John Rawls' Theory of Distributive Justice

Overview

• John Rawls: Influential political philosopher.
• Known for: 'A Theory of Justice' – landmark book in distributive justice.

Central Idea

• Essence of justice: Fairness.
• Justice principles: Accepted by free and rational persons in an initial position of equality.

Social Contract Tradition

• Influenced by: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant.

Thought Experiment: Original Position

• Original Position:
  • Imaginary scenario (not an actual or feasible position).
  • Helps identify principles of justice agreed upon in fairness.
• Veil of Ignorance:
  • Participants lack knowledge of their own place in society (class, abilities, race, etc.).
  • Ensures fair agreement on social arrangements without bias.

Principles Agreed in Original Position

1. Equal Rights Principle (Political Justice):
   • Equal rights to extensive basic liberties (e.g., free speech, religion).
   • Liberties extend until they infringe on others' rights.
2. Second Principle of Justice (Socioeconomic Matters):
   • Social/economic inequalities:
     • Arranged to be to everyone’s advantage.
     • Attached to open positions and offices.

Difference Principle

• Concept:
  • Inequalities justified if they benefit the least advantaged.
• Implications:
  • Requires redistribution to favor the least well-off.
  • Encourages socioeconomic arrangements that maximize benefits for the least advantaged.

Economic Models Illustrating the Difference Principle

1. Free Market Economy:
   • No enforced equality or redistributions.
   • Results in significant wealth inequality.
2. Equal Redistribution:
   • Everyone has the same wealth.
   • Results in economic stagnation due to lack of incentives.
3. Partial Redistribution:
   • Some wealth redistributed from rich to poor.
   • Maintains incentives while enhancing welfare for the least well-off.

Conclusion

• Rawls’ Principle:
  • Advocates for a balance between incentives and fair distribution to help the least advantaged.

Next Steps

• Explore contrasting views: Robert Nozick in the next lecture.