Purpose: To assert the independence of the Philippines from American rule through parliamentary delegations to the US.
Timeline: First missions began on February 23, 1919.
Independence Missions
American Mission
Philippine Mission of 1924
Osmeña-Roxas and Quezon Mission (OSROX Mission)
Objective: Campaign for Philippine Independence
Aimed for US recognition of Philippine self-government.
Aimed for eventual independence.
Leaders: Sergio Osmeña and Manuel L. Roxas
Outcome: Resulted in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill
Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill
Established a ten-year transition to Philippine independence, approved on January 17, 1933.
Independence contingent on government stability.
Key Figures: Butler Hare, Harry Hawes, Bronson Cutting
Rejected by Philippine lawmakers.
Quezon Mission
Leader: Manuel L. Quezon
Outcome: Resulted in the Tydings-McDuffie Act
Plans for Independence:
Creation of a Commonwealth government lasting a decade.
Constitution development and elections.
Independence recognized on July 4, 1946.
Topic 2: Pilipinisasyon (Filipinization)
Introduction of government systems by Americans.
Filipinos aspired for independence and self-governance.
The transition of leadership was challenging.
Additional Historical Note
Death March: A significant historical event involving a forced march of Filipino prisoners by American forces, indicating the harsh treatment and impact on Filipino-American relations.