La loca Biotechnology Chapter 10 Aquaculture Vocabulary
Tiffany and Monet: 248-249
Aquatic Biotechnology: The use of science and genetic engineering on aquatic or marine animals, so they can be used to help their environments and provide genetic material and information that can help to improve the things we use. This may include the foods we eat, medicines, or tools (ships, tires, armor, glues, etc)
Aquaculture - the cultivation of aquatic animals such as finfish and shellfish, and aquatic plants for recreational or commercial purposes
Mariculture - marine aquaculture - both marine and freshwater species of fish and shellfish
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Matias and Giuliana: 252 & 253
Polyculture- Also called integrated aquaculture, which is when more than one species is kept in the same environment. It can involve fish and shellfish, as well as animals and plants in the same environment.
Hydroponic systems - Small-volume water-flowing systems in which vegetables (like tomatoes and broccoli) or herbs (like basil and chives) are cultured in racks through which wastewater from fish tanks can flow.
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Alexandra and Maria: 254 & 255
Astaxanthin - the pigment that gives shrimp their pink color.
* By including recombinant astaxanthin in fish feed, scientists can create salmon and trout with a rainbow of hues in flesh color. Astaxanthin is also thought to have potential value as an antioxidant to be used in nutritional supplements for humans. Different Concentrations of astaxanthin will produce different fish with the flesh color they desire. It has no effect on the taste of Salmon.
Cholera - a very serious illness characterized by severe diarrhea; in severe cases, this can lead to dehydration and death
* Particularly a problem in developing nations with water supplies that are contaminated because of inadequate sewage treatment facilities
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Rachel and Diana: 258 & 259
Growth Hormone (GH) - A peptide hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of bone and muscle cells during adolescence; accelerates the growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues.
Transgenic - An animal or organism that contains genes from other sources and has received a DNA sequence (usually a gene or genes called transgenes) from another organism or cell.
* An example of a transgenic animal in aquatic biotechnology is the AquAdvantage salmon that contains a GH gene and a gene regulatory sequence from Pacific Chinook salmon. It produces GH all year long and grows twice as fast as non-transgenic farmed salmon.
Antifreeze protein (AFPS) - Category of proteins isolated from aquatic organisms that live in cold environments; these proteins have the unique property of lowering the freezing temperature of body fluids and tissues
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) - Protein produced by the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Protein fluoresces when exposed to ultraviolet light; the GFP gene is used as a reporter gene.
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Julian and Jolie: 260-262
Reporter Gene - Genes created by ligating the GFP gene to a gene of interest and then introducing the reporter plasmid into a cell type of choice. They allow researchers to detect the expression of genes of interest in a test tube, cell, or even whole organism.
Transgenic Organisms - Organisms that contain DNA from other species, in this chapter we look at transgenic fish which help with growth speed, illness, and survival against the elements. gabagool
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Leandro and Aleksandar: 264 & 265
Polyploid - Organisms with an increased number of complete sets of chromosomes
Diploid - Two sets of chromosomes, abbreviated as 2n, where n = number of chromosomes. Most animals and plants are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes in their somatic cells and a single set of chromosomes in their gametes.
Haploid - A single non-paired set of chromosomes, 23.
Triploids - Organisms that contain three sets of chromosomes that are usually derived by subjecting fish eggs to a temperature change or chemical treatment to interfere with egg cell division
Colchicine - A chemical derived from the crocus flower. Colchicine blocks cell division by interfering with the formation of microtubules necessary for cell division. Treating eggs with colchicine is a common approach to creating polyploids.
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Isabella and Brandon: 267
Bioprospecting | searching for potentially valuable products (drugs, medicines , etc) from plant and animal species, on aquatic species around the world.
* Many marine wildlife species contain compounds that may be useful for biomedical interests. (Antibodies, antiviral molecules, anticancer compounds, and insecticides)
Osteoporosis | A bone disease that causes the bones to become brittle and riddled with shallow holes and a decrease in bone mass; much more common in women.
Calcitonin | A thyroid hormone that stimulates calcium uptake and bone calcification and inhibits bone-digesting cells called osteoclasts.
Hyrdoxyapatite | Component of the matrix that constitutes bone and cartilage in animals, including humans.
* Usually, implants that are sized into cubes to fill gaps in fractured bones.
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Elizabeth and Natalie: 268 - 10.5
Byssal fiber - a unique form of protein-rich superadhesive that is tougher than steel with adhesive and shock-absorbing elastic properties that absorb energy and stretch.
* Ex. mussels use byssal fibers to maintain their contact to rocks without being pulled away by the waves.
Prialt - a peptide conotoxin purified from the marine cone snail Conus magus by the Elan Corporation of Ireland. It is a drug that is 1,000 times more potent than morphine that has the ability to act as a strong painkiller by blocking neural pathways that relay pain messages to the brain.
Angiogenesis - the formation of blood vessels. It is a process that is often required for growth and development of many types of tumors.
Chitin - a complex polysaccharide polymer composed of repeating units of a sugar called N-acetylglucosamine. It forms the hard outer shell (exoskeleton) of crabs, lobsters, crawfish, shrimp, and other crustaceans and is structurally similar to cellulose and a source of fiber.
Chitosan - a polysaccharide polymer derived from chitin that is used in many applications from health care to agriculture to dyes for fabrics and in dietary supplements for weight loss; also structurally similar to cellulose and a source of fiber.
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Haytam and Gabe: 10.5 - END
Collagenase- an enzyme that breaks down collagens used in tissue culturing to digest the connective tissues holding cells together, so the individual cells can be dispersed into cell culture dishes.
Carrageenan- a sulfate-rich polysaccharide extracted from red seaweed that is a common ingredient in preserved foods, toothpaste, and cosmetics.
Bioprocessing- involves marine products to produce a biological product such as a recombinant protein.
Biofilming: also called biofouling, refers to the attachment of organisms to surfaces. These surfaces include the hulls of ships, inner linings of pipes, cement walls, and pilings used around piers, bridges, and buildings. Biofilming also occurs on the surfaces of marine organ-isms, especially shellfish. 🍅