🧪

Overview of Organic Chemistry Concepts

May 21, 2025

Lecture Notes on Organic Chemistry

Chapters Overview

  • Chapter 19: Ketones and Aldehydes
  • Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids
  • Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
  • Chapter 22: Enols, Enolates, and α,β-unsaturated compounds

Chapter 19: Ketones and Aldehydes

19.1 Structure

  • Aldehydes: Carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen and a carbon.
  • Ketones: Carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

19.2 Nomenclature

  • Proper naming according to IUPAC rules.

19.3 Physical Properties

  • Discusses boiling points, solubility, and other physical properties.

19.4 Spectroscopy

  • Techniques to identify aldehydes and ketones using IR spectra.

19.5 Reactions Introduction

  • Overview of common reactions involving aldehydes and ketones.

19.6 Basicity

  • Aldehydes and ketones as weak bases.

19.7 Reversible Addition Reactions

  • Mechanisms of addition reactions.

19.8 Reduction to Alcohols

  • Reduction techniques to convert aldehydes and ketones into alcohols.

19.9 Grignard Reagents

  • How aldehydes and ketones react with Grignard reagents.

19.10 Protecting Groups

  • Usage and necessity of protecting groups in reactions.

19.11 Reactions with Amines

  • Formation of imines and enamines.

19.13 Wittig Reaction

  • Method to form alkenes from aldehydes and ketones.

19.14 Oxidation to Carboxylic Acids

  • Process of oxidizing aldehydes to form carboxylic acids.

Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids

  • Key characteristics and reactions of carboxylic acids.

Chapter 21: Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

21.1 Nomenclature

  • Esters, Lactones, Acid Halides, Anhydrides, Nitriles, Amides, Lactams
  • Special naming conventions for each derivative.

21.2 Structures

  • Stability and resonance structures of derivatives.

21.3 Physical Properties

  • Esters, acid halides, nitriles, and amides: solubility and boiling points.

21.4 Spectroscopy

  • IR spectra of CA derivatives; important CO stretch frequencies.

21.5 Basicity

  • CA derivatives are not basic; their acidity is shown by low pKa values.

Hydrolysis Reactions

  • Different hydrolysis methods for esters, amides, and nitriles, both acid and base-catalyzed.

Reactions with Nucleophiles

  • Acid Chlorides: Reactions forming amides and conjugate acids.
  • Anhydrides: Nucleophilic attacks leading to separation.

21.9 Reduction

  • Reduction reactions of esters and amides to alcohols and amines respectively.

21.10 Grignard Reactions

  • Reaction of esters with Grignard reagents to form tertiary alcohols.

Chapter 22: Enols, Enolates, and α,β-unsaturated Compounds

Enolates and Enols

  • Enolate Ions: Formed by adding a base.
  • Enols: Form spontaneously.

22.1 Acidity

  • Enolate ions as Brønsted bases and their pKa values.

22.2 Enolization

  • Carbonyl compounds in equilibrium with their enol isomers.