Understanding Anions and Their Names

Assalamu Alaikum Welcome back in the chemistry academy for introducing the chemistry principle lectures which introduced by me Mahmoud Abdel Latif which going the third part in the chapter two in the chemistry of the central science okay for the GC1 okay we have reached to this to this slide how you can name the anions okay actually we have two types of anions monoatomic and the polyatomic monoatomic is just only one atom and the polyatomic it can be divided to two subcategories central atom with oxygen and central atom with oxygen and hydrogen okay this one it's called oxanes and this one it will be acids C2C let's start with the monoatomic one actually anions they are of negative charge they produced by gaining electrons anions derived from a single atom single atom it means monoatomic just only one single atom okay a rule to name this kind of anion just add the suffix ide to the root or or to the base of the element name okay hydrogen hydride okay nitrite oxide sulfide and so on fluoride fluorine the base is fluor fluoride chloride base or or the root plus ide okay some polyatomic there are some polyatomic anions end with the same prefix you get polyatomic anions end with the same prefix ide or ion and they are few okay not few but there are okay like cyanide, hydroxide, peroxide, azide, carbide and so on. These are also called, okay, let us go to the polyatomic anions, the central atom with the oxygen, okay. These are also called oxanes and there are three types of oxanes, single member oxanes, two member oxanes, four member oxanes. I am going to... talk in details about each one okay actually these are the rules to name the polyatomic with oxygen okay actually the formula of the oxenes it's XOM minus N where X is the central atom M the number of oxygen minus N the charge on the on this polyatomic anion Names of oxanes or oxanes are obtained by changing the ending of the name of the central atom if you would like to name this kind of thing just change the end of the central atom okay just to either ite or ate 8 or ite depending on the number of oxygen atoms in the formula you use 8 or 8 depending on the number of m if it's 4 directly use a te if m it's 1 and 2 directly use i te okay if m is 3 or 4 okay i'm sorry if m is 3 it could be 8 or 8 so 4 without any doubt 8 1 and 2 without any doubt it's Iate but 3 it could be 8 or Iate we will see and so on these are some examples which show what we have mentioned in the previous slide it's carbonate nitrate sulfate phosphate permanganate okay number of oxygen here are three here also three but the it's a sulfide not sulfate even there are three oxygen and the three oxygen okay here it's a p o p o three phosphide okay so it's a four if it's a four eight directly one or two height like nitrite p n o two and so on uh it will be clear in the next slides if oxanes we still keep going with the rules number of oxanes with one or two the oxanes has one or two or three or four oxygen atom exist in a center for the central atom the ones with one and two it's a ith directly the one with three or four atoms names ending in ate okay but we add some prefixes hypo and third Per for four oxygen, prefix per for four oxygen atom and prefix hypo for one oxygen atom okay just to differentiate between the four member oxanes okay let us single member oxanes single it means that's why we call it single it is available in one combination like permanganate just add 8 to the name of the non-oxygen atom like permanganate carbonate, dichromate and so on known as single oxygen but two member oxygens it could be found for example sulfur can combine with oxygen with two different ways it could take four oxygen or three oxygen okay so it's sulfite and sulfate which is which okay rule add eight with the name of non-oxygen with more oxygen and add the iot to the non-oxygen atom which with with lower number of oxygen atom okay like SO4 and SO3 nitrate nitrite okay chromate, dichromate, phosphate, phosphate, sulfate, sulfite this means two member oxygens this means that sulfur can be combined with oxygen and give you two types of anion either take four or take three okay the oxygen is small, it takes IT more oxygen takes ATE okay polyatomic with oxygen four member oxanes okay four member oxanes it means it could be the combination could happen with four different ways okay and this only happens with halogens group fluorine chlorine bromine iodine from these ions form form this these ions okay here we add prefix and suffix as we mentioned three oxygen and the four oxygen we add suffix"-ate", to differentiate between them the higher oxygen which is 4 oxygen take the prefix"-per", okay and so on let's see okay for higher oxygen we add"-per", oxygen decrease by one just omit"-per", lower oxygen add"-hypo", oxygen increase by one just remove"-hypo", okay Add prefix and suffix speed on the following pattern The highest oxygen we add per 3 and 4 oxygen we add A T E 2 and O oxygen we add I T The lowest oxygen we add hypo as a prefix Okay Example F O 4 F O 3 F O 2 F O The highest one take per and 8 Next one just 8 Next one I T last one hypoide okay perfloride fluoride fluoride hypofluoride perchloride chloride hypochloride periodide iodide hypoiodide perpromete perpromete peromite hypo peromite okay how to okay the second polyatomic anion with oxygen and the hydrogen you end up with acids Al-Ahmad okay just to name this to name a culture this kind of compound just add hydrogen in the front of the name or before the the anion one hydrogen or dihydrogen and keep in mind that you add hydrogen in general plus one just to neutralize just to neutralize the anion charge for example CO3 minus two if you add one proton one proton with one positive charge okay minus two plus one you end up with minus one okay this carbonate and if you'd like to name this one also both carbonate and hydrogen in the front of it hydrogen carbonate okay Phosphate hydrogen phosphate dihydrogen here you have you should say di Because you add two hydrogen sulfate hydrogen sulfate there are some common names for the This one it's called the bicarbonate and this one bisulfate common names before the common names Keep the track of the charge. We add hydrogen. Okay charge decreases because you add positive cations, okay and bicarbonate are common names this is more examples you can have a look on this one single member oxanes and chlorine four member oxanes SO4 and SO3 two member oxanes how to name the ionic compounds we have mentioned that you can name the cations and anions once you know the name of the cation and the anion it's simple it's very simple it's simply easy to it's very easy to name the ionic compound just add the cation in the first by simply adding the name of the cation to the name of the anion okay like sodium chloride calcium chloride aluminum nitrate ammonium bromide okay great here you should be careful why Iron it can be found in the in nature in two states could be Iron 3 and iron 2 here it's iron 3 so you should write 3 iron 3 chloride Okay, and you can name with the suffix IC to the base The base name is ferrum. So it's a ferric chloride. Okay, not the same copper, Cuopric or copper 2 okay chromium chromium 3 or chromic okay copal copaltis or copal 2 great so acids let us see how we name acids acid generally just is a substance with molecule yield hydrogen ion when dissolved in water okay Hydrogen could be combined to anion or polyatomic anion with oxygen. Okay, just you add hydrogen to neutralize the negative charge on the anion. And the acid, when it's added on water, it dissolves in water and it's ionized. Okay, an acid is first recognized as an anion. connected to enough hydrogen to neutralize the anion charge simply simply the acid known as anion will add hydrogen to balance the anion okay rules the name of the acid is thus related to derive the form of the anion you should use the anion the basic the anion name actually the next slide is very very good and important not this one the next one okay there are two rules how you can name the acids if it's anion mono single anion just add hydrogen in the front and the base name and add suffix ic and so on Actually, it depends on the other, the pulley depends on the ending of the anion if it's the Ate or Iate If it's Ate you need not to add hydrogen in the front Just add the base name and the IC and add acid Okay, if it's I it just the base plus OUS and acid Okay, the next one it's a very very important It's very easy if you remember this one you can name the acid very simply just ask yourself a question Does the acid contain oxygen if it's no, okay you should add hydro in the front plus the root plus ic plus acid at the end if it's to contain oxygen okay you should check the ending if it's a it or eight if it's eight impulse you need to add hydrogen you need not okay just if it's ate substitute it with ic okay root plus ic acid per chloric acid and if it's ITE just omit ITE and add OUS okay OUS and and so on okay this is the three rules in details uh if it's chloride add the hydrogen hydro uh hydro plus the root chlor plus IC plus acid okay hydrochloric acid hydrocyanic acid Hydro the base here is sulfur, hydro sulfuric acid Okay, similarly to all IDE amines the rule number rule number two if it end with 8 Okay, just omit 8 and add IC plus acid chloric acid perichloric acid Okay, sulfate sulfuric acid nitrate nitric acid okay phosphate was phosphic acid okay or phosphorus phosphoric acid phosphoric it's phosphoric acid similarly all to the ATA anions okay if it's end with iate okay just omit iate and add OUS plus acid nitrous acid okay phosphorus acid sulfurous acid okay great similarly all ITE anions some example hydrosonic acid hydropromic acid hydrosulfuric acid sulfuric acid okay sorry sulfurous acid SO3 came from sulfite just change ITE with OUS okay plus LPS plus acid sulfurous acid okay nitric acid came from carbonate so it's a carbonic acid this is came from hypochlorite hypochlorous acid okay this one came from chloride without hypo so it should be chlorious acid or chlorous acid okay how to name the binary compound binary from its name it's more than one element more than one atom two types okay you should follow the following we are talking about the non-metals okay rules the name of the element farthest to the left in the periodic table comes first if both elements are in the same group in the periodic table the lower one is named the first okay great the name of the second element you add to it IDE okay should always with IDE also don't forget to add the Greek number Greek number no yes Greek prefix mono or di or tri or tetra and so on okay for the number of atoms but keep in mind that mono never used for the singular for the first atom mono is never used for the first element even if there is only one atom in the first okay and we have different binary compounds could be composed of two elements or ionic or covalent binary ionic came from metal with non-metal like this these examples molecular compounds could be between non-metals or non-metals and the metalloid okay okay how you can name the ionic compound we mentioned before the cation is always named first and the anion came after that monoatomic cation takes its name from the name of the parent element monoatomic okay monoatomic anion this cation monoatomic anion you add ide so you will see the full name for the cation and for the anion just add the base plus ide These examples for anions, hydride, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, oxide, selenide, nitride, you can refer to them anytime. Okay, binary covalent type 3 formed between nonmetals or metalloids or nonmetal with nonmetals. First element in the formula use full name as we mentioned. the second anion just add ide to it use mono prefixes and never use mono for the first one if the prefix end with a or o like di or mono and the name of the element begins with a vowel just then the a or o this and the prefix is omitted the prefix is omitted the Greek numbering it's mono, di, tri, tetra means four penta means five hexa, hepta, octa nona, deca and so on samples just diclorine, the first one full name and second one just base plus id diclorine monoxide diclorine monoxide Dynitrogen trioxide and so on okay silicon tetra bromide This one you cannot use mono for net just only nitrogen trifluoride, okay Phosphorus pentacoloride Disulfur dichloride and so on okay organic chemistry are the branch of chemistry that deals with the carbon compounds there are different functional groups like alcohols with OH functional group, it's methanol or amines it's called methyl amine the functional group is NH2, it's methyl amine and this is carboxylic groups it's acetic acid the functional group is COOH, okay, acetic acid this just memorizing or reminding you that the name of poly poly anions cyanide azide hydroxide and so on peroxide acetic or acetate sorry thiosulfate bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate the same we we mentioned both okay hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate okay biphosphate or hydrogen phosphate and here dihydrogen phosphate and so on some examples okay just i could ask you name the following compounds copper plus one copper one bromide or copperous bromide and so on this one iron three iron three sulfide or ferric sulfide sodium hydroxide magnesium nitrate ammonium sulfate and so on just memorizing you ionic compounds are neutral as we mentioned how okay because the charge should be equal zero also have aluminum plus three and you have two two plus three gives you plus six and the oxygen should be minus six okay just reminding you okay they are neutral sodium plus one times two plus two and the carbonate minus two Okay, cancel each other they are neutral Exercise which of the following command is named incorrectly يعني تسميته غير صحيحة Okay Potassium nitrate, right Titanium oxide Okay, titanium 2 That's right, titanium 2 No, this is not 2 Should be 4 This is the wrong one Selenium 4 hydroxide, right Phosphorus Ventricularite right calcium chromate right so this is the wrong one titanium should be titanium IV oxide I could ask you nomenclature the following compounds carbon dioxide carbon monoxide sulfur hexa fluoride and so on just memorize them with yourself okay I could ask you name the following acids it's very simple okay this is polyatomic with oxygen okay it's end with iate iate you need to add hydrogen you need not to add hydrogen just change iate with OOS and add acid so it's chlorious acid hypo this hypochloric hypochlorous acid okay and so on and so on it's very nice write the formula of the following acids could you Deal with you other way around just to give you the name and the right the compound. Okay, hydropromic hbr Hypo promise hypo it mean promise clo instead of clbr bro and so on great hbro and so on Okay, a certain isotope Contains that just memorizing how you get the number of protons and the neutrons and and so on there Okay, you can just have a look on it. Okay with this slide Alhamdulillah, I have finished this chapter. I hope You get the point and everything is fine. Just contact me if you need if you need anything Insha'Allah, I will stand with you in the last chapter of the second and third stichiometry Until we meet again. I hope you all the best and bye. Bye

I am going to... talk in details about each one okay actually these are the rules to name the polyatomic with oxygen okay actually the formula of the oxenes it's XOM minus N where X is the central atom M the number of oxygen minus N the charge on the on this polyatomic anion Names of oxanes or oxanes are obtained by changing the ending of the name of the central atom if you would like to name this kind of thing just change the end of the central atom okay just to either ite or ate 8 or ite depending on the number of oxygen atoms in the formula you use 8 or 8 depending on the number of m if it's 4 directly use a te if m it's 1 and 2 directly use i te okay if m is 3 or 4 okay i'm sorry if m is 3 it could be 8 or 8 so 4 without any doubt 8 1 and 2 without any doubt it's Iate but 3 it could be 8 or Iate we will see and so on these are some examples which show what we have mentioned in the previous slide it's carbonate nitrate sulfate phosphate permanganate okay number of oxygen here are three here also three but the it's a sulfide not sulfate even there are three oxygen and the three oxygen okay here it's a p o p o three phosphide okay so it's a four if it's a four eight directly one or two height like nitrite p n o two and so on uh it will be clear in the next slides if oxanes we still keep going with the rules number of oxanes with one or two the oxanes has one or two or three or four oxygen atom exist in a center for the central atom the ones with one and two it's a ith directly the one with three or four atoms names ending in ate okay but we add some prefixes hypo and third Per for four oxygen, prefix per for four oxygen atom and prefix hypo for one oxygen atom okay just to differentiate between the four member oxanes okay let us single member oxanes single it means that's why we call it single it is available in one combination like permanganate just add 8 to the name of the non-oxygen atom like permanganate carbonate, dichromate and so on known as single oxygen but two member oxygens it could be found for example sulfur can combine with oxygen with two different ways it could take four oxygen or three oxygen okay so it's sulfite and sulfate which is which okay rule add eight with the name of non-oxygen with more oxygen and add the iot to the non-oxygen atom which with with lower number of oxygen atom okay like SO4 and SO3 nitrate nitrite okay chromate, dichromate, phosphate, phosphate, sulfate, sulfite this means two member oxygens this means that sulfur can be combined with oxygen and give you two types of anion either take four or take three okay the oxygen is small, it takes IT more oxygen takes ATE okay polyatomic with oxygen four member oxanes okay four member oxanes it means it could be the combination could happen with four different ways okay and this only happens with halogens group fluorine chlorine bromine iodine from these ions form form this these ions okay here we add prefix and suffix as we mentioned three oxygen and the four oxygen we add suffix"-ate", to differentiate between them the higher oxygen which is 4 oxygen take the prefix"-per", okay and so on let's see okay for higher oxygen we add"-per", oxygen decrease by one just omit"-per", lower oxygen add"-hypo", oxygen increase by one just remove"-hypo", okay Add prefix and suffix speed on the following pattern The highest oxygen we add per 3 and 4 oxygen we add A T E 2 and O oxygen we add I T The lowest oxygen we add hypo as a prefix Okay Example F O 4 F O 3 F O 2 F O The highest one take per and 8 Next one just 8 Next one I T last one hypoide okay perfloride fluoride fluoride hypofluoride perchloride chloride hypochloride periodide iodide hypoiodide perpromete perpromete peromite hypo peromite okay how to okay the second polyatomic anion with oxygen and the hydrogen you end up with acids Al-Ahmad okay just to name this to name a culture this kind of compound just add hydrogen in the front of the name or before the the anion one hydrogen or dihydrogen and keep in mind that you add hydrogen in general plus one just to neutralize just to neutralize the anion charge for example CO3 minus two if you add one proton one proton with one positive charge okay minus two plus one you end up with minus one okay this carbonate and if you'd like to name this one also both carbonate and hydrogen in the front of it hydrogen carbonate okay Phosphate hydrogen phosphate dihydrogen here you have you should say di Because you add two hydrogen sulfate hydrogen sulfate there are some common names for the This one it's called the bicarbonate and this one bisulfate common names before the common names Keep the track of the charge. We add hydrogen.

Okay charge decreases because you add positive cations, okay and bicarbonate are common names this is more examples you can have a look on this one single member oxanes and chlorine four member oxanes SO4 and SO3 two member oxanes how to name the ionic compounds we have mentioned that you can name the cations and anions once you know the name of the cation and the anion it's simple it's very simple it's simply easy to it's very easy to name the ionic compound just add the cation in the first by simply adding the name of the cation to the name of the anion okay like sodium chloride calcium chloride aluminum nitrate ammonium bromide okay great here you should be careful why Iron it can be found in the in nature in two states could be Iron 3 and iron 2 here it's iron 3 so you should write 3 iron 3 chloride Okay, and you can name with the suffix IC to the base The base name is ferrum. So it's a ferric chloride. Okay, not the same copper, Cuopric or copper 2 okay chromium chromium 3 or chromic okay copal copaltis or copal 2 great so acids let us see how we name acids acid generally just is a substance with molecule yield hydrogen ion when dissolved in water okay Hydrogen could be combined to anion or polyatomic anion with oxygen. Okay, just you add hydrogen to neutralize the negative charge on the anion. And the acid, when it's added on water, it dissolves in water and it's ionized.

Okay, an acid is first recognized as an anion. connected to enough hydrogen to neutralize the anion charge simply simply the acid known as anion will add hydrogen to balance the anion okay rules the name of the acid is thus related to derive the form of the anion you should use the anion the basic the anion name actually the next slide is very very good and important not this one the next one okay there are two rules how you can name the acids if it's anion mono single anion just add hydrogen in the front and the base name and add suffix ic and so on Actually, it depends on the other, the pulley depends on the ending of the anion if it's the Ate or Iate If it's Ate you need not to add hydrogen in the front Just add the base name and the IC and add acid Okay, if it's I it just the base plus OUS and acid Okay, the next one it's a very very important It's very easy if you remember this one you can name the acid very simply just ask yourself a question Does the acid contain oxygen if it's no, okay you should add hydro in the front plus the root plus ic plus acid at the end if it's to contain oxygen okay you should check the ending if it's a it or eight if it's eight impulse you need to add hydrogen you need not okay just if it's ate substitute it with ic okay root plus ic acid per chloric acid and if it's ITE just omit ITE and add OUS okay OUS and and so on okay this is the three rules in details uh if it's chloride add the hydrogen hydro uh hydro plus the root chlor plus IC plus acid okay hydrochloric acid hydrocyanic acid Hydro the base here is sulfur, hydro sulfuric acid Okay, similarly to all IDE amines the rule number rule number two if it end with 8 Okay, just omit 8 and add IC plus acid chloric acid perichloric acid Okay, sulfate sulfuric acid nitrate nitric acid okay phosphate was phosphic acid okay or phosphorus phosphoric acid phosphoric it's phosphoric acid similarly all to the ATA anions okay if it's end with iate okay just omit iate and add OUS plus acid nitrous acid okay phosphorus acid sulfurous acid okay great similarly all ITE anions some example hydrosonic acid hydropromic acid hydrosulfuric acid sulfuric acid okay sorry sulfurous acid SO3 came from sulfite just change ITE with OUS okay plus LPS plus acid sulfurous acid okay nitric acid came from carbonate so it's a carbonic acid this is came from hypochlorite hypochlorous acid okay this one came from chloride without hypo so it should be chlorious acid or chlorous acid okay how to name the binary compound binary from its name it's more than one element more than one atom two types okay you should follow the following we are talking about the non-metals okay rules the name of the element farthest to the left in the periodic table comes first if both elements are in the same group in the periodic table the lower one is named the first okay great the name of the second element you add to it IDE okay should always with IDE also don't forget to add the Greek number Greek number no yes Greek prefix mono or di or tri or tetra and so on okay for the number of atoms but keep in mind that mono never used for the singular for the first atom mono is never used for the first element even if there is only one atom in the first okay and we have different binary compounds could be composed of two elements or ionic or covalent binary ionic came from metal with non-metal like this these examples molecular compounds could be between non-metals or non-metals and the metalloid okay okay how you can name the ionic compound we mentioned before the cation is always named first and the anion came after that monoatomic cation takes its name from the name of the parent element monoatomic okay monoatomic anion this cation monoatomic anion you add ide so you will see the full name for the cation and for the anion just add the base plus ide These examples for anions, hydride, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, oxide, selenide, nitride, you can refer to them anytime. Okay, binary covalent type 3 formed between nonmetals or metalloids or nonmetal with nonmetals. First element in the formula use full name as we mentioned. the second anion just add ide to it use mono prefixes and never use mono for the first one if the prefix end with a or o like di or mono and the name of the element begins with a vowel just then the a or o this and the prefix is omitted the prefix is omitted the Greek numbering it's mono, di, tri, tetra means four penta means five hexa, hepta, octa nona, deca and so on samples just diclorine, the first one full name and second one just base plus id diclorine monoxide diclorine monoxide Dynitrogen trioxide and so on okay silicon tetra bromide This one you cannot use mono for net just only nitrogen trifluoride, okay Phosphorus pentacoloride Disulfur dichloride and so on okay organic chemistry are the branch of chemistry that deals with the carbon compounds there are different functional groups like alcohols with OH functional group, it's methanol or amines it's called methyl amine the functional group is NH2, it's methyl amine and this is carboxylic groups it's acetic acid the functional group is COOH, okay, acetic acid this just memorizing or reminding you that the name of poly poly anions cyanide azide hydroxide and so on peroxide acetic or acetate sorry thiosulfate bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate the same we we mentioned both okay hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate okay biphosphate or hydrogen phosphate and here dihydrogen phosphate and so on some examples okay just i could ask you name the following compounds copper plus one copper one bromide or copperous bromide and so on this one iron three iron three sulfide or ferric sulfide sodium hydroxide magnesium nitrate ammonium sulfate and so on just memorizing you ionic compounds are neutral as we mentioned how okay because the charge should be equal zero also have aluminum plus three and you have two two plus three gives you plus six and the oxygen should be minus six okay just reminding you okay they are neutral sodium plus one times two plus two and the carbonate minus two Okay, cancel each other they are neutral Exercise which of the following command is named incorrectly يعني تسميته غير صحيحة Okay Potassium nitrate, right Titanium oxide Okay, titanium 2 That's right, titanium 2 No, this is not 2 Should be 4 This is the wrong one Selenium 4 hydroxide, right Phosphorus Ventricularite right calcium chromate right so this is the wrong one titanium should be titanium IV oxide I could ask you nomenclature the following compounds carbon dioxide carbon monoxide sulfur hexa fluoride and so on just memorize them with yourself okay I could ask you name the following acids it's very simple okay this is polyatomic with oxygen okay it's end with iate iate you need to add hydrogen you need not to add hydrogen just change iate with OOS and add acid so it's chlorious acid hypo this hypochloric hypochlorous acid okay and so on and so on it's very nice write the formula of the following acids could you Deal with you other way around just to give you the name and the right the compound.

Okay, hydropromic hbr Hypo promise hypo it mean promise clo instead of clbr bro and so on great hbro and so on Okay, a certain isotope Contains that just memorizing how you get the number of protons and the neutrons and and so on there Okay, you can just have a look on it. Okay with this slide Alhamdulillah, I have finished this chapter. I hope You get the point and everything is fine. Just contact me if you need if you need anything Insha'Allah, I will stand with you in the last chapter of the second and third stichiometry Until we meet again. I hope you all the best and bye.

Bye

Transcript for:Understanding Anions and Their Names

Transcript for:
Understanding Anions and Their Names