okay in this video we're going to talk about those factors that contribute to skin color and there are three major pigments that contribute to skin color the first being Melman remember melanin is actually made by the melanocytes of your epidermis and the way that it's incorporated into your keratinocytes is that melanin is packaged into melanosomes which are incorporated into keratinocytes in the cytoplasm to help shield their DNA and sun exposure helps to steal it melanin production as well now there are two forms of melanin we have reddish yellow and brownish black melanin and all humans have the same number of keratinocytes so the color differences are actually due to the amount in form of melanin that's produced now freckles and pigments and moles are considered local accumulations of melanin this is why these areas of skin can look darker now the second major pigment is carotene this is a yellow to orange pigment and it's most obvious in palms and soles it actually accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermis and it can be converted to vitamin A to help out with your visual system and epidermal health and if you know beta-carotene is vitamin A so if you have a lot of beta-carotene your diet you can make your skin more yellow to orange and then hemoglobin is the third major pigment here and it's actually kind of a pinkish hue and adds due to lower low levels of melanin which which allow you to see sort of this pinkish hue of hemoglobin so you find that the skin of Caucasians is more transparent so this color of hemoglobin shows through more readily and you'd find then that you know hemoglobin is kind of pinkish or reddish now I there are different terms we use to describe alterations in skin color you know cyanosis is a bluing of skin this typically is due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin so instead of looking reddish skin kind of take on a bluish appearance your Thema is a redness of skin this is actually due to an increase in blood flow into the skin so you find that this is caused by things like fever hypertension inflammation and allergy power is of blanching or pale color of skin this is caused by a diversion of blood flow away from skin and you'd find this also during an Immie a low blood pressure fear anger responses and then jaundice is just a yellowing of skin that can be associated with liver disorders but essentially jaundice is uh you know accumulation of bilirubin and which is essentially a yellowish pigment molecule which is associated with hemoglobin now bronzing is actually due to inadequate steroid hormones an example this is Addison's disease where due to low cortisol levels you'd find that there's a bronzing of the skin of the face and then bruises are essentially just you know black and blue marks that are essentially blood clots beneath the skin surface or hematomas and these are visible through the skin method we call it bruise