign to improve both the political and legal status of women it fought for improved maternity services free school meals better housing and clean water and it showed that women were a powerful force in the campaign for better health progress was that showed that women were a powerful force in campaigning for change examples of ordinary working people campaigning for changes and it raised awareness of important improvements required and Margaret Llewellyn Davis was the gener general secretary of it from 1889 to 1921 however the government did not fully embrace ideas such as better maternity services or free school mills until after 1900 and the liberal welfare reforms of the early 1900s okay another um example is civic pride and new housing in local areas so local authority housing in the 19th century provided people with improved housing the Manchester Corporation began to demolish slums in 1885 victoria Square was built in Ankot one of Manchester's worst slum districts in 1894 it had uh laundry turrets and refuge shoots on each floor each pair of accommodation had its own sink and a privy but it was only a start but it showed the new type of housing that could be better and some slums had begun to be demolished the limitation is that some slums still existed and would into the 20th century and the poverty reports of the early 1900s Booth Roundtree people like that would still show that there were great issues suns slums were not actually fully demolished until the 1930s there's a picture there of Victoria Square in Anchot today so guys I hope you enjoyed that revision video and you learned lots from it and thanks very much for listening and good luck in those exams goodbye