good afternoon and welcome to Carolinas pig dissection I am Angela white and I will be your facilitator for today's webinar I'm also a teaching partner with Carolina biological but before we go any further I want to introduce to you all to participants who will also engage in dissection with us today I have Sarah and I also have Danny so they will be dissecting along with me today I hope that you all are excited and geared up for a wonderful dissection experience I want to share with you just a couple of goals for today's webinar and hopefully we will have accomplished those goals by the time we reach the end so one of the goals of today's webinar is to really help you all to become more comfortable with using pigs in your classroom to address some of the next generation science standards additionally we're seeking to really introduce you to mammalian anatomy and then we want to help you see how this dissection experience is really aligned with the next generation science standards so with that I do want to share with you all today that three science standards will actually be addressed and whether or not you all have adopted these science standards you're still going to have some standards that somewhat aligned with each of them so with that the first one that we will definitely hit very hard today will be disciplinary core concepts in that we will heavily address structure and function and that's really a prevalent theme within biology the realm of biology I'm always telling my students that if you understand the structure of something then you can really have a good solid understanding of its function you can't separate the two from each other additionally you'll see that cross-cutting concepts will also be addressed again here we see structure and function come in as well as systems and systems modeling and then science and engineering will also come into this so throughout this experience your students should really be asking questions you should also engage that Socratic method with your students as well and asking them questions as well developing and using models as well as constructing explanations so why are these two structures connected to one another and how is that helping the piaac to remain healthy and maintain that balance or homeostasis overall and then you can have your students to engage in various types of conversations again hitting this concept very hard in that they start to communicate explanations so even throughout the webinar I may ask Sara a question I may ask Danny a question simply to model what you all should really simulate within your classroom so before we get started I want to make sure that everyone is really comfortable with some of the anatomical terms that we'll use very heavily today and what you'll notice is that they'll be maybe a couple of differences between what you all will use as it relates to the human anatomy so when I was younger and please don't ask me why I really used to enjoy the movie Jaws and all I knew is that once the music started that dorsal fin was going to come from out of that water and everyone knew that jaws was quickly approaching so in that the back side of your pick we were referenced as the dorsal side hence the dorsal fin that we would see additionally you want to also consider the ventral side to be the belly side so just as we have a belly pigs will have a belly side as well but we're going to reference that as being the ventral side so I'll use these terms throughout our webinar today additionally we see that there's going to be an anterior portion and a posterior portion I'm going to point all of these anatomical terms out on the piaac but I just want to simply introduce you to them first anterior is going to be towards the PX hey it whereas posterior will be towards the PX tail so let's take a moment to review again here on the back side of your piak we have the door so region and as we move to the belly side of your piak that's gonna be the ventral region Danny and Sarah you are also following along with me today this region here we will reference as the anterior region so that's going to be towards the head as we move towards the head I will say anterior and then as we start to move towards the tail of your piak we will reference this as posterior before we really leap a little bit deeper into our external anatomy I want to make sure that we really gear up for this experience if you're looking at me today I have my hair down and this wouldn't be appropriate really for engaging in an experience like this so we want to make sure that we have all of our personal protective equipment I see Sarah reaching for her goggles or her eyewear and so the first thing that I will do is pull my hair back so anytime that I'm bending over the peak my hair is not going to get in a way or interrupt that I have glasses on Sarah and Danny actually have on their eye where they have goggles and so you can have your students to really do the same additionally you see that I'm wearing my lab coat you may have an apron on just like what Danny and Sarah have on the next thing that we'll end up doing and I see that Danny and Sarah are already prepared but we want to make sure that we put our gloves on okay so usually my students kind of cringe because they assume that they're going to be these horrendous odors that are released from whatever specimen they're working with especially when we initially take them out of the bag but I want to really address a couple of things with carolina's perfect solution number one with carolina's perfect solution is really say it's non-toxic so students really don't have to be concerned about that issue additionally there's not going to be any harmful gas and all four it's not going to release these very toxic fumes into the atmosphere if I were in my lab we might have a vent or hood over us just to draw up some of the fumes that might be released but in this case you see that I don't even really need that so ventilation isn't really going to be necessary something that I really appreciate and you'll see this as we get into our peer dissection today is that carolina's perfect solution very well preserves each of the internal structures of the pig the tissue and the organs will look very lifelike so that's something that I appreciate about those organisms that are preserved using Carolina's perfect solution so let's see what we have in front of us you'll need a couple of dissecting tools so I have a pair of scissors here Sarah and Danny they also have their scissors additionally I have a blunt probe and we also have a scalpel so if you have one of Carolina's kits and it's brand new be very careful because the scalpel is going to be very sharp and I would encourage you to really share the same thing with your students as well they're already going to be excited about really this experience so you want to make sure that you really go ahead and caution them to be very safe as they're using these tools so as we have prepped our pick ahead of time there are a couple of things that you want to make sure that you do to ensure that it's not very messy on the back end definitely for a sake of time you really may not have a whole lot of time for cleanup so what you'll notice on my bench I have this blue absorbent pad underneath the pan that my pig is in Dani and Sarah also have the same type of setup and then what you'll notice is that I have placed my pick in the pan before I did that I made it a nice little blanket that it's going to lay on using the blue absorbent pad if you don't have blue absorbent pad then feel free to use paper towels you simply want to have something in place that's going to really draw up the fluid that's being released as you begin to cut into your piak so with that again place the blue absorbent pad if you have it so that the white side the cotton side is up facing up towards you okay so now we'll start to evaluate the external anatomy of our PA as we move into the anterior portion of the piaac you move into that nose area we've heard px kind of snore it right so if we look in this nasal area you'll see Nerys which are just essentially the nostrils of your pig you can take the probe and just kind of stick it in there if you desire but that's gonna be the Nerys those openings or the nostrils so your students would identify this as being openings that would allow for air to pass into the piaac as you move beneath the nose you'll see that the tongue is kind of protruding and on there you kind of see these bumps Denny and Sarah do you all see kind of these bumpy regions so this would be sensory papilla that would allow your pia to really detect what they're eating and if it's like sweet sour and things along that line additionally if you'll notice all over your px body you should see hair which is a typical mammalian feature and we see that pigs actually have this here so you can start to make comparisons with your students regarding what they see on their body as a human and what we see on the PX body we see the eyes here and if you kind of open the eye up just gently play peekaboo for a little bit you'll see a fan film and that's just a little nictitating membrane that allows them to really kind of combat any type of debris or things like that but they might come into contact with now let's start to move a little bit more posteriorly but still in this anterior region notice here we have these articles these would be referred to as the pinna and these are just the ears of your piak and so we can begin to look in there and see that they're open just like what we would see on ourselves so let's continue to move along the body of our pig and we see the four limbs here and one thing that we'll notice with the four limbs or the four legs of our piak is that they will have elbows do you all see this elbow joint here and they also have a wrist just like we do we have an elbow and we have our wrist so we see the same thing here with our pH as we turn our pig over or actually let me not jump ahead just because I'm in that area so let's move to the hind legs and we'll also see here that the pig will have knees and also ankles just like what we have as well and they have feet so these are some things in terms of similarities that we would see between our own human anatomy and what we see on our pigs so now let's turn our Pig so that they are now ventral side up again that's belly side facing you and what you'll start to see are these teeth or nipples and initially your students might flip their Pig over and they'll say oh I have a female Pig just simply because they see the nipples there but one thing that will notice as we evaluate the external anatomy of the male which is what I have and the female is that P X whether male or female will have these structures just like human males have nipples just like females just slightly different so we the teats there in females these would really transition into the mammary glands and allow for milk production and milk to be provided to the young we also see the umbilical cord here and now we want to move into really sexing or determining the sex of our PA now I want to show you just a couple of ways to identify a male pic if you come here just below the umbilical cord on my pic you will see an opening and this is the urogenital opening this is actually going to be in this very belly ventral region of a male peak however we'll see this opening in the posterior the anal region on the female peak as we continue to move posteriorly on our male Pig we'll start to see this bulge and I see that Dany has the bulge over there and so with that we will classify or identify our male Pig as being a male and then we just have a single opening here at this posterior region just in front of the tail or beneath the tail and that's going to be the anus of the piaac so now we'll take a look at Sarah's piak and we'll start to see some differences here with Sarah's pH as we move into this anus area what you'll notice is that there are two openings on this peak this is the anus but this is the urogenital opening in the mail we saw that right there in that belly region in the female we actually see it here and notice this kind of fleshy flap of skin that's the genital papilla which we'll see in the females now just a common mistake of students just overall students will just assume that because they see that protrusion they are in that posterior region that they have a male piak when in fact they actually have a female so that genital papilla is just going to be reflective or indicative of a female PA so what I'm gonna do Sarah is just kind of go back and forth with you a little bit today since you have a female PA and I have a male pick once we get into the reproductive system awesome so now what we want to do is just take a moment to strap our piak down and you can either do this using rubber bands like what I have in front of me or you can do it using string so I want to demonstrate to you how you would actually use rubber bands to strap your piak down so what you'll do is take one rubber band and just kind of hang it or dangle it over the other and just open that up a little bit then the next thing that you're going to do is kind of a loop the type of thing where you take one inside of the other loop that the one that was dangling you want to gently pull on that and that will start to create more of this hourglass type of structure for you or an X so that's one we'll need to do one more so again just kind of dangle one over the other looking good over there Danny and we will pull and draw good job Sara and we have our X here all right so now what I want to do is actually start with the hind limbs what we'll do is take one of those rubber band loops wrap it around the ankle of our pick and do that twice just for this one so get it just behind that ankle and then what you're going to do from there it's just take the rubber band up underneath your pan you might need a little bit of slack to do that because we want to get our piak nice and wide open so we should get it spread apart and place the other one just behind the ankle again and it should not pop off so I'm just going to position that so that you can see it pretty well okay so now we want to do the same thing just behind the wrist of the forelimb or the front leg let's do the same thing take it under we'll kick this up a notch once we get our pH strap down really well so that we can get into the main event and just take that again and loop it just behind the wrist so a couple of things while you all are still strapping your pigs down in terms of classroom management you can really divide your days up essentially you can spend the whole class period just dealing with the abdominal cavity of your P egg and then you would kind of assign students who might be responsible for cutting in on that day the next class period you resume and you can move into the thoracic cavity so that's just kind of a way to really manage your class you also want to make sure that you have some things out to help your students self got through this experience because it's only one of you and I tell my students that I really can't clone myself so in that you want to provide them with some things that will allow them to navigate their way through this on their own so there's some great dissection mats that Carolina has available that you can use as well so now we have the ventral side up and we want to start to cut so you should have a figure in front of you at this point I believe is figure number six we'll start out by using our scalpel and what I'm gonna do is feel in this airline area so you might hear me say medial which is gonna reference the midline of your pick and you might hear me say lateral which is going to be towards the sides so we might make a medial or a midline incision or we might move laterally towards the size of your piak so with that you should start to feel this heart bone right here in the middle and we're not going to go all the way to the base we won't go all the way to the base we're going to start our incision round about here and you want to initially make more of a superficial incision you don't want to go too deep in this area and then we'll start to come down and we'll just kind of branch around the teams and we'll make a parallel cut here and that can be a little bit deeper because it's going to be more muscle in that area come back up here just above the umbilical cord and loop around and then another parallel incision there so now we'll go ahead and just kind of put our scalpel down at this point and we can use our scissors you want to do it where is more of the blunt area and if we start to lift up the umbilical cord just pull up on the umbilical cord that'll raise things so that you don't cut too deep but you know exactly how deep to go we just don't want to go too deep because there are some organs under there of the digestive system that we want to make sure we're able to take a good look at so you want to cut through the muscle and again just pull up here and I'm just going to continue this midline cut and what you'll end up doing after this we'll do more of the lateral incision so with your lateral come on up here into this rib area because we want to go just above the liver of our pick so we'll cut across laterally here and come down here to wards this hip area and cut across here and you want to do the same thing just going to rotate my Pig a little bit make a lateral incision here and the thing that you don't want to kind of be concerned about you will cut through the rib cage just slightly and it's got its okay that'll be very easy because they're fetal pigs is still more cartilaginous so we'll just come across and I'll just kind of speed this up so that we can get into the nitty-gritty okay so you should be able to now lift up some more and we'll end up folding this flat back Sarah and Danny how are you all doing over there so I just have a lot of muscle here that we're cutting through right and I just cut through a little bit of the rib cage I see some membrane here and it might push out a little bit so you might want to have just some paper towels on standby awesome so now we're in there I can see my liver will cut around here you should now start to see a little vein this vein right here is the umbilical vein you can see the umbilicus here so what you want to do is go ahead and snip that finish cutting back around here and we'll just reflect this back and we'll just continue up through here and I'm gonna make my lateral cut just underneath the rib cage which is fine to cut that back just kind of be careful because the heart is going to be in that area so this will help us in just a few minutes and I have the diaphragm just here I'm going to snip that a little bit and take my scalpel to finish separating and we'll just cut that back just a little bit more and we'll do the same thing here you should be able to use your scalpel to cut through again that's very cartilaginous so it hasn't quite ossified at this point and we now see our liver Danny and Sarah you are good over there excellent excellent so we want to make sure that we preserve this scan flap we'll talk more about why that's important in just a moment I'm just going to clean this out a little bit and then we'll start to get into the digestive system so we want to start with the digestive system and then from there we'll continue to make our way so we'll move into the digestive organs if you look here we actually see the largest organ in the body which is going to be the liver and we'll notice that the liver has multiple lobes to it but then when we look on the underside of the liver there's going to be a structure that is embedded within this right lobe of the liver and that's actually the gallbladder okay so even when we start to think about the overall structure of the liver and its function the liver is going to be responsible for producing bile which is a solution that helps to really emulsify or break down fat but when the bowel is not needed it's actually going to be stored in this structure which is the gall bladder additionally I love to inform my students just in terms of how the liver also helps to regulate our blood sugar level in that when we have an excess amount of glucose within our blood stream the liver is also going to be responsible with store and glucose in the form of a complex polysaccharide known as glycogen so when we're not really using the glucose is gonna be really stored here in the liver underneath underneath we'll see the stomach which is like this balloon site structure I see Danny nodding his head there just along the outside of the stomach we see the spleen and the spleen is going to be critical in helping our immune system to function properly as we move along we'll start to see the small intestines and I just don't know where you're from but down here in North Carolina we say intestines a friend of mine in Michigan I won't say her name she says intestines so the next thing that we want to start to look at or look for and I'll just kind of move out of the way here is going to be more of a grainy type structure this grainy structure is going to be a gland the gland that we're actually looking for is the pancreas so the pancreas is also responsible for regulating our blood sugar level anytime that you are looking for glands this same friend also informs her students that it looks like chewed up juicy fruit so you want to look for this gum chewing gum that's kind of embedded within the mesentery or some might reference it as being more like cottage cheese or something along that line so we actually see this embedded here Danny are you okay there dr. white can you help me locate the pancreas absolutely so we want to look just but no below the stomach do you see right here Danny this chewing gum or cottage cheese tight structure I do I do that's the pancreas okay and so the pancreas also secretes pancreatic enzymes so as you continue along you shouldn't start to run into the large intestines if it starts to get a little juicy feel free to kind of tilt your pan a little bit so we start to run down into more of our large intestines here and as we wrap down we start to get into the rectum so let's go ahead and proceed as you move a little bit more anterior just above the liver you will notice that there's kind of this muscle that lies over top of it and that's going to be the diaphragm what we want to do at this point is disconnect the liver using our scissors go ahead and take that blunt end of your scissors and you should see an area that you can lift up there and just kind of snip it go ahead and disconnect and you have to go back towards the body wall we're going to take out this whole digestive block at this point we can start to see some of the esophagus as well so I'm going to just separate and snip here and continue to snip going back towards the body wall cutting through all of the diaphragm once you get that separated really nicely from the diaphragm we should be able to then start to pull this organ block back as you pull you may have to snip along the way be careful as you're snipping to not cut the underlying kidneys so we just continue to snip snip snip just along that body wall and we're pulling as we're snipping pull and snip I think that could probably be a dance or something along that line you should also see just some membrane as well so you may have to cut through this serous membrane and I'm already down here at the bottom so what I'm going to do is just kind of transect the cross just cut across the rectum and remove that whole organ block at this point if you want your students to begin to trace the digestive process through the entire digestive system you can have them do that you can ask questions or have them to ask questions to one another and I'm going to just kind of soak up this fluid in here and we'll start to move on to the urogenital system so we'll just kind of put that off to the side I'm not quite a kidney bean fan and I'm just going to cut this back just a little bit to move it out of my way but here you can start to see these being like structures and we want to just remove the overlying membrane from them just slightly on top of them you can start to see the adrenal gland these are the kidneys for your pH so go ahead and use your probe to just remove a lot of that membrane to expose the kidneys again just kind of depending on where you're from you should start to see these tubes coming out from these kidney beans now I usually will refer to them as the you reader some say ureters tomato tomahto whatever you prefer but we have the ureters or the you readers here and this is going to run down and this ureter will run down into the bladder which is going to be in this flap of skin that we have here so we have these structures of the urogenital system and something that your students can also do is take the kidneys out and dissect them and that will allow them to see the different regions of the kidneys so now what I want to do is move into the reproductive organs so that we can then move into the thoracic cavity for the sake of time we have pre dissected some male pigs and I'm just gonna pull one over so that we can really move up into the neck area so just deep underneath we have the penis here so this has been really removed out it would essentially be deep and underneath additionally as we move inward into this abdominal cavity here's the penis and as we move in you'll see these small bean light structures just depending on whether or not the testes have descended you'll see them potentially located right here okay so these are the testes and then we have the penis exposed here but again if your students are really having a hard time have them feel this skin flap area it would be within it and once they feel a heart tube they'll know to start probing to expose that so again Sarah actually has a female pH and what we'll do is go over to Sarah and have Sarah to show us the female reproductive structure so Sarah what are you identifying here okay so Sarah is showing us the oviducts and Sarah will you also show us the ovaries so beam link structures Sarah calls them little beam light structures then this here little bean sprouts so we have this here so we have this uterine horn and we have these little bean like structures at the tip of them and that's actually going to be the ovaries of our female so now we have to get moving on up into this thoracic cavity and into the neck area okay so we'll skip the neck and we'll move into the thoracic cavity I am still going to make this midline incision here be very gentle in this neck area again if you are planning to look at the neck just simply because we don't want to cut into any of the underlying tissue this there okay awesome my pig is talking to me telling me that I'm not treating it too bad so I'm just going to make a cut there and what I want to start to do is just kind of probe here just a little bit so I can see how deep I'm able to go all right so now what you want to do is be very careful take the blunt end of your scissors and just get up underneath the rib cage and start to snip again this is cartilage so you should be able to snip through there fairly easily I hear the sound of it so that sounds pretty good it's not too difficult and that's opening up very nicely for us and we'll cut through so you should see the pericardium peri mean and surrounding kardi is referring to the heart so we start to open this up a little bit you can crack it back just gently so a few things that we'll go ahead and identify here and if I have a little bit of time I do want to go back up into the neck area so when we go into this thoracic cavity we will of course see that the ribs are protecting a very important set of organs that are part of our respiratory system so here we have all of these lobes of the lungs so here the lungs underneath that again you can see the diaphragm attached there now when we look here we have the heart and if you look here just kind of lying on top of the heart we see the thymus and the thymus will actually run up along each side of the trachea as well or the layer necks so we have that line on top and that's beautiful so now let's come down to the heart again this is pericardium that I'm just kind of reflecting back at this point so that we can see the oracles or the ears of the heart so if you push down a little bit you'll see these two ears these are the auricles externally but underneath there would be the two atria of the heart so those would be the internal chambers you'll see kind of an outline running across the heart or diagonal across the heart so here is going to be a ventricle and also here would be the ventricle so we have the left ventricle and the right ventricle the left atrium right atrium left and right oracles so I think we have just a little bit of time for me to get up into the neck so I want to just again cut very gently because I don't want to leave this out today so if you all will bear with me let's just use our probe start to expose this Sara and Danny you all okay over there excellent so what you'll start to see will be some shiny structures kind of sticking out but some grainy structures as well underneath this membrane if you run your probe here and just start to remove a lot of this membrane this shiny white structure that my probe is kind of going along the edge of is going to be the layer next and on each side here and here we see the thymus and lying in between those we'll see the thyroid gland which is going to be responsible for ensuring that our metabolism or the pigs metabolism is where it should be for the pig to remain healthy so we have a thyroid gland here so if we go just deep to the thyroid gland we should start to feel a tube under there and you can start to see it being exposed here with these cartilaginous rings and these rings are telling us that we have now reached the trachea and underneath that will lie the esophagus so again layer next and trachea you can feel those ridges and rear ups they're awesome I think we have covered a lot of what we needed to cover today Danny you excited over there Sara feeling good excellent I hope that you are on your end as well so what we want to do is just kind of take a moment at this point I believe I showed you the lungs before but let's go back and just do a quick review I always do this with my students so again we have the heart here and on each side we have all of these lobes of the lungs and then underneath that again we have the diaphragm and lying on top of the heart this glandular tissue that you saw here was the thymus and so the thymus is actually going to be larger in fetal pH just in terms of their exposure to different things and ensuring that they remain healthy you want to make sure that you package your picks up very well at the end if you're planning to use them again make sure that you wet them use some type of wedding solution and you can spray paper towel with that wedding solution and wrap your pigs up even the internal organs you can wrap those up in a paper towel that has this wedding solution I wouldn't necessarily say water because that could kind of promote mold and then you can just wrap your pick up and make sure that you seal the back and let's see if we have time to go back in here I want to make sure that I point out again just deep the foodtube so I have the trachea here if you go just deep to the trachea you should see this additional tube underneath that's the food tube and that's going to be the esophagus okay so if you were looking for that I know that I mentioned it and I said that it was deep to it but that's what you were fine and that would of course run into the stomach okay so I see that Danny and Sara have also identified it over there even in terms of just in this final moment your students really dealing with structure and function a couple of questions that you can have them to start to consider to make this connection between these organs or accessory organ structure and their overall function I love to have my students cut into the stomach and when they cut into the stomach they'll start to see and let's see what our Pig stomach actually has here outside of some additional fluid so we'll just kind of dump this out here a little bit of trace of stuff so within the stomach we can't necessarily see it here because it's kind of it was kind of full with fluid but you would see these rich like structures rugae and as we see these ridges anything that's going to be elevated always will increase absorption and so that's going to allow for greater absorption even when we start to think about just the overall structure of the small intestines being immensely long that's going to allow for greater absorption as well because this is increasing surface area so just like the rugae those ridges will increase surface area we'll see the same thing with the small intestines so it's a lot of awesome connections that you can really make with the fetal pig I would encourage you to really consider this I've had fun with you all today I have enjoyed being your webinar facilitator today y'all have been an awesome virtual audience and I look forward to seeing you at some of the conference's this coming fall as well as in the spring take care and have an awesome week