Exploring John Rawls' Justice Theory

May 14, 2025

John Rawls' Theory of Distributive Justice

Overview

  • John Rawls: Influential political philosopher.
  • Known for: 'A Theory of Justice' – landmark book in distributive justice.

Central Idea

  • Essence of justice: Fairness.
  • Justice principles: Accepted by free and rational persons in an initial position of equality.

Social Contract Tradition

  • Influenced by: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant.

Thought Experiment: Original Position

  • Original Position:
    • Imaginary scenario (not an actual or feasible position).
    • Helps identify principles of justice agreed upon in fairness.
  • Veil of Ignorance:
    • Participants lack knowledge of their own place in society (class, abilities, race, etc.).
    • Ensures fair agreement on social arrangements without bias.

Principles Agreed in Original Position

  1. Equal Rights Principle (Political Justice):
    • Equal rights to extensive basic liberties (e.g., free speech, religion).
    • Liberties extend until they infringe on others' rights.
  2. Second Principle of Justice (Socioeconomic Matters):
    • Social/economic inequalities:
      • Arranged to be to everyone’s advantage.
      • Attached to open positions and offices.

Difference Principle

  • Concept:
    • Inequalities justified if they benefit the least advantaged.
  • Implications:
    • Requires redistribution to favor the least well-off.
    • Encourages socioeconomic arrangements that maximize benefits for the least advantaged.

Economic Models Illustrating the Difference Principle

  1. Free Market Economy:
    • No enforced equality or redistributions.
    • Results in significant wealth inequality.
  2. Equal Redistribution:
    • Everyone has the same wealth.
    • Results in economic stagnation due to lack of incentives.
  3. Partial Redistribution:
    • Some wealth redistributed from rich to poor.
    • Maintains incentives while enhancing welfare for the least well-off.

Conclusion

  • Rawls’ Principle:
    • Advocates for a balance between incentives and fair distribution to help the least advantaged.

Next Steps

  • Explore contrasting views: Robert Nozick in the next lecture.