Nomadic Peoples: Decline of the Mongols, Rise of the Ottomans
AIMS: 1. Describe the fall of the Mongols 2. What led to the rise of the Ottomans?
The Mongols and Eurasian Integration
* brought tremendous destruction to Eurasia yet sponsored interaction among peoples of different societies, linking Eurasian lands more directly than ever before.
* Mongol rulers positively encouraged travel and communication over long distances.
* maintained a that rapidly relayed news, information, and government orders.
* with fresh horses and riders
* facilitated trade, diplomatic travel, missionary efforts, and movements of peoples to new lands.
The Mongols
Trade
dependent on commerce with settled agricultural societies → Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure the safety of merchants passing through their territories.
* * China and western Europe =
Diplomatic Missions
* = essential to the Mongols
* Mongol benefited ambassadors and merchants
* Use of by great khans in China, the ilkhans in Persia, and to maintain communication; with other rulers; crossing Eurasia- European and Mongolian alike
Missionary Efforts
* Led to spread of across Eurasia
Resettlement
* (resettling peoples in new lands)
* Mongols needed the services of specialized crafts workers and literate administrators - recruited from allies and conquered peoples
* Ex: Mongolian allies = Uighur Turks = literate and often highly educated; provided administrators and soldiers
* Conquered peoples - surveyed and sent to the capital at Karakorum or some other place where there was demand for their services.
* → increasing communication and exchange between different peoples
Mongolian Decline
Mongols in Persia: Collapse of the Ilkhanate
After Kublai Khan, the Mongols encountered serious difficulties governing in Persia
* :
* excessive spending strained the treasury → debt
* Failure to pay debt → commerce halting
* within Mongol leadership
* 1355: Ilkhanate collapsed
Mongols in China: Decline of the Yuan Dynasty
* * Use of paper money not backed by gold → population lost confidence in currency
* struggles:
* : emerged out of southwestern China in 1330s
* subject population → 1368: Chinese rebels captured Khanbaliq and drove Mongols out of China
Checkpoint: What led to the decline of the Mongols?
Disease, civil war, struggle, financial struggle, political struggles, power conflict,
Surviving Mongol Khanates
Despite the collapse of the Mongol regimes in Persia and China, .
* khanate of Chagatai continued to prevail in central Asia
* the khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia/Caucasus Region
* Mongols continued to threaten China and Russia
________________
AFTER THE MONGOLS
→ Turkish peoples resumed the expansive campaigns that the Mongols had interrupted.
1300s-1400s: Turkish-Mongol conqueror built a central Asian empire that deeply influenced three surviving Turkish Muslim states—the Mughal empire in India, the Safavid empire in Persia, and the Ottoman empire based in Anatolia
The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
Osman
After the Mongol conquest of Persia → Turks migrated from central Asia to the regions within Anatolia that the Seljuq Turks had seized from the Byzantine empire.
Followed charismatic leaders who organized further campaigns of conquest -
1299: Osman and launched a at the expense of the Byzantine empire.
* Successes → more followers who came to be known as
Ottoman Conquests
By the 1380s the Ottomans had become by far the most powerful people on the Balkan peninsula, and by the end of the century they were poised to capture Constantinople and take over the Byzantine empire.
The Capture of Constantinople
: captured the city of Constantinople →
**marked the end of more than a thousand years of Byzantine rule - end of the Roman Empire and indicated the rise of the Ottoman Empire**
EXIT TICKET: What led to the rise of the Ottomans?
Conquests that they had and and the declaration of independence from the seljuq sultan