hello class you buckle in this one's gonna be a long one we're gonna be looking at progressivism in Texas and so as you can see from this political cartoon that's that that you can that's the the lead-in image for the for the lecture you have here the trust being depicted as a beast with democracy being shot into its heart wounding this animal and within the grips of the animal you can barely see on the headband he has Liberty in his grass and so essentially is what they're saying is that truss and it's gonna be one of the Trust's are going to be one of the main issues that progressives are dealing with is what is is a beast that only the United States can quell we need more basically more government control in order to get that Liberty to free Liberty from from the grass of the beast and so let's talk about progressivism so we've already talked about populist and even though a lot of stuff we're going to be talking about for progressivism is very similar to the populist because essentially they just take the populist ideas and and see them then see them through there is no real direct connection between the two groups because progressivism is mainly an urban movement what it is and and what surprises most people is one of the leading groups that compose the the progresses because progress ISM is kind of a grassroots movement we're going to be middle-class women middle-class women particularly living in the city it's kind of difficult to be middle-class out in the country but middle-class women in the cities they see all of the problems that were created by the Gilded Age in urbanization and they're trying to find a way you know industrialism housing yeah health all of the you know child labor are going to be issues that they want to deal with and they're disturbed by everything that's going on and so they want to find ways and means to resolve all these issues and so basically brings a lot of the you know highlights all these issues with the within the city and so they're asking a question how do you deal with these problems how do you provide clean water efficient transportation to the masses that are concentrating in these cities and so as you'll see what the progressives inherit from the populist are ideas of referendum let the people decide recall remove people from office that you know recall is removing somebody from office that's not doing their job and then of course direct elections of senators and in the president and so progressivism is going to come to Texas early on and in Texas believe it or not again Texas is going to be a leading figure in the progressive movement but if you look at US history books they're not gonna mention it and so this is a good way to kind of dive into perspective and biases and in history because you know who are the bulk of the author's writing these these these US history textbooks well they're mainly going to be people from the coast east coast or west coast and so they normally don't want to give they don't want to give too much credit to the people in the middle and trust me there's a bias against Texans outside the state wherever you go especially on the coast and that's that's fine you know I understand you know haters gonna hate you know people are in jealous they can't just we're just freaking awesome and so Texas is going to be a very leading figure in this progressive movement that the you you will never get this in US history courses and so really what happens you know every literally cut it hits Texas like a hurricane literally it does hit Texas like a hurricane it goes with the hurricane that hit the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 so how does this in create or invoke progressivism well long story short hurricane hits galliston as you can tell by these images and basically destroys destroys the city kills hundreds of people and so and so what they and so they realize quickly when they're trying to rebuild the old system of government is just not going to hack it where you have people that are responsible for everything in the locality where they are elected so in the City of Galveston you're elected to the City Council you were responsible for every little thing within your little district well you never able to develop you know perfect not perfectionism but you never really get comfortable with all the aspects of your job and so what they do is they come up with a commission form of government and so what they say is all right so instead of everybody in your locality electing that person to the board we're just going to open it up to the city and let the city decide who is going to be the board regardless of where they live and so and so everybody the mayor and the council are elected at-large and every councilman is going to be responsible for certain department one councilman is in charge of police another sanitation etc etc and so basically made these councilmen accountable for their for their department and so they're able to really kind of focus in on one particular aspect of the city devote diem gain that knowledge gain that experience in that area now the problem is is that they are elected at-large so you can literally have the entire City Council and Mayor all being elected from the same block of the city so this kind of reduces the amount of representation particularly of particular groups of people whereas before you may have in the Hispanic dominant part of town you'd have a Hispanic Council member African American section of town you have an african-american council over now it can be just anybody that's influential and so you don't have direct representation from those areas and so what this really does is this essentially creates this commission form of government where people are specialized in this area and becomes a little bit more efficient and so in Texas develops this form of government other cities across the nation are going to start are going to start copying us and start implementing themselves and so basically it takes a tragedy to create this form of government and the rest of the country is going to benefit from it not only that but you're going to have public utilities they're going to another aspect of Texas leading the way is public utility where the public utility is going to be governed by the local government so they're going to be providing these utilities in cities you know think about it as you know electricity water gas sewage telephone transportation and so basically creates a monopoly where the government is in charge and trying to reduce the prices for the people because the government regulates the distribution and the prices some of this has changed no others has changed most recently within my mom to me it's recently is the past 20 years where they allow more private businesses to get involved a lot more competition and many many cases that actually drop the price of these services across the board and so with this you can see Texas is definitely leading the charge with progressivism in the nation so let's look at some of the early reforms that progressivism is going to is going to take one is going to be the popular referendum so basically Texas is only the Texas Legislature meets only once every two years it was designed that way to reduce the power of the government but what happens is you know what what occurs if something were to happen in the off year in Texas and you need some legislation push through well they allow people to take the initiative and to draft a law and get it get it in half popular referendum where the people to you know people they put this vote directly to the people and they get to choose if they want that law or not or those actions taken for the government because yeah our government is very slow and on purpose labour we tell you I'll be talking a little bit more about labour in the next lecture but basically unions are going to be exempt from antitrust laws Texas is going to be you know trying to protect laborers and unions so you know you can't get blackballed if you join if you join a union because sometimes companies you know if you joined a union companies would just fire you so they wouldn't have to deal with the Union and so this keeps people from being blacklisted where they won't be where they can be hired other places they also limited the hours of of railroad workers and throughout the state and even and they did push through legislation to regulate child labor but as you know as you can probably guess Texas being a very agrarian nation very crane state really doesn't want to get it it doesn't want to reduce the amount of labor for children so this is going to be one of the shortcomings of progressivism as a whole is that they're gonna be passing laws to limit child labor because they'd rather have the kids going to go to school instead of going to work but the main obstacle to all this is going to be the parents now I know I need jerk reaction might be why why are parents this way you can't remember Texas is an agrarian state you know the country itself is still you know it's still in that transition away from agrarianism to more industrialism because farming is number one occupation in the United States until 1920 so it's only been a hundred years since since farming wasn't was the was not the leading leading for a leading job or occupation in the country and so one of the purpose is one of the things farmers did they had a lot of kids because they were producing their own labor force so you can see where there's some resistance to that banking we will really talk more about this in the next lecture but you know in order to accommodate a lot of the economic changes going on in the you're going to have state the state banks to become legalized and you're also going to have a commission on insurance and bank created to regulate these insurance and bank so we talked a little bit about the regulating the insurance companies before trying to make sure that all that money stays within within the state of Texas also you want to have election reform now this you know again it's sound it may sound funny but election reform what are they were forming well they're disenfranchising people this is seen as progressive that you are disenfranchising the african-american vote the poor white vote and poor hispanic vote and so what they do is they they push through what's known as the Terrell election laws which formally introduces poll taxes so poll taxes if you're going to go and vote you have to pay a small tax and they really get you because say you skip one year and you you and you want to vote the next yet to pay the taxes for the previous year and the current year or the previous election in the current election just to make think make sure all my bases are covered and that way it really limits you know you had to make a decision do I use that money to buy you know to provide something nice or better for my family or to vote and so many ways that just franchises people significantly especially starting in 1902 when it was added as an amendment to the state constitution let's see here trust you're going to have trusts are going to be a main issue so I mentioned trust before and I described trust in class already what we're talking about the Gilded Age but trust is we have several companies in the same field all owned by the same person so essentially it's really one company but it just has the appearance that it's not a monopoly and so let's look at an example you're gonna have a hundred cases of trial of trust being busted up in Texas and so the one case we're talking about here a quick is the waters Pierce case waters Pierce as an old company that is in affiliate of Standard Oil so Standard Oil is this big Mahna Mahna non-apple istic organization and their trust because in order to make themselves not look like monopolies they started buying all these smaller companies and where you know they don't look like it's all Standard Oil but it's really controlled by the same people and so to put things in perspective Standard Oil controlled 90% of the nation's oil that is almost I mean that's a significant portion they essentially control the market and so basically the government revoked a company's permit to do it so they told they told Waters pier sole company they can't do business within the state since they have some ties to Standard Oil and so the company reorganized and reapplied for for a business permit in the meantime waters Pierce claimed it had severed all of its ties with Standard Oil it's no longer part of that monopoly it's got new leadership new owners and a US congressman named Joseph Bailey is going to vouch for him Bailey's gonna say yeah he's going to convince the the governor and the Attorney General to approve this permit and which they will they're saying ok Bailey we believe you all right it's legit too legit to quit and so and so they they allow them to do business in Texas but 1905 the Attorney General learned the company stock was still controlled by Standard Oil so again they you know whoever controls the stock controls the company and so why Waters Pearce was required to pay a fine of over 1 million dollars I mean the company's properties were sold at an auction so the property meaning their physical property real estate property all sold out at an auction then the Attorney General found out that Bailey not only you know he had been employed by Henry Clay Pierce in Pierce waters as a legal representative and actually had taken out a loan with Pierce and so what this does is creates a division within a democratic party in Texas I know go figure right in Texas there's there's conflict with on the state level within one party it's some things just never change it this is true is when Houston took over or when Texas became a republic with Houston to today with with divisions within both parties in the state also one other area of reform is tax reform basically big businesses was not paying as much taxes because the taxes is based on property real estate property and not not not at all not all the assets and so so if you look at it you know farmers are the ones that have a whole bunch of real estate a lot of property so they're paying a whole bunch of taxes whereas big businesses you know they're not gonna have anywhere near the acreage that the farmers have but they are producing much much more money much more more more near develop they're creating more wealth and so what Texas will eventually do is they're going to start taxing the non tangible assets of the business and this is basically called a full rendition tax where when they do the taxes they're gonna say okay yes you may not have that much property but you have this much wealth generated in in your company so we're going to tax you based on how much you are making and so this is very similar to kind of like a very similar to an income tax for the business so basically overnight doubles are the tax revenue so why is this all of a sudden getting attention yeah as you'll see in the next lecture oil all the companies are you know big companies are gonna be huge companies it's a way to to to keep everything on a level playing field all right so let's look at some rate later reforms let's look at some so get women's suffrage one of the things women are doing in the late 19th century and really pick up steam in the 20th century is you know first of all they're seen as the moral center of the family the woman is seen as this as a religious figure within the family that keeps everybody in in their religious life and so they play this moralistic role within society and so one thing women are saying is we are against we are completely against alcohol they don't want the per day I don't want the sale of alcohol anymore because they say what happens is you know our husbands are spending their paychecks because remember we're getting more urbanized there's spent there they're on the way home with their paychecks they're catching it at the bar that's what you did back then drinking it all up coming home drunk kicking the dog and beating the family and so they say well if we can eliminate alcohol not only well women's lives improve but the family life will improve the husbands aren't wasting money and you get a silver worker and so you're gonna have the women's Christian Temperance Union that's going around the country trying to promote you know you don't have it all around the country trying to promote the idea of prohibition if you ever downtown San Antonio there's a great little if you ever buy the Alamo you can go to the minger hotel now you go to the minger hotel you go to the bar I know you don't have to imbibe if you're under 21 don't you can still go into the bar because you can see where you had a very famous prohibitionist named Carrie nation she heard her big stick was she would carry an a hatchet with her and she would go into bars and started hacking at the bar well she went to the minger hotel bar and started hacking on the bar and if you go there you can see where a big chunk of that the bar had been replaced and then I can't remember if I've mentioned this or not you can also see a bullet hole from Theodore Roosevelt there at the in the bar as well because one of the things Theodore Roosevelt did he trained his men before they went to the spanish-american war there in San Antonio and then recruited a whole bunch of Santoni ins by getting them drunk at the bar and they wake up the next morning with enlistment papers on their chests and he got in a contest with the man there while he's at the bar so you can shoot closest to the mirror without damaging it so basically hitting the frame and if you go there you can they'll show they'll show you where the bullet holes are alright and so also in line with the women's Christian Temperance Movement is you're going to have women's suffrage women's suffrage organizations are going to go and appear all across the state so suffrage is granting women the right to vote it was one of the big issues for the women's rights movement at the time period and so in 1913 and 1915 women groups start applying pressure to get the right to vote both times to get shot down one of the greatest opponents to the women's suffrage movement are the woman are the anti separate jets you do have groups of women that are going to oppose suffrage they do they are basically saying this is this will unsex us make them less less female you know the responsibility of the vote is just too great we don't we should not be voting and so you're going to have a significant number of women so it's not just men pushing back on women on women's suffrage but it's other women as well but that's good but eventually women will get be granted suffrage in 1919 went the passage of the 19th amendment let's get back to prohibition real quick prohibition basically becomes prohibition becomes the touchstone issue within a democratic party and so basically within the Democratic Party each candidate had to say if they were going to be wet or dry wet meaning they are for the sale and consumption of alcohol DRI meetings we need to get rid of it and so it exists this idea exists and during the populist time but the populist avoid the issue because they were afraid of losing votes because you're going to have large large swathes of the population then it's going to openly oppose prohibition and so basically over time the Democratic party starts adopting in it becomes this yardstick measure if you're gonna be a Democrat or not is if you are opposing the sales and consumption of alcohol but again it's difficult you're going to have groups of Democrats that oppose it such as ojamas yeah as the Germans they loves a beer just go any beer garden and you will see I mean every German town is gonna have the beer garden that their that the that their people are enjoying I mean if you ever go to Wurst fest you can definitely see that the Germans definitely imbibed lots of lots of muscles of beer and also Hispanics are opposed opposed prohibition as well and so again this was seen as an issue because they see alcohol as the root of all problems that basically that if we get rid of it everything will be will be fine and so and so the government is going to kind of step in start issuing some some controls on the industries in the 1890s trying to you know basically probe apply some prohibition lights and restrictions on when alcohol can be sold when it can and by nineteen by 1911 Texas had 250 counties about a hundred and sixty seven of them were dry meaning you could not buy alcohol in those counties whatsoever and 62 were partially dry I give you a couple of examples of this the last the last County I went to that was this way was Smith County where Tyler Texas is that I was going to a conference there my buddy was from the read from that area and right before we crossed the river I want to say some Nemus no that's not the napa soda I think it's a trend yeah it's got to be the Trinity River Trinity River he goes stop at this gas station I'm like okay no problem he's like yeah let me get some beer because once we get there we can't buy any except for at a restaurant which you have to become a member of this private club in order to order alcohol from from a restaurant that's the way Lubbock was when I was when I when I attended Texas Tech you could there was bars and restaurants you can get him freely but there were you couldn't go to h-e-b or have any liquor stores within the city limits yeah outside to say let me she had a place called the strip which was four or five huge huge beer barns liquor stores I mean it was this this rooming lit up like it was a Las Vegas strip hence it's called the strip and so everything was outside of the town so you can see where it's partially and and so the finish up 21 counties were completely wet mainly where large cities are so it was a good start but not nearly where the prohibitionists wanted to be but as we all know prohibition is going to be an utter and complete failure when it is implemented all it did was create even more crime and even more social issues within the United States all right let's look at this let's look at the Texas leaders in this progressive revival in in Texas and when it comes to progressive leaders there's nobody bigger than Edward house the gentleman there on the left now what makes him unique is he never sought office and nor did he ever accept appointment to a position in the government instead he's an advisor so he basically gets paid by whoever's in charge to give them advice you know run their campaigns advise him once they're in office and so he's going to be an adviser to several of these progressive governors basically he'd get them in office and then continue to advise him what's there and he would even later advise Woodrow Wilson now he's going to be seen as progressive because he's he's think of him as an intellectual he he has his own personal belief so personally he's extremely conservative but all the policies he pushes for his people are going to be progressive why he may ask because that's what keeps him that's what allows him to keep his influence and help him keep his job as he understands what these people want and how he's able to to maintain his position so it's very interesting on him um Thomas Campbell is going to be seen as probably the most progressive governor in Texas history he's going to introduce the idea that full rendition tax so if remember the full rendition tax wasn't just on property but it was on assets as well so he's the guy that's going to double the income of the state of Texas are doubled that the tax revenue for the state of Texas almost overnight but fortunately fortunately one thing he failed at is he wanted to push a state income tax which fortunately he really didn't do so we kind of cleared all that so that's why Texas yeah Texas is in some ways you can look out and say well it's bad because this is what's attracting a lot of people to our state today you know you have to pay it state income tax there as well oh well yeah also he's going to push for a guarantee fund now a guarantee fund is important this is again this is showing how Texas is so far ahead of the curve and one of the main reasons we're ahead of the curve as you will see in the next lecture is because of the oil industry but the but the guarantee fund is where your bank deposits are guaranteed up to a certain point so I'm pretty sure you've walked into a bank and you've seen the FDIC sign they're saying you know if you you know if our bank closes you're guaranteed this my own Melissa mount amount of money if you know up to this amount if you have it in your account and so and so this is one way to encourage people to deposit their money in the banks of the state backs up all that money and so they put things in perspective this is 20 years before the FDIC so this is 20 years before the federal government even acted he was he was pushing hard for it we are going to beat the FDIC in it but just not this early it will come early you're going to have the Robertson law where insurance companies must invest 75% of their reserves in Texas because with the run as we'll see in the next lecture rise of oil companies you're going to need more insurance companies in a state and so that basically this does it keeps it keeps more money in the statements that are being siphoned off and used in other parts of the country and so because he passed a Robertson law 21 insurance companies left Texas so it only kept the ones that were really legitimate ones that really had the people the the state's interest in their mind also during his time in office is when the commission from the government is going to is going to be putting put into play you're going to see some prison reform so the his main prison reform is going to be the abolishment of the convict lease system and so to help improve the conditions for the prisoners he's going to impose restrictions on lobby I mean I know lobbyists get a bad rep but they they have a particular job and function that they that they play for within government and then he's also going to pass a state pier and food pure and food law to help protect consumers within the state and so very very progressive governor another another progressive governors Oscar Colquitt one of the things he's pushing for is child labor trying to prohibit child labor and try to create workmen's comp at least at the state level state government level but really not get too much traction there one thing that does he does push forward is prohibition 1911 it's gonna in a prohibition within the state it's going to be a very close vote but it still remains up to the counties to decide if they're going to be wet or dry and so what he mainly is doing is he's doing prohibition because World War two is on the horizon and it's seen as you know make it you know what do you think I was a bi you see because the Germans and the Germans are gonna be our main main opponents in the in the war and so it's a scene as you know not trying to adhere to German culture but also to use those resources that make is obeah and for more productive uses such as bread because that's all that's all beer is is to is a liquid form of bread and so you can see where Texas is kind of leading the charge and progressivism but all that is going to take a huge huge pause underneath the administration of James Paul Ferguson now he's also known as farmer Jim Bob people just called him Paul he's gonna rise through the ranks champion the farmers remember the state's population is still dominated by by farmers and so he's gonna raise through the ranks champion the farmers where he's gonna promise them you know farm rent laws where he can cap how much how much people can charge to rent farmland now there's a little bit different than tenant farming farmers today still will rent land you know cotton farmers at in West Texas will rent land to grow cotton on and sell to market so it does is it kind of caps the farm rent prices and opens up by how much is which could possibly be produced on that property so basically if you're growing cotton about a quarter of the perspective cotton crop and the rent is is only a quarter of what what can possibly be grown on that land so it's a way to kind of keep the rink you know keep rent dam make it farmer and make it you know of course the farmers are going to absolutely love them for this but Paul Ferguson is going to be impeached as governor because one of the things he starts doing is he starts saying all right UT you know University of Texas you're all not going to get y'all's funds because he's trying to get people he's trying to get faculty and administrative members the University of Texas fired and removed from from their positions and so including some of his political his former political opponents and so so that's going to raise the ire of a lot of people he's also gonna miss you state funds so for example he was a he was a stockholder in a bank and temple and all of a sudden he's putting state funds in that bank that he's a stakeholder basically mixing in some cases mixing his personal funds with the state funds even if it wasn't mixing personal funds it still doesn't look good that you're putting state money inside a bank that you that you have that you have stock in and so it just doesn't doesn't pass the sniff test on that and so people are going to be upset he's also going to pose prohibition so like I said this is major road bump for progressivism he's going to be a staunch opponent of women's suffrage which as you will see here in a little bit is very very ironic but basically he was he'd resigned office and in September 1917 to avoid impeachment but he's gonna remain he's still gonna remain a major force in in Texas politics as we will see later so taking office once he left it's gonna be William Hobby there on the right hobby he's gonna he'll eventually win the governorship outright in 1919 during the election he again is very progressive he's for prohibition he's for women's suffrage and so basically he wanted to impose a state prohibition law or state prohibition in 1919 but he's not able to get it passed but that's alright federal prohibition goes into play in 1920 so Texas well yeah as the rest of the country will go dry and so and so he's going to put women's suffrage up on state referendum the votes in between years and it's going to be rejected but it will be passed by the state once the legislature meets back up months later so he didn't personally win it but get-get women's suffrage in a state but it'll come in later all right so but when you really look at progressivism and in the country as a whole one figure stands out amongst the most besides thena Roosevelt he arose oh it's a big prohibition but Woodrow Wilson is going to be a major key figure in the progressive movement and so and so Texas is going to contribute significantly to Woodrow Wilson because Woodrow Wilson is a Democrat Texas is dominated by Democrats and so when he and so when he was running for when Wilson was running for election in 1912 it was the Texas delegates at the at the Democratic National Convention that are going to be the ones that give the votes that push Texas over the will push Wilson over the edge to get the nomination in return Wilson once he's elected he's going to point several Texans to its cabinet one of which will be the Son of Sam Houston again I've mentioned this before hands down the coolest name in American history Andrew Jackson Houston the reason I included the the pitcher is Pappy O'Daniel is next to him he's going to be a young governor of Texas if you ever seen hands down with the greatest movies ever made oh brother where art thou if he haven't watched it it is a brilliant brilliant movie they have a character based on Pappy O'Daniel so he was not only governor of Texas but he was a radio personality as well very very interesting calculated chance read up on him so Andrew Jackson Houston he will serve as Wilson's Secretary of Agriculture and one at different times he will be president of the University of Texas and Texas A&M I know the rivalry just isn't there since they stopped playing football against one another one of these days we'll get that back up and up and going that'd be nice you also have other Texans such as Albert Sidney Burleson be elected as our be appointed as postmaster general Thomas what Gregory as Attorney General and of course Woodrow Wilson's advisor will be Edward house so as I mentioned that before now I know in your notes it may have a reference to World War one we're going to skip over that we're gonna hit that up here later there's gonna be some problem so we'll bump on down down to the problems basically disenfranchisement is going to continue I mentioned this earlier with the poll tax but you're gonna have you're gonna have movements like the lily-white movement which is Republicans all-white primary to eliminate African American leadership within their party the Democrats are going to have a white primary again for the same purpose so basically as a way to exclude blacks or african-americans from participating in Democratic primaries and so it's a way of it's a way of political control over over the African American community all right before we get to over one I got to talk about the Mexican Revolution again I know I said this early in the class and I'll say it again the history of Texas is the history of northern Mexico so whatever happens in Mexico is going to have a direct impact on Texas and so the only thing really between Texas and Mexico is the Rio Grande River I know I said Rio Grande River that's like saying River Gras you know big you know river big river I understand Rio Grande yeah natural boundary and you're gonna have dual cities on the other on each side of the river you know just like if you go down to a Cunha outside you know its sister city and are if you get that sister city in Texas is Del Rio so del Rio and hakuna you know all these that you don't have sister cities across the river where you have trade that facilitates and but more importantly whatever happens on one side the river is going to have an impact on the other and so what's going on in Texas is you're going to have you're going to have a revolution that is that is going to that it's going to it's going to break out so let's talk a little bit about the Mexican Revolution so especially down in in South Texas we have a significant Tejano population and so what you're going to have ISM is a is a member a man by the name of Francisco Madero he's he came from a very prominent border family in Kula had a lot of contacts in Texas and ran for for President of Mexico 1910 to try to overthrow the long-serving President of Mexico poor feet and very corrupt president put video Diaz I mean Diaz would win elections with you 99.5% of the vote yeah nobody wins by that by that margin ever and so and so when Madero challenges him Diaz is going to have him arrested Diaz is going to jump bond and escape to Santonio where he plans a revolution the Mexican revolution to overthrow Diaz Diaz himself is pretty upset about all this Diaz says you know hey y'all need him for Schultz neutrality laws you cannot Harbor revolutionaries in your country because it's illegal to plot a revolution from another country and so Madero is well heeled meaning he has a lot of money so he's able to pay off people and get away with with all this and so so to make a long story short as we will see Diaz is and this is really going to help jumpstart the move that removes Diaz from power which creates this power vacuum within the Mexican government because you've had this person a very corrupt individual president of the country for so long and now they're gone and now there's gonna be a bunch of fighting over who is who is going to be in charge of Mexico and so this really comes to a head and out in West Texas a lot of concern in El Paso when this revolution gets kick-started because you know you have a lot of what one faction is going to have a lot of support in that city and so of course if any violence occurs in the revolution in that city it's going to spill out into into El Paso and so like what governor Colquitt Oscar Colquitt does he had just one governorship of Texas and he had just cut the Texas Rangers from 8215 to save a little bit of money so obviously this was right before you know Texas is really seeing any money from from the oil fields and so the one of the main jobs are the Rangers protect the border and so we know whenever we're all this started heating up in Mexico Colquitt had to hurry up and make a make an arrangement with the federal government he cut a deal with with President William Howard Taft to get federal support for the Texas Rangers basically deputy uh you know making that you know deputy federalizing the the Texas Rangers given them federal powers and inside and not only that but he also creates these maneuver divisions because he has such small numbers in Texas put them in areas such as San Antonio at Fort Sam Houston to where they can react to any aggressive movement by Mexico so the reason why they're San Antonio central location youth is much faster to get to the borders of El Paso from San Antonio you're going to have a force up now now Paso as well but you have these maneuver divisions that can you know if there's a flare-up on the border they can ride straight there and take care of the issue and the Fed and they they can deal with an international incident because of the federal powers that are given to them by the government by Washington DC and so basically Diaz gets removed from office and it's going to create a whole bunch of problems in Texas so things are you know again when when Diaz is removed I mean Diaz was corrupt but Diaz kept everything peaceful and so everybody that had had a beeper or had any ambition in Mexico it's going to start moving to try to to take that take that power that dia that Diaz had left and so and so supporters of Diaz are going to be marginalized within Mexico so one guy by name of Francisco choppa he's a very prominent Mexican national very big supporter of Diaz he's going to run to San Antonio in Diaz leaves office because it's the Revolution is kicking up it's a little too hot for him to be there and so he comes the San Antonio kind of wants to do what Madero does he wants to play and said he's a counter-revolution and so he wanted a man by the name of Bernardo Reyes in power and so he's going to try to use some connections in Texas to launch this counter-revolution to get a Diaz supporter back in charge of as president of Mexico and so he tried to set up a eating with with governor Colquitt too and try to ask him hey can you can you pull those Rangers have been federalized away from Laredo because he wanted the local sheriff there a sheriff on whose last name was Sanchez to arrest Chiapas political enemies that were there again you have these dual cities our sister cities he has whatever happens on one side is gonna have an influence on the other and so he's trying to he's trying to trying to get his political rival taken out so so Raz can get a bit more support and basically the federal government gets wind of this plot now only they not only arrest choppa but also the share of Sheriff Sanchez and everybody pleads guilty but choppa nobody sentence at a time spends any time in jail when Chopra is convicted basically Texas there are the United States and Texas just stops this counter-revolution cold and just leaves the status and leave the lease at status quo are same as before him another aspect of this Mexican Revolution has a direct impact on Texas is this idea of the plan of San Diego now the plan of San Diego is a called is is kind of a spin-off of this revolution except where it's more of a race war in Texas so go back how do i how can i always forget his name bug me he had because i can tell you the major scholar for him Juan Cortina there we go Juan Cortina I I've already talked about Juan Cortina making raids for Mexico up into Texas mainly in the 1860 1850s 1860s I inspired by that you're gonna have the plan of San Diego which is basically a you know people are going to use the Mexican Revolution that are involved in the Mexican Revolution are going to our come with a plan to try to punish Texas for particularly Anglos in Texas that had removed Tejanos from from their property and so what the plan is San Diego was is hey we're going to make raids into Texas and we're going to kill all Anglo man we've run into that or 16 years or older so the plan is come across the border you see anybody that is white and male at 16 years older 16 or older they're going to be killed so the ultimate goal of all this is possibly regain more tera well the ultimate goal would hey we can eventually if we kill enough Anglo's in Texas we can regain all the territory lost in the mexican-american war so this is a pretty ambitious plan and so initially the plan was supposed to start on in February 1915 but nothing really happened just more planning so by July 1915 a number of raids in the South Texas have been made in the name of the plan to San Diego but Texas and the federal government just kind of look at one another because neither side you know new side wants to take responsible it's to deal with it the state is saying hey federal government this is an international issue you need to resolve it the federal government's like no no no these are local people that are causing this revolution so state of Texas you need to deal with it you need to spend the money on it so they bounced it back and forth and basically it boils down to so the federal government is saying it's it's originating you know if it's originating in Texas as a Texas responsibility Texans are saying no no no this is originating in Mexico so it should be a federal government responsibility and so in the end what it really turned out to be was it should have been the federal government because whenever you have vinius theano Carranza eventually get elected president the raids miraculously stopped now Carranza was the choice of the United States United States had been helping Carranza get into office he was supplying him you know a little bit of military support for early supplies and so whenever he's elected bought a book bottle boom the raids end and so what that tells everybody is that these raids definitely started in Mexico and that's where they're originating and it was actually a plan of Carranza to stir up the stir up trouble on the border to get a little bit more support even though he's the one stirring up all you know kind of involved in the plan of San Diego it's one way he was trying to get get the United States to give him a little bit more and help pretty ingenious if you ask me uh and so and so basically everything you know Carranza is elected things kind of calmed down except for one of his main lieutenants and in him are gonna have a falling out one of his main lieutenants is Pancho Villa you probably have heard of his name and I always use Pancho you know I use this I have two yard markers when it comes to tex-mex restaurants that will you know if you see these just run one is if you see a Pancho Villa's sign that says I want you gringo you see that walk out the restaurant it's not gonna be that good I don't know what it is but those are normally normally the restaurants I see that in they normally aren't aren't that good that in neon lights except you only except from the old lights as if it's a beer sign if it's a beer sign but no neon lights on the walls meaning you like running the length of the walls then you're good cuz neon lights are a surefire marker that it is a bad bad restaurant it's again except for you know if it has corona or Dos Equis on Modelo you name it that's that's fine all right and so Pancho Villa is going to try to stir up trouble with the United States so and make a long story short he's going to launch a raid into Columbus New Mexico and he's going to kill a few Americans well you know the states isn't going to take too kindly to that and they're going to launch what's known as the punitive expedition to punish Pancho Villa's so we're going to send an art of an army force down into Mexico a military force down in the next to hunt the track down and kill Pancho Villa and his supporters I'll make a long story short we don't catch them but it's the very first military expedition to use a plane and mechanized vehicles so it's groundbreaking just in even though it failed but this is going to strain the relations between the United States and in Mexico and miraculously the plan to San Diego restarts after this punitive expedition so again it's showing that it's coming down from from Mexico and in response the Texas guards are going to be federalized so I've mentioned this before Texas guards are kind of modern-day militia force that's controlled by the governor of Texas so think of it as a National Guard but just for the state of Texas and so they get federalized to be able to deal with internet instead of just ever there's jurisdiction being within the state they can deal with international issues as well and so even though you know this is strange the relations between Texas and Mexico it does not lead to all-out war even though because you know you have one world one there's fear the United States might because it were older one's going on at this time the fear of the United States might get called into it and plus an election year presidential election year you never wanted to declare war while you're running for president just you'll you'll lose every time and so to get out of the situation Texas that something very smart it says okay we're going to create a committee to deal with this well what do committees do absolutely nothing if you want something to die a slow torturous death you make a committee and so basically it just kind of you know they do nothing and everything just kind of passes and so so the United States really is not doing too much with this race war that's breaking out on the border of Texas all right let's talk about world war one world war one is going to have a huge impact on Texas I'm not going to go into too much of details of world war one you get that in the US history but Texas is going to play part in the United States getting into the war because one of the things that drags the United States in the war of with Mexico is zooming Telegraph zeroing Telegraph is going to be is going to be Germans Germany's attempt to stall American entrance into the war so Germany sends the Telegraph to Mexico saying hey you know it would be really nice if you go and raid the United States that way you keep them occupied when we get done winning everything here in Europe because all we know how to do is win win win right we're gonna come over we're gonna help you reacquire all the land you had lost in the mexican-american war including Texas so whenever the United States gets wind of this it's kind of the final straw that brings the United States in the war against gets the job ins over over there in Europe but even before the war started you know there are some preparations that were making there that Texas was was was making for this war effort so basically you're going to have already in the United States they're gonna set up a Council of National Defense where you're going to have state counterparts so you're going to have a Texas Council that's dealing on the homefront what are in so what they're doing is they're trying to raise money for the war effort through the selling bonds red cross promotions conservation of food Mazal just let this out this and so this is going to get prohibition it's a big head start morale propaganda you know trying to encourage you know to keep everybody calm while the same time recruiting soldiers and to detect subversive activities and what this is gonna really push for is conformity nobody wants to stand out nobody wants to be seen as a potential enemy or somebody that's getting in the way of this war F or this potential war effort and what this really does is this makes it very tough on the German population in Texas so the Germans and Texas are kind of really stuck in a bad position because they have a strong connection back to germ I'll give you an example in New Braunfels you have the Harold Zoid tongue which is the new you know the newspaper hearing in town one of the things that you see constantly in these articles in each newspaper are articles about what's going on in Germany and you even have where people are publishing their correspondence with family members that still live in Germany and so it's very similar to you know like Telemundo or Spanish newspapers here in Texas you're going to have news of from the country of origin and so the people so the Germans and New Braunfels are going to be siding with Germany early on in the conflict and they're gonna make excuses for everything that happened so for example when the Lusitania is sunk which is a British passenger ship and kills a whole bunch of Americans in the process and it's gonna be sunk by German by a German torpedo from a submarine the people you know the Germans and New Braunfels are like hey you know there was a publication that you know Germany had published saying hey you know write on this ship at your own you know at your own expense you know that we we are patrolling that area and we might target it even gonna have the people in New Braunfels raising money for the German army you're gonna have you know they're gonna have a fundraiser it's called a Scott which is a card game in honor of Kaiser Wilhelm on his birthday then the proceeds from the tournament will go towards you know insurance in Germany but here's the thing once the United States does declare war Germany New Braunfels errs and Germans across seiya Texas are gonna be 100% American they put up the German flags and put out the bunting New Braunfels doesn't it Braunfels does best let's have a parade and they have a parade through town which is going to include I mean in the thing about about the Germans as they are inclusive so you're gonna have to ha nose in the parade you don't have african-americans in the parade can former Confederates and Union soldiers in the parade so everybody is participating in this in this event but across the state you're going to have a lot problem you know for example German language is going to be banned in public you won't have a lot of German photons which are clubs the Germans the Germans they loves our clubs yeah you don't have a club for everything and those are all going to be shut down because people don't want them to think we are conspiring against the United States you're gonna have German books gonna be burned and you know the the the German department the University of Texas is gonna be fired which is counterproductive that part just drives me nuts cuz how are we going to communicate if we don't have enough people speaking German drives me nuts and you're going to have loyalty Rangers so every county is going to have one to two Rangers that their sole job is to snoop around the county and see if there's any subversives you know for instance a couple of you know a couple incidents where hey there was a German you know this house had a German flag and it being a French flag and he have Germans trying to explain you know they're trying to keep older German flags the red black and yelling golden flags and they're trying to say hey this is pre Imperial Germany it's not the screaming Turkey on it so if you ever see the German flag from war one it's kind of like an eagle on it it always calls it a screaming Turkey I know it's a bad inside joke all right and so all that's going down so it's tough to be Germans I mean fur you know freaking out like uh you know sauerkraut snort called sauerkraut anymore it's called Liberty cabbage and you may laugh and think wow that's that's provincial that's cute but we did it as recent as - in early 2000s with freedom fries when France didn't support the United States in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein you know right all right prohibition they're gonna hitch their star on all this they're gonna be there saying hey we need a ban to sell alcohol within 10 miles of military bases because we need sober soldiers and we get instead of using the those bread products to make hooch its make it to make bread and so they're making making that that excuse and so this is extremely important in Texas because Texas is going to be the center to oh it's gonna be a military hub within the within the country because you have a large number of camps here because you know Texas has a lot of good land and we got a lot of good weather particularly flying weather you need dry air that you don't need ice and so Texas is particularly Santonio is perfect location to establish air bases and so this is why Kelly Air Force Base will be established in Texas because of the weather conditions and so for example 30,000 troops were stationed at Camp Bowie which is nine miles west of downtown Fort Worth and so it's not just San Antonio but it's all over the place Texas guard is going to be federalized once again and you're going to have about a million Texans register for the draft 200,000 are going to be drafted into active fighting in World War one and more Texans are going to die from the fighters disease the Spanish flu I'm sure that's been in the news recently Steve heard of it we're 510 overall in the war 5,000 Texans are going to die less than half of them from combat Texas also because of the draft it becomes a hotbed for people that are trying to evade the draft they're coming into Texas because if they can make it if they're somebody comes around sniffing farm they can make a quick escape down into Mexico and they can't be extradited also smuggling is going to increase during the war particularly alcohol because you have all these bands and so what you have is a lot of people and this kind of reminds me of relatives that go down into Mexico and they buy a whole bunch of hooch for cheap and then they come you know because it is cheap but back then what they're doing is they're going across the border and they're buying like a gallon of mezcal for about three to four dollars they're coming into Texas and are selling it for about 10 to 12 dollars some places even more making a pretty good bit of profit in in the process cotton production is going to crease during the war boll weevil is really gonna hurt the farmers boll weevil think of it and we'll talk more about the boll weevil in in a future lecture but the boll weevil is a worm that's going to damage and destroy the boll the cotton boll of the plant and making it unusable and so because of that there's less production so the price is going to increase fourfold oil production we're going to talk a lot more about oil in the next lecture but oil production increases during the war this is gonna be the first war that really uses oil and industrial industrial scale especially the navies I mean you're gonna have some mechanized vehicles yes but the navies are going to be with the one that are using the oil the most and so basically it quadrupled the quantity of all Texas is going to quadruple the the quantity of oil produced and the price is going to increase so whenever is so nice to give you an idea again you know I throw these numbers just get the concept in 1915 the price of you know price of oil was fifteen fitoor not fifteen fifty cents a barrel by 1919 is up to two dollars a barrel that's it that's four it's gonna be increase of fourfold and lotsa money is coming in Texas so this is what's gonna spur further search for for oil fields such as Burkburnett and Ranger and out into West Texas and new oils I mean new technologies gonna be developed to extract more oil out of the ground but we'll talk about that in the next lecture also in Texas is going to be a labor shortage that's gonna be created by the war now knee-jerk reaction you're like oh well yeah the men are going off the fight right you know they're sitting over 200,000 men that's a that's a pretty good chunk of the population so that helps create a vacuum in the forest but you're also going to have a large number of Mexican nationals in Texas are going to leave because go figure rumors right members are going to start spreading that hey if you're here in the United States even if you're here if you're not naturalized citizen you could be drafted and so and so become so you want to have Mexican nationals escape are going to be going back to Mexico to avoid potential of a draft which didn't really you know they really didn't have to worry about it but rumors still persist and there's also going to be restrictions on immigration in the United States and so all this is creating even even more more issues when it comes for the labor force in Texas all right so as we all know United States and the Allies they're gonna win World War one and so and so let's get on to the 20s so Texas places significant role a lot of Texans are going to be involved in the war and Texas isn't in prime spot but now be yeah be discussed a little bit in the next lecture because we are all producing state by that point all right the roaring 20s I promise you this lecture is going to end I got a I got to hit some major issues here and then we're done when it comes to the 1920s there's no bigger issue than the Ku Klux Klan the Ku Klux Klan is going to be revived in 1915 it's gonna start back up in Athens Georgia and it's gonna be a different clan so the Klan had died away during after we can you know during Reconstruction but this Klan is gonna be different it's gonna be its main motive is not just anti african-american but it's one percent American meaning yeah number we're gonna they a fierce immigrants so they don't want immigrants to have any power they definitely don't like Catholics as well and they definitely do not like communists so what you had during World War one is the Bolshevik Revolution over in Russia which started the you know the you know the Soviet Union they come in it so basically went from a monarchy to to a communist nation and so there's a fear in the United States that communism would spread into the United States and that's what the Klan is really really banking on so that in also it's a movie that gets them that gets them reborn the movies gonna be made called Birth of a Nation and it the heroes of the movie are the KKK it's a very long movie and it's a very influential movie in cinematic history it's just the content is extremely controversial and so so the Klan is going to be reborn and also it makes this Klan different as those reborn back in down south its main source of power it's going to be in northern states and so that's one thing most people don't really talk about is that you know anybody's wants to talk about the Klan being down in the south oh no no the Klan is up north as well and so Klan first came to Texas in 1920 its major base is going to be it's going to be in Houston and so but they're going to come in they're going to war they're going to organize a little differently they're not going to organize they're not going to try to go around and actively recruit people instead they're going to recruit politicians and leaders because I know they can get these politicians and leaders in the hood the you know their hood they will get more they will attract more people into the Klan and so and so basically they worked for about two years behind the scenes and in 1922 publicly announced that the Klan would be involved in politics and that they would become the the militaristic arm of the Democratic Party in the state now and this spills over into politics you're gonna have politicians that are running on the platform of I am against a Klan and no bigger candidate in the 1920s was against the Klan then Mirim Ma Ferguson now you may ask yourself why does that name sound so familiar I've heard of a pawn Ferguson who's this ma Ferguson who do you think Maya's ma is pause wife and so what he does is Paul Ferguson is gonna be you know she's gonna be the he's gonna help run her political campaign she's gonna run against Felix deed Robertson who's a former Confederate and a Klansmen and is going to defeat him she will be the first woman governor in the state of Texas and only the second guy a female governor in the United States California beat us by two weeks and so basically most people when people talk about Ma Ferguson they described her as basically being a puppet paws puppet because a lot of times what she that the mo is is you know he's gonna run all the meetings and so one thing is noted there's not much change going on during her tenure as governor about the only the made the biggest piece of legislature was it was illegal to wear a mask or costume in public which if you boil it down it's anti clan legislation is all that really is and so of course just like pause administration they're gonna be accused of corruption because Paul is making money off of mob being governor of Texas and so the real big you know so what how are they hardly making some money one is going to be liberal sale of pardons so we've talked at the pardon system Paul basically is just saying all right if you want out of jail give me some money you get a pardon you're out and so some of that goes to the state some of it goes into his own pockets and so you can see very corrupt another one is the Highway Commission is going to be formed to help build all the highways because he had the you know because of as we will see later with the rise of the oil industry more automotive the cars are gonna be on the road you need highways connecting cities and he's gonna have this he's gonna be basically chairing the committee or sitting in he would basically conduct the meetings and basically determined who receives contracts Road building contracts and of course he's given them all out to his friends and political allies now the major opponent of the Ferguson's was Attorney General Dan Moody and so Dan Moody when it comes to time for re-election he's going to throw his hat in the ring so his name might sound familiar because you got moody bank and most college campuses have moody rooms rooms and moody buildings a lot of it goes back to Moody and his family and so he's going to he's gonna he's going to run he's gonna win election and in the or win the nomination in the runoff and eventually will become governor of Texas and so he's going to be a very progressive force for the state and so he's going to be a lot of reform is going to is going to occur during his tenure as governor such as prison reform trying to get away from that that pardoning system that the Ferguson's have been making a lot of money off of and to try to reorganize a prison system to make it more efficient so self-sufficient without having to to to harm to harm prisoners or release them out but that's already been abolished but to make money off of the system basically you know he becomes a national figure after this he's actually considered as a vice presidential candidate he's going to turn it down to run for governor again they run for governor again because he doesn't want to leave the state of Texas now finally last thing we'll talk about here is the you know the kind of end the progressive movement it's gonna be a split within a Democratic Party a very very unique split so in a 1928 presidential election you're gonna have Herbert Hoover defeat Republican defeat Alfred Smith a Democrat and the issue is the Democratic Party as you know is you know all about prohibition all about the city and and and what Alfred Smith does is he's the opposite of all this he's a New Yorker he's he's against prohibition and he's Catholic which doesn't go very well with the Democratic Party in Texas and so Texas is going to is going to is going to run a campaign against their Democratic nominee and so basically what's going to happen is though is they're going to camp actively campaign for Herbert Hoover basically offering anti anti Smith Texas Democrats are going to offer support to Herbert Hoover because of because he he embodies everything Texans are the Democratic Texans are against and so Herbert Hoover will become the very first Republican ever to receive electoral votes from Texas and so with that Herbert Hoover wins Texas Democrats and Texas actively campaign against the National candidate and of course as we know at the end of the nineteen 1920s is going to end in a whimper with the stock market crash and the beginnings of the Great Depression when the Depression hits all the Democrats are going to reunite it's going to help reunite party leaders and Texas Democrats are going to get back in lockstep with the National Democrats and so with that that was a very long lecture hopefully you took a few breaks during it but the main thing you need to realize out of all this is Texas is at the forefront of this progressive movement this national movement and in the United States and again we're not as backwoods as everybody likes to think we are and so with that the next lecture will you'll be looking at the rise of the oil industry in Texas as always if you have any questions or concerns feel free to contact me I'm always glad to help hope everybody's doing well take care bye