Systems Theory: Understanding Systems in Context

Introduction

• Transitioning from internal workings of systems to models for understanding systems within broader environments.

System’s Boundary

• Definition: Demarcates limits of a system's internal components and processes.
• Integrity and Autonomy:
  • Internal components work together, providing autonomy.
  • Example: A tree where leaves, trunk, and bark integrate to function independently from other trees.
  • Nation-state boundaries: Defined if public functions are integrated and autonomous, but cultural differences can affect integrity and autonomy.

Abstract vs Physical Boundaries

• Boundaries may have physical dimensions but are often defined in terms of integrity and autonomy.
• Understanding boundaries in abstract terms is essential for generality in systems theory.

Open vs Closed Systems

• Open Systems:
  • Interface with environment through inputs and outputs.
  • Have permeable boundaries (e.g., hospitals, which take in new patients, hire personnel, etc.).
• Closed Systems:
  • Resist new inputs, more defined by static boundaries.
  • Risk becoming unnecessary if they do not adapt (e.g., a boat designed not to take on water).
• Isolated Systems:
  • Do not interact with surroundings (e.g., the universe as a hypothetical isolated system).

System’s Environment

• Definition: Sum total of systems and input/output resources a system interacts with.
• Relative to system's function:
  • Biological systems: Natural environment.
  • Business systems: Market environment.
  • Political systems: International political environment.

Conclusion

• Systems operate within environments that provide inputs and consume outputs.
• Next discussion: Relations between elements and systems.