hi it's Mr Anderson and in this podcast I'm going to talk about the animals we're going to talk about kingdom Animalia and all of these things are animals sometimes we refer to them as just uh if we say animals we're talking about vertebrates but uh this little water bear and insects and all these things are going to be animals and you are an animal as well if we look at the philogyny of animals these are ukar so we're looking at things that have a nucleus and organ Els we're going to be right here metazoa is the group that we're in uh who are some things that you might even know around us fungi are going to be relatively close or the amibas are going to be relatively close but we're pretty distant from green plants if we look more detailed at the metazoa uh basically this is our philogenetic tree um it goes all the way from things like jellyfish uh down here up to spiders here and so we have a lot of different types of animals um but we don't have to learn all of those in other words in my class we're going to learn these invertebrates and we're going to learn these vertebrates so these are going to be things that have a spinal cord and these are things that don't and we'll get to those in just a second and how they're classified but before we get to that let's talk about some of the characteristics of animals well we already said that they're eukaryotic so they have a nuclei um all of these are going to be multicellular and they're modal in other words they move around or they have stages in their life when they're going to move um the opposite of modal is cile s SS i l e and so all of these are going to be movable and then they're heterotrophs in other words they have to eat their food and so there's a lot of things I just said so basically what are animals they're multicellular movable heterotrophs and if you can think of that then you're pretty good on definition for animals um they don't have a cell wall and in general they'll go through a blastula at some point in their development um but we've got a lot of things that fill that roll so this would be a flat worm and an insect and some things that you don't even think of so sponges for example are going to be uh animals as well so when did the animals show up well they showed up 530 million years ago during a time that we call the Cambrian explosion and the reason we call it an explosion is if we look in the Rock layers in Canada like in the Burgess Shale if we look in China or or Greenland what we find is at this one level we see this explosion of all these different types of animals they see segmentation and then they just take off this would be an example of one of those organisms from the Cambrian explosion in this primitive Sea and the cool thing about the Cambrian explosion is all the organisms we have today can trace their ancestry right back to this one point and so it shows uh it's the animal group is monoptic so basically I'm going to walk you through how we classify the invertebrates these are things that don't have a vertebral column or don't have a spinal cord is the best way to think about it and so the first thing that we do is we separate into those who have just a bag of tissues and those that have true tissues and so those that have a bag of tissues are what are called sponges so sponges are just an amalgam of a bunch of different uh cells um I've heard that you can actually pass a net through a sponge and it'll actually form on the other side and so we group that as our first uh classification group Next way we divide them is based on their symmetry symmetry is basically um how you look right to left or front to back and so the two different types we have are what are called radial symmetry so this would be an organism that no matter matter which way you cut it they're going to have radial symmetry now we don't show that in us we're going to show what's called bilateral symmetry and that basically means that you can't just cut us either which way there's going to be a clear right side and a left side and so this would be an organism that shows bilateral and this is radial symmetry example of things that show radial symmetry would be the narian and so these are going to be things like jellyfish and also the cemone it's a basically a jellyfish is like this and an enemity is like that um next the way we group them is whether or not they're protostomes or deuterosome so basically how does life form you have a zygote that zygote is undergoing cleavage and it's eventually remember going to form a blastula that blastula is simply a sphere of cells and that eventually is going to fold in on one side and it's going to form a gastrula and so basically that gasta is going to fold in on itself like that that's called gastrulation and so that hole that initial hole can form a mouth and it forms a mouth then you are a protone or it could form an anus and if that first hole forms an anus then you are a dorone so sadly we are deuterosomes that means this hole formed an anus and that's where we are um the other only uh deuterostomes are going to be the ainm things like this SE Star right here if we break down the protoo protostomes are going to be broken into two groups the AC lates and the C lates so basically when you get this folding in where you have a endoderm on the inside mesoderm and then ectoderm on the outside sometimes we'll get a little seum or a gap inside there are a space those that don't have that are called the aam mates an example would be flat worms like a plenaria and then those that have Cates are broken in further down into what are called pseudo seamates those that have a seum but it's not really surround by uh mesoderm and then the other one so the other big groups are going to be um the anelids which are going to be the segmented worms like the leeches the arthropods those are going to be the segments as well those are going to be things like insects um and crustations and then finally we have this group which are going to be the mollusks and so if I were to classify humans where are we we're going to Branch off this and we're going to go to the next page which is going to be the chordates but these are the invertebrates that you should know from sponges which is going to be these they live in the the ocean basically they're going to take in seawater and they're going to grab material out of it the narian a lot of these are predatory the flat worms like the um the plener is an example of that but we also have these really gorgeous uh flat worms that are going to be found in the ocean MKS are going to be things that have a foot and so those are going to be things that uh for example would be this this clam right here but it's also going to be things like uh snail and it even goes all the way up to squid and octopus are going to be part of the mollusks we then have the anelids which are going to be the segmented worms the arthropods again like I mentioned are the insects the spiders would be found in here the nematodes are going to be the round worms and then the ainad derms which are going to be the uh sea stars we'd also put Sea Urchins in here as well so those are the big groups of invertebrates if we talk about the vertebrates well the vertebrates the big ones you should know if we go all the way here would be some things that you're not familiar with like the lancelets uh down to the Lampe the cartilage fish uh conri these are going to things like sharks skates Rays we then have the bony fish the L finin Fish which we thought most of them were extinct until we found the seant the amphibians the reptiles the mammals we put things like dinosaurs and birds in this group right here but they're going to be defining character characteristics of each of these in other words what separates a lancelet from everything else well they actually have a head as we move down here if we go to the cartilage fish um they're going to have a jaw but the lampre is going to be a jawless fish so they don't have that we're going to get to lungs or lung derivative or things that come from that and so these are characteristics that are found all the way down so what separates mammals from reptiles is the ability to produce milk now these are simply derived characteristics are found in this group remember this isn't how we classify life anymore the way we classify life is generally using DNA and we're figuring out who's relating to whom based on that um analyzing DNA figuring out similarities and then basing it that way but this is the group of vertebrates that you should be familiar with there's way more than this but it's a great start that's animals and I hope that's helpful