Hola. That is I need to keep up. Fore! Foreign! Foreign! All right. So, um, if anyone can just type in the chat there and just tell me that you can hear me properly, that will be absolutely fantastic. First time I'm going live, so this is a new experience for me as well. Give me a second. Uh, you should be able to hear me in a second. I can see some of the comments there. Ah, I'm getting as and you can hear me. That's fantastic. All right, so I did say five. So, we're going to wait until 5 to get started and give my intro. But, it's really fantastic to see all of you guys here. This is this is like a a big thing for me as well. This is my first live. It's my first live with you guys. Something which a lot of you have been asking for. Uh what P what PC do I use? All right. I'm guys I'm I'm going to get so confused looking at the comments and trying to be doing this um session with you guys at the same time. So if I don't answer your questions because you see there's going to be quite a lot of them there. Um please don't take it the wrong way. Um, so yeah, my PC it's it's a HP. I think you've all seen my background logo, the HP Omen. Okay. And some of this slang terminology you're using, I really don't understand it. Honestly, it takes me time sometimes just to put your the comments in chat GPT so I can figure out what it is that you're saying to me. Now, I did have Leslie up here, my cat, at some point, but she's abandoned me. I was gonna make her do her debut with you guys as well. So, it is five. So, we're gonna get started, guys. Please cover everything. Depends. Have you got 24 hours? I don't think so. Um, right. So, let me get started and I'm going to answer a lot of your questions from the get- go. First of all, all the material which I'm going to be showing here today, the PowerPoint in PDF form, I will be sharing with you. I will be giving you a link so you will have access to all the resources. Um, and you can just go over it yourself at any point in time. So, if you do miss this, um, I'm also going to be getting the recording from YouTube hopefully. I'm from what I understand up to 12 hours the recordings are saved. So, I'm going to be able to download it. I'm going to upload it. So, if you can't stay here for the whole thing, hopefully you should be able to see the recording if you want to. Okay. So, I'm I'm hoping um that that's going to be fine. You know, you're going to be able to have access to this and a lot of you are doing the the exams on the 8th, so you're going to have time to do that as well. Okay. So, um what is it now over here now? Yes, it is sunny in Cyprus. It is actually sunny right now. So, it's not just a slogan. It is my thing. It is sunny Cyprus and I've gone through a lot. I get hundreds thousands of comments of you from you guys and some of you have been telling me where you're from. If I've missed you here, I truly apologize. I tried to go through and see, you know, all the different countries that you're joining in from and that you've been watching my videos. Um, and it is truly fascinating and fantastic. And thank you so much to all of you for all those wonderful comments. I really, really, really do appreciate it. What are the countries for? These are just shout outs from all the people that have told me um from the from the comments of my videos and they've been saying I'm from this country. So, just as a shout out to all of you guys, if your country isn't there, post it in the comments here and if I can go through then I will just know. I I really do find it fascinating from all the different countries that you guys are watching my channel from and watching my videos from. And um honestly and truthfully, I totally absolutely appreciate every single comment. Oh, don't worry about the haters. I love the haters. The haters are awesome. Well done. Keep hating. Doesn't bother me one little bit. Don't worry. I'm not a little kid. Um haters are haters because they're jealous that you have something or you do something that they can't do or that they want. That's fine. If you want to hate, you can hate. All right. So, oh, we got Kenya there as well. All right. I'm not going to waste too much time on this. I'm going to jump into what we're doing today. Okay, so guys, two times button, you cheeky gits. Yeah, I've seen quite a few go through that saying that put it on times two so the video goes faster. Well, fine if you know what I'm if you can keep up with what I'm talking. I know I talk slow but I try to do this because a lot of you English is not your first language and it's hard to follow and my my tutorials are designed so that I can try and support and help all of you which are having trouble with the English and try and cover all the bases. All right. Oh, and by the way all you I love you all too. Okay. I'm not going to be writing I love you to every single person but I love you too from the deepest of my heart. Honestly, I I love the comments and I love the gratitude that you give me. So, we're going to get started now. We're going to get started with what we're here for today, the dreaded theory paper. So, what I've done, I've collected 13, not 12, questions from the 2024 papers. Okay. Now, are these the questions that are going to pop up in your in your exam? Obviously not. Is it the style of questions that are going to pop up? Yes. If we go through the papers and see what we've seen in the past few years, we see that each year um the example tries to focus on things which are trending, things which are in today. So if we think about that just on that concept, then we're looking at how things like internet of things is affecting our lives, how social media is affecting our lives, artificial intelligence, how is that affecting our lives. So, it stands to reason that questions like this are going to be popping up in the exam paper. Now, the comments on the on my right hand side, they're driving me crazy because I keep seeing them scrolling up and down, but that's fine. I'm not going to look at them anymore. I'm going to focus on going over what we're here for. Now, for each question, each of the 13 questions, I have set them up as follows. We're going to be looking at the question itself as it is in the question paper. We're going to be identifying what chapter it is in. I have put resources that we're going to discuss on that topic and then we're going to see how we can answer the question a model answer a correct answer and then I've also got the mark sheet for that question. So when I give you guys this resource material you've got something which is absolutely complete and it's a fantastic um resource for your learning. So let's start with the first question um and see the flow and I think you'd pick up on it. Okay, question one. This is the first question we're going to look at and this is on it says here and as I said I haven't put the paper because I've got the mark sheets uh attached to this document as well. Smart devices and microprocessors can monitor and control devices in the home. Describe giving examples the negative effects of using smart devices. Now, as always, I say you have to pay special attention when you're reading the question. And we can see that this particular question is focused on um smart devices. Nothing else. It's not to do with micros microprocessor control devices. So, that's the question. Let's go have a look and see. This is on chapter on using effects uh effects of using ICT. It's to do with microprocessor control devices and smart devices. So first let's understand what a a microprocessor control device is and that's the first step. All devices which contain a microprocessor which is like an electronic chip and it can accept digital data as input and this is very important. Microprocessor can only deal with digital data. It can process the instructions stored in memory produce the required output and it needs input and output devices to be to be useful and we've got a fridge as an example. So what do I mean by that first chapter that first uh paragraph there? If we think and I've got another diagram later on but just roughly if this is our microprocessor the microprocessor needs to have input connected to it and these inputs are usually sensors. Now the thing with sensors is sensors and you students get this wrong all the time. If you ask what does a thermometer do or a thermostat or a temperature sensor, you say it measures the temperature. It doesn't. All sensors do they produce an electrical signal. So if you think of a host pipe with water inside, the water without any restriction will flow let's say this far. If you put your foot on the hose pipe and restrict the flow, then the water will flow up to here. If you restrict it even more, you get less flow. If we think of this as a chart, then what you're getting as you increase and decrease the pressure on the hose pipe, you're getting a signal that looks like this, where the peaks measure the flow of the water. That's called an analog signal. That's what the sensors give produce. They produce a continuous signal, an electrical voltage of different peaks. The microprocessor can't handle that. The microprocessor only needs can only read digital data. So before this can be processed, it has to go through what we call an ADC, an analog to digital converter. And that will convert the signal to a digital signal. That's what we get into the microprocessor, the digital signal representation of the analog signal of the sensor. The microprocessor then needs memory. Now memory what it does, you know, when you're setting the temperature of your air condition unit or the temperature of your oven or the temperature of your refrigerator. Well, when you say you want this to be at say 21°, that has to be stored somewhere. And that's where that's stored. That goes in that memory there. So as this signal go from the sensors come to the microprocessor it will compare this signal with what's stored in memory and depending if that signal is higher or lower it has rules or instructions and it will produce an output. If that output says if the temperature is too high or the signal represents a very high temperature then the output will go to the compressor of the fridge and turn the compressor on. So the temperature goes down a bit. As the temperature goes down, the signal from the sensor goes changes. That signal turns into a digital signal that is then compared with what's in memory and it's constantly seeing the signal from the sensors. So microprocessor control devices essentially are sensors producing an analog signal which is converted to a digital signal compared to memory. Depending on that comparison, it will produce an output signal to whatever it is it's controlling. If it's an alarm system, then it might be uh sound the alarm because somebody it's detected somebody has stepped on a pressure sensor. So, some examples are uh uh things like a microprocessor controlled fridge where you it controls the temperature, runs the frost cycles, controls internal lighting, all of these things. What's a smart device? Well, here we've got a smart fridge. So, we had a fridge which was not a smart device. It had microprocessor controlled devices in but it wasn't a smart fridge. For something to be a smart device, it has to be connected to the internet. And it that will allow it or internet or to network and that will allow it to be able to communicate with other devices. For example, your smart devices, your mobile phones or applications. It can share data with other devices for analysis. It can interact with other users and other smart devices. Essentially, it's all part of the IoT, Internet of Things. So, when we call something a smart device, whether it's your refrigerator, your oven, your watch, your mobile phone, it simply means it can communicate and share data with other devices. And that's usually done through the internet. So, with a smart fridge, what's the difference? Well, we can have things, for example, where the fridge can automatically update your shopping list and send your shopping list to your mobile phone. So, if you're driving around and you're going to go home and you're going past the supermarket, someone say, "Hang on, I'm near the supermarket right now. Let me check my app for my fridge and see what if my fridge has put some list of some things I need to buy." And that will save you time. Instead of going home and realizing you're out of milk and eggs and then going back to the supermarket, you can just do your shopping. It will do the shopping list for you. In fact, it can actually order the items for you automatically. Isn't that awesome? So, it can send with supermarkets which are linked with an application and your fridge will see that you're running low on something, it can actually order the items and they're delivered to your door. So, that's for the smart devices. other types of smart devices. And I've got some examples here for you because you are um the question you're going to be asked is not going to be the same as probably what's already in the 2024 page. It's going to be a variation. So other devices are things like baby monitors. Baby monitors before was if you hear the baby crying, then you go and see what's wrong with the baby. If the baby's not crying, then you don't bother going. Whereas now with smart devices, the baby monitors can monitor the baby's movement, breathing patterns, um, temperature to see if the baby has fallen or it's turned on its face and he can't breathe. And all of these things can be seen on the baby monitor informing the parents of the baby's condition at any point in time. Now, some of you may be asking right now, is that a good thing or a bad thing? Well, that's another question, isn't it? What are the advantages and disadvantages? Smart security systems, these are great as well. Uh, some of you might have a smart security system where you got cameras at home and you can access the cameras on your mobile phone and that's fantastic if you're waiting for somebody to turn up or if your camera detects movement in your house, it may send an alert to your phone application saying the camera's detected some movement. So, that's another way of smart devices communicating with another device to inform you. Okay, so that's just another two examples. So, I've got here a list of advantages. I'm not going to go over them one by one because we're going to be here for the next six hours if we're going to do this for everything. But um you have to have if you read through these and have a look at some of these here, just pick up two or three points which you can really relate to and that's what you want to keep. The idea is I'm trying to give you as much as I can um so you can find something that you can relate to and you can use that as an answer in general. For example, um health benefits. You may have someone in your family or somebody who may have low insulin um or have diabetes. You have sensors which they wear and if their sugar level goes too high or too low, it will send an applica. It will send a notification to a caregiver notifying them that their blood sugar level is not correct and they can go there and take action and help them out. Money efficiency, automated shopping list updates, remote control of utilities, all of these things are things that you can change. energy costs. For example, if it's a cold day, you're driving home and you want your house to be nice and warm when you go home. Well, you can connect through your smart device, your mobile phone, turn your heating on so when you go home, it's nice and warm. The alternative would have been, well, you have to leave the heating on all day to go home to a warm house, and that would be a waste of money and a waste of energy. So, we're saving energy cost by using uh um smart devices. And we've got up here advanced baby monitoring system so on and so forth. Now the disadvantages here's the controversial part. So all of these smart devices are fantastic but there are disadvantages and some of them are quite understandable as soon as you read them. You see the thing is guys you've got all the answers here but many times you don't understand the question to get that information and put it on paper because you think maybe that's too easy an answer. It's not. What you think of is what you put on paper. If you've ever tried for to help a parent or a grandparent or an uncle or an elderly person to connect their mobile phone or smart device to the Wi-Fi, you've probably realized how difficult it is to get them to understand. Or if they want to pay something using internet banking or they don't know what they're doing, you try to explain it to them. It's really, really hard. Okay? Why? It's not the easiest thing. It is for you guys because this is a generation you're born in. So one of the disadvantages is it needs additional investment. You need to pay for extra devices like Wi-Fi. If you're going to connect all these devices, you need to have capabilities or some technical knowledge to connect them. So you need have technical dependencies. The social impact, the social impact is another thing. People are spending too much time on their mobile phones. Okay? And because everything is an application on your phone, all these smart devices are sending you information to your phone. So, you're becoming less sociable and you're always on your mobile phone. And it's not just for social networking. This is for just using these smart devices. I have a friend, he has a petrol station now. He's got cameras at his petrol station. And whenever we go out as a family to eat, to have some fun, he's obsessed by looking at the cameras at his petrol station to make sure everything's okay. So, instead of um contributing to the conversation, having some fun, and relaxing, he's always on edge looking, oh, what's this guy doing? Is he putting petrol? Is he doing something else? Okay. So that's another disadvantage. Security risks, anything connected to the network always is going to be a security risk. You need to think about security. You need to think about somebody might hack into that device. They might collect personal data or they may access your security system at home and monitor you without you knowing. Physical health and concerns. Well, it does promote a seated lifestyle. We spend a lot of time sitting down um seeing our mobile phones or our devices. less physical movement. Instead of us getting up to go switch something on, we just switch it on from the mobile phone or our smart device. Now before we used to say people were lazy because of remote controls on the television. You had to get up and change buttons when I was young. I was the remote control in my house. You know, if my dad wanted the channel changed, he would say get up and press button number three. So I was the remote control. So I would do my steps. He wouldn't. Now it's even worse. We control everything through our smart device. Um so anyway that's the disadvantages is there. Here now this slide here this is from my very good friend. I'm going to give a shout out here. Very good friend and a colleague George Gakufa. Um I've been working with George for many many many years now about 17 18 years now. He's a fantastic ICT teacher and I have learned a lot from him. So George if you are listening right now well kudos to you. Um it's a pleasure all these years that I've been working and still working with you. So anyway, this slide is from George Kver. Um so you can see here some examples and here's a model answer guys. So I'm going to leave that there for you to have a quick look at and just read it. Essentially I've highlighted the bits at the top which are important. These are the things that we need to understand. This is to do the question to do with control devices in the home. You need to describe giving examples. This is very important these little key words and the negative effects only. So here I've put the model answer which says smart devices can take over tasks that people would um have to do manually. Does that give me a mark yet? No. George from George Kuver from Cyprus. He teaches with me at the school where I am. So this line here doesn't give me a mark. This is just the buildup for my marks. So I'm saying what smart devices are. and giving knowledge and this can result in humans getting lazy. So there's one mark and as a result could lead to humans becoming overweight. Okay, so I've described that because the devices are doing things that we would normally do. We're not doing them anymore. And then I'm giving another example. Smart fridges can identify when you're running low on items and order items automatically. So you do not have to go to the supermarket. There's your mark with the example. It may order items you did not want. Here's a disadvantage. There's another uh that's another disadvantage there. A negative. You may not want to order more eggs, although you've run out. Why? You may be going on holiday tomorrow. If you order the eggs now, they're going to be rotten by the time you come back. Smart monitoring devices like smart baby monitors can make parents over sensitive. Absolutely. Parents are running up and down the stairs like crazy. probably get giving them good exercise. The slightest thing that goes wrong or if it gives false information, then that could uh create the panic for the parents and they're running up and down the stairs. So, we've got false alarms there. So, this answer here is actually not just four marks. I've got around about seven, eight marks in there. Um, but there you go. I wanted a nice complete answer for you. And this is the mark sheet. This is the mark scheme for that question. Now, again, you guys, you're always looking at the mark schemes. Um but the mark schemes are just points and guides for the examiners for us to to look for something in your answers. It's not there uh to be able to answer like points. Now I' I've just seen a very quick glance. Is it for two marks for the explanation and two marks for the negatives? No, it's four marks for four negatives. But you have to have an example. A something an example. It doesn't have to be four examples. You could have an example like here I've got it does things that humans do and I've got lazy and overweight. That will be like two marks. Okay? So you're looking at the negative effects. What you're looking for is negative effects with examples. So you can't just say microprocessor or smart devices um make people lazy. No mark. Why? You haven't given the reason why. And my students know something about me. Whenever they give me an answer, the first thing I'm going to say to them is why they give me an answer. Hi, Dam Damacus. Damascus. Um, by measus. What's Damacus? Anyway, I always say why. Why? They give an answer. Why? Give an answer. Why? You have to justify your answers. All right. Question number two. Wow. You can see this is going to go a long time, huh? Right. So I've put together some things to do all all the questions like with microprocessors and so on. Here cars can have sensors at the front and rear of a vehicle to detect obstacles. Describe how sensor detects an obstacle. So we have to describe how the sensor detects an obstacle and sends the data to the microprocessor when parking the car. I've already answered this. I've described this for you with a diagram, but I've also got a good diagram here. There it is. So this is what I drew before. So the way if we're looking at this question here how the sensors work well the sensors are here. Now the sensor could be any kind of sensor and we're going to see in the resources I've given you the sensor at this point here when a car's parking is something like a proximity sensor. A proximity sensor will sense um if something is close to it. And how does it do it? Well, it's like it's like the radar of speed detectors that police use. It produces a signal and that signal when it hits an obstacle, the signal bounces back. The time it takes for that wavelength or that signal to bounce back can be calculate the distance. Now you don't need to go into that much detail but what essentially what happens here the sensor is constantly producing here an analog signal with the waves that it's receiving from things that it's that bouncing back. So let's say it nothing is bouncing back then you're getting a flat line and as you're getting closer to something it's going up and up and then as you get too close it goes up and it'll beep a lot. This is an analog signal. This goes through the analog to digital converter, converting it into a digital signal. We've done that. The microprocessor will take this digital signal, compare it to what's in memory. Depending on what the memory uh has stored to say, beep stop. The signal is too high. Then it will produce a digital signal to go to the output. The digital signal then has to be converted to an analog signal which goes to the sensor. And that sensor could be an alarm. It could be anything you want. Okay, so that's basically how it works. Now, I've got here for you a good description here of everything. Let me just get myself out of the way here for a second. Um, so you can't I'm not on top of that. So, here you can see I'm explaining what an analog signal is. The the process from analog to digital. The CPU takes the uh information, compares it to what's in memory. that produces an output digital signal and the digital signal goes back to an analog signal. So you can look at that slide. I've explained it three different ways. Okay, I can bring myself back now. Wait. Okay. So here's a simple device for a house. So this may be for a greenhouse. It could be for a house. It could be anything. This is a common question or something to do either with a lake and pollution or a greenhouse or some other control device. let's say a vehicle. So here we've got our sensors. We've got a light sensor. We've got heat sensors and humidity sensor. This is to do with the greenhouse. If they ask you to describe the sensors and what sensors you would use, think about it. Don't put some silly sensors like a pressure sensor. How are you going to use a pressure sensor in a greenhouse? Stop and think. Think logically. What do plants need to grow? That's what we need to control. moisture, humidity, heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide. You can add those in there as well. That's fine. All of these sensors measure and send an analog signal, produce an analog signal, which is converted from analog to digital that goes to our processor. The processor takes these digital signals. Oops, that's not a digital signal. That's a silly analog signal. Takes the digital signals and converts and checks them with the memory. And according to the levels of each thing, it will produce a digital output. Again, digital to analog converter. And that will turn on the lights, turn on the heater, open the vent. The output device here, that will be a motor. That could be a motor. Here it could be a heater. This is a light bulb. Okay. All right. Here I've got some sensors. These are sensors you should know about. These are sensors that will help you answer any type of question. Can you answer with bullet points? Well, look at the question. It says, and we're going to look at that in a second, describe. So, your answer is no. Not bullet points. Now, will you get marks if you use bullet points? I understand that English is not most of you is not your first language. So, it's very hard to formulate a comprehensive answer um in in a question like this. Try not to put it as dots with bullets, but make them short sentences one after the other. It makes it easier to read and more of a describe question. Okay? Um try your best. Don't just put bullets and very short, you know, um well, we'll see my answer and we'll compare it. So, these are sensors that you should be able to uh identify and use them accordingly. So, if you have a lake and you want to measure the pollution, maybe you can use something like uh a temperature sensor to measure the heat of the water, you might have a light sensor. A light sensor would actually measure how clear the water is or murky, something like that. Um, you could have a pH sensor for a lake to see the acidity of the lake. If you're looking at a greenhouse, you've got humidity sensor, an alarm, you've got motion sensors. So have a look at these sensors and just make sure you know um about these sensors and in which scenarios you can use them. They all work the same though they all produce an analog signal which has to be converted to a digital signal for a processor to read it. So here's my answer. The question is here how the sensor detects an obstacle and sends the data to a microprocessor when parking the car. This is a four mark question. It says describe. So instead of points, you want to put the sensor. And I put here in brackets proximity. Maybe you don't have to put that, but that just shows that I know what I'm talking about. And this is things little tricks the examiners are looking for. It continually transmits a signal. Can you see this isn't a very big sentence. I could have made that as a bullet point, but I just put that in a in a sentence style. If there are any obstacles nearby, then the signal is reflected by the obstacle. The proximity sensor is continuously monitoring reflected signals. And by continually monitoring, it means it's always getting the signal which is being reflected, producing the analog signal that picked up the analog signal which is sent to an analog to digital converter. So, anything to do with sensors, anything to do with sensors, the processor and how it deals with it, make sure you mention the analog to digital converter. Okay. Now, this question only relates to sends the data to the micro pro. It doesn't say anything about warning the driver that is getting close to an obstacle. It doesn't say anything about that. This question is only about how the sensor detects and sends the data to the microprocessor. Nothing. This is why I haven't included the DAC the digital to analog converter for the output. It doesn't hasn't asked me. So if I then say that this signal the microprocessor compares the signal to what's stored in memory depending on the difference in value it will send an output and alarm the driver. That's a fantastic question. That's a fantastic answer. I get zero marks for it. It's a fantastic answer. I've wasted my time, but I don't get any marks because I didn't read the question carefully. This question is only about sending the data to the microprocessor. So, please read those questions carefully. And this is what the mark sheet is looking for. Question three. Um, don't worry, they're going to start getting a bit faster soon. Okay, so again, um, these three questions, these are three different types of questions on, uh, microprocessors and smart devices. So, and then we're going to go into other things. I tried to group them together so I don't I'm not pingponging backwards and forwards, non-stop from one topic back again, so on and so forth. So this one here says vehicles can contain microp processor control devices to improve transport safety. And can you see here we're looking at sensors and this is a different type of question. Again this is to improve transport safety. For example, when a vehicle approaches a road uh speed sign, the microprocessor sends an alert to the driver. Discuss the positive. Now look at this. the positive and negative effects of using microprocessor control devices in transport. Not at the home, not at school, not at office. Transport safety. Your answer must only be focused on transport safety. You are discussing the positive and negative effects. You're going to say, can I use bullet points. No, you can't. If you do, you will get some marks because the examiners are trained to mark positively. So, if you have no choice, don't leave it blank. Write anything down. But you will not get full marks if you're using just bullet points. So, let's go look at the theory behind this. Now, no, you don't need to learn this diagram. This is just to show you the how many microprocessor control devices there are in a modern car. Yeah, there's so many of them. You don't have to learn them. This is just for you to have something to visualize if you get a question like this. And this could be a refrigerator. It could be a microwave. It could be a baby monitor. There's so many different sensors. These are some of the sensors and a description of them that we find in a car. Some of them, you know, some of you may know about the ABS, the anti-lock braking system. What that does, if you hit the brakes in an emergency, your brake, your wheels are going to lock. And when your wheels lock, the steering wheel doesn't have any effect. The car keeps going straight. So, what the ABS does, it the wheels, it will um hit the brakes and release the brakes many many times. So, the wheels do this so they keep turning and that allows you to have control. That's the ABS system. The airbag control system. You know about that one. You know if you crash the airbags open up. Climate control. This is the AC or the temperature control of the vehicle. So depending what temperature you set it at, the microprocessor will will do that. Satellite navigation. Something also that you probably know in cars or on your smart devices. Tire pressure monitoring system. This is another one. Cruise control. This controls um you know you can set the speed and your car keeps that speed. This is another one very very um quite used in modern cars. The lane depart warning. So if you start going away from the lane from your line it will warn you. And the other one as well is this again the proximity sensors. So this can be used to help you with parking but at the same time you have proximity sensors which tell you how close the vehicle in front of you is. So if you get too close to the vehicle and you don't see it, your car will start breaking or it will start warning you before you hit the car. So this is some information. Here are some disadvantages. This is what we're going to base, you know, parts of our answer on. All of these sensors are new devices. They cost money. So the cost of the vehicle is going to increase. In any smart device or any microprocessor control device, there's an increase in price because of these control systems. Force alarms. Yeah, you may get a false alarm. Many times the tire pressure management system, it it sense that the tire pressure is low when it might not be or it might be just on the verge. You may get a false alarm. Airplanes have come down. Tragic accidents have happened because of false force alarms or sensor malfunction. An airplane has come down at some point in the past because they forgot to remove the tape when they were cleaning the airplane and that tape was covering the sensor sending wrong warnings. So what does this mean? We are so reliant on these sensors that when when there's a false alarm, many times people don't know how to react because they're so dependent on these systems controlling things for us. You know, if we get too close to the car, it breaks for you automatically. So, you're not paying attention. If the sensor is giving a false warning, we don't know how to react because we've never had to. Okay? So these are some of the disadvantages. So we are over reliant and and drivers become over reliant on these sensors and this is in every scenario. Sensor malfunction and limited range to coverage may not detect very slow. This one here I always remember like my neighbor he bought a brand new I can't remember it was a Discovery a Range Rover or something like that and he was really happy with it. Brand new car. He lives opposite me. Three days later, he comes home with a big dent in the back of his car. I said, "Hey, what happened to the car?" He goes, "I crashed into a post." I said, "Well, don't you have parking sensors?" He goes, "Yeah, but it didn't detect them." Why? Because the post was too small for it to detect. And he ended up smashing his car because he was all this time he was driving a car with no parking sensors and he was fine. when he bought a new car with parking sensors, he put all of his reliability in those sensors. As a result, he crashed his car. So, here's an answer for you. We're looking for six marks. We're looking at uh transport safety. We're discussing the positive and negatives. So, I always start off with uh a discussion just to bring uh to show that I understand what's going on. Microprocessor control devices can monitor conditions continuously and with accuracy. And this is true. This statement here is true for any device. Even if it's a device measuring the weather, measuring the acidity of the lake. It can do these measurements 24 hours a day, non-stop, hundreds, if not thousands of measurements per second, which is something humans can't do. And it will measure them with the same accuracy humans don't. So in vehicles, this means that the driver can focus more on driving. So this is an advantage because he doesn't have to worry about all the other things and if something's um coming too close to him and this that the other he can focus more on the driving making travel safer. So here's a good advantage there. It makes travel safer because the driver can just focus on the road instead of all the other bits and bobs and mirrors. Control devices can avoid accidents. So we've discussed that which is a good thing. Um, if the if the driver, for example, is putting on their makeup or checking their Instagram account while they're driving, and they shouldn't, if they go to crash into the car in front of them, it will break for them. Okay. Parking sensors and cameras assist the driver when parking, making it easier. Now, can you see? You can just say parking sensors, but that's not giving me the discussion. So, why are what are parking s good or bad? Well, why? You have to give the why because it assists the driver when parking. Assists, not park for them, making it easier and providing a sense of confidence to the driver. Um, you guys, when you start driving, you're going to understand what I mean by that. Um, sometimes people avoid taking or using their car to go somewhere because it's somewhere they've never been to before because they don't have the confidence because it's a new road or a new area. So sensors can actually build that confidence for you to actually do that and park in tight spaces because you know you're not going to hit the other car. These control systems and here's the twist. Here we go to the disc to the negatives however can be expensive increasing the cost of the car. Uh it can m uh cost to maintain and repair the control devices. The other downside is that drivers become too dependent on the microprocessor control devices and if the control device malfunctions or gives a false alarm, the driver may not know how to react. So we've discussed, we've used our knowledge and we've identified a number of points and this is the mark sheet. You can see again the mark sheet is very vague and this is this is one of the reasons students do badly in in the theory is because of all of this. You just read the mark sheet and try to remember these little points. All right. There are risks involved in social networking sites. Now this is something which is going to come up quite often. Lee this is something of your generation. So, you really need um you really do need to be able to answer these questions, read the questions, and understand what they're asking for. It says here, "Describe four strategies you would use to minimize the risks of using social networking sites to make new friends." So, this is social networking to make new friends. That's what your answers, these four points have to be about only. And it is a describe. We don't just write the fact. Do not meet people. That's may get your mark. Probably won't. All right. I've given for you here because you're not going to get the same question more than likely. You're going to get something else which is related again to e safety. This is an e safety topic. And there are four things that you need to look at on e safety. The internet is the general one. And under the general one, you got things e safety with email, e safety with social media, e safety with online gaming. You need to know all of these. Can we write positive and negative aspects in two paragraphs? No, you need to use the four points. Let me give you another simple um example. Uh something that students do many times. Instead of giving four points, one 2 3 4 you give five 6 7 eight points thinking that if this one is wrong but this one is correct, you get the mark. You won't examiners when you put more than you are asked for. So let's say they ask for four things and you give six. They will take the first four and only mark these ones. If these two are wrong and these two are correct, these two are ignored. Only the first four points. So when you're given a list to create a list or identify four items, the four first items. So don't bother putting more because you won't get the mark. They won't even look at anything else that you write underneath. So I've got for you here separated a slide for each one. I'm not going to go through all of it um step by step, but you can read through this and you can look at it while I'm while I've got it here as well. So with social media, this is to do with e safety with social media up there. Think about what you do. If you were to tell a sibling or somebody younger than you and they needed help and they wanted to, you know, I want to make new friends on social media using social networking. How would you advise them? That's your answer. What you would say to a 10year-old, that's your answer. And why do I say a 10-year-old? Because when you say 10 year old, some of the answers that you would give and you would say, "Hey, but that's common sense." It's not common sense for a 10-year-old. With a 10-year-old, you would take the time to analyze the little points that you have in your head and you don't normally write down. That's the important thing here. So, one, privacy settings. Set them to private. Always check your privacy settings on your social networking. Restrict who can see your personal data and um your location, your personal information. Never share your full name, address, or school details. This is one where parents really mess up. And you're going to see this in another example further down. Parents like to take pictures of their kids when they're going to school because they look so cute with their school uniform. That's like telling every sick-minded person, this is my child and he goes to this school. So now we know exactly what country you're in, where you are, and what school your child goes to. Can I write continuous pros instead of bullet points for questions like the for this question? You have to use the 1 2 3 4. If it's a describe with a long paragraph one, yes. Continuous with instead of bullet points, yes, you probably can. Yes, guys. I'm I'm only just randomly looking at a question whenever something pops up, okay? Because there's no way I'll be able to answer all these questions and go through these as well. So, most of the questions I'll go through when you ask when when I'm done with these questions. All right? So, avoid sharing your location, friend, and contact management. Only connect with people you know in real life. I know nobody does that, but it's an answer, isn't it? That's what you would tell a 10-year-old. never agreed to meet people online uh contacts in person. Right? So, this is common sense for everybody. You never meet someone you've met online in person unless unless you tell an adult, you tell another person, you go to a public place, you go with somebody else, go with two, three other people. You never go on your own. Okay? And always go to a public place and never at night. Okay? Um it it's always best to avoid and always use a platform which verifies that the account that's being used by the adaposer is a real account. In other words, they've given some real information to have access to an account because that gives you a bit more security. Block and report unwanted or suspicious users. Now content awareness. Think before you post. Remember your digital forprint. When you post something, you put it on social networking or social media, it is there forever. Even if you delete it, it is stored somewhere. So the rule is if what you want to post you would not be comfortable posting on a massive billboard on the highway where the whole country can see it, don't post it. That's the rule. If you're not comfortable, and here's a good one. If you're not comfortable with your parents seeing a post, don't post it. If you're not comfortable with somebody, anybody seeing your post, don't post it. Okay. Um, be respectful your language and comments. This is probably one of the more important ones and the ones that people miss the most. And that's because what is e- safety about? It's about you being safe, you not being targeted. Why would you be targeted? Well, you probably have done something to trigger some. Not always you, but usually if you bad mouth or you tease or you if you're playing an online game and you're showboating and making someone feel bad because they keep losing and this that the other, that could trigger something in them and they can start targeting you. Okay? So, if you're always respectful, you're reducing the chances of you being targeted. Remember that employers may check your social media accounts. Not may, they will. I promise you they will. I hire people, I do interviews, they will check your social media accounts. And if you posted something 10 years ago when you were younger, which is either racial or um you're insulting somebody's ethnicity or their religion or something like, chances are you're not going to get the job. Okay? So, be careful. Everything you do now will come back and reflect on you in the future. Security measures, always use strong unique passwords. Two-factor authentication, absolute must. These days, I have to use my two-factor authentication at least 20 to 30 times a day. I never get my device to remember any passwords. Don't use the same passwords across different social media platforms. Never share your login details. In fact, get yourself a password manager. I've got over 300 passwords and I never ever ever remember or know any of my passwords. I open my password manager, copy paste. All right. Here I've got a section on e safety using email. I'm not going to read this, but in general I'm going to go over this because you might get a question which is to do with email instead of social networking. With email, it's the same thing. Be careful when you're opening emails. Even if it's an email for someone that you know, never click on any links. Never download any attachments. There's a question on that we're going to see in a minute. We never um we always check the domain of the email. So it it might have a name which it seems normal but if you go and look at the actual email address you will see that sometimes the domain is wrong. So you're not going to bother with that. If there is something which is suspicious you delete the email. You don't forward it to anybody else. You don't need to download it. You can report it. If you receive um something from a particular company asking you for some information or this that go to the company's website manually. Do not click on the link. Um, and always check again the domain of the website they're telling you to go to. Even when you go to a website, your own website, let's say you're going to go to your bank's website, you may get um malware on your computer, which what that's going to do, it's going to change the DNS, the do the domain name server system of your computer. So, if this is your PC, when you go to let's say www.bank.com, bank.com. Let's say this is your bank URL. As soon as you type that in inside the DNS of your computer, instead of taking you here, it will redirect you instead to a hacker's website, which looks exactly the same because your computer has been infected. Okay, it's been breached. So even when you type a URL manually and you press enter and you see that website, always have a look at the URL at the top and make sure the domain is correct because if your account if your computer has been infected or has been infiltrated, it could have a local DNS uh list which is directing certain account or certain URLs to a different website despite the fact that you're writing the correct one. Okay? And never ever send identifiable or personal information through email, even attachments. I tell people at the school where I work at, if you're going to send information about students as an attachment, password protect the document. Do never really send the document. Send a link to the document and make sure that document is password protected. If you need to send them the password, don't use an email to send the password as well. Because if they've got access to your email account and they've got the file, then they're also going to get the password you send them. So send the password for that document using a different medium. An SMS message for example. Okay, these are things that you can discuss. Essafety when playing games online. This is a different type of question. Um, never reveal personal information. Use a nickname. Always just be respectful. Do not swear. Do not shout. Do not scream at people. And if somebody is not um abiding by these rules or this that the other then report them. All right? And this is general e safety on all of these topics. Okay. So I'm going to give you this file. As I said, I'm going to send this in the chat. In fact, I can post you the link. I'm actually going to modify that link, but I'm going to post that link now in the chat so you can actually get access to the PDF. There it is. There. I've just posted it now for you. Hey, nothing about Mexican drug cartels, please. Right now then, so here's here's an answer for you. So, here we need to use the four points. Never meet someone in person, even if they mention people you may know. Now, that's a tricky. So, this is remember social networking sites to minimize the risk when you want to make new friends. If you're going to meet someone, make sure that you let an adult know and never go alone. Do not share any personal information about yourself or others like school you go to, location you live, email, telephone numbers, and this that the other. Always have your privacy settings in your social media accounts set to private. So, these are just four that I've selected there. We've gone over quite a few. This is the mark sheet. Again, I've posted that. I'm going to keep posting that link to that URL. So, anybody wants to get that, you can. Question five. Okay, we're going now to virtual reality and augmented reality. So, a couple of questions here. Here it says virtual reality can be used when training for sports. State two other uses of virtual real not what virtual reality is but uses. And then the second question is discuss the impact of virtual reality on everyday life. All right. So first of all what is virtual reality? And this these again these are topics I think will can come up in your papers because these are the things of today. This is the the technology that's being used today. So this is probably I I I received an email um this past week from CIE asking you know as uh educators and this that the other and examiners what we think should be included in the syllabus. So it's feedback from us teachers and this that the other which kind of affect what's going to be in the new syllabus and we're looking at everyday things. So virtual reality essentially is the use of computer technology to create simulated environment that allows the user to interact with the 3D world in a way that feels real. Now you're not going to remember that. What you are going to remember though is what it actually is. You wear certain apparatus like goggles and it places you in a fake simulated imaginary world. The whole world that you see is an imaginary. Now it could be of a real place. So, you could do virtual reality and be in the National History Museum in London and you can be walking around in the Natural History Museum, but you're not actually there. Okay? Your real environment is probably your bedroom, as you can see these people here in your office. So, you're put in a virtual world, a fake world, and you are able to interact with that world, 3D objects. You can read information. You can click on things, grab things, you can play games, you can do all of these things. But the main difference, the main key thing about virtual reality is that you are in an a totally immersed world, not you're seeing a virtual world. You're not seeing your world where you are, which is the difference with augmented reality, which is the next question. So it says here it usually requires special equipment such as VR headsets, gloves, and controllers. It can simulate real life places or completely imaginary worlds. Users can look around, move, and interact within the virtual space. Now, you can see this this setup here, it actually requires quite a lot of space, okay? If you're going to have a fully immersive or this one here, you need really expensive equipment to be able to have this in a smaller space and be able to walk around in a really large room. Okay. Um, it might be gaming. So, here are some examples of VR and impact on everyday life. So, I've got some examples here. For example, educ education and training. An example is like uh virtual field trips, historical sites, exploring the human body 3D, going to let's say a a a live volcano. The impact is VR helps people to learn more effectively by simulating real life environments. And I've got some examples here for you. Entertainment and gaming. This is a big one. Okay, so this allows people to actually interact and live the game instead of just a joystick. They're actually living the game, moving around, interacting with things, and it's like they feel that they're inside the world, interacting with this 3D model. Other examples are things like uh VR cinemas, concerts, let people experience events as if they were even as if they were there, even from home. Communications and social interaction. Now, this this was one um this is another one where you can be in a virtual world and have your own avatar and be walking around and be interacting in a social site which is a virtual world and talking with people and relating with people doing business or just casual and social and it actually gives you the feeling that you're actually there with the other person interacting in that world. So you can be going with somebody for a tour at the Natural History Museum in London with other people from around the world and you're walking together and talking to each other as if you're actually there without leaving your home. Workplace and remote collaboration. Again, you can do things like um walkthroughs. Now walkthroughs is a really really good one and I've made a an example a separate example of this one we're going to see now. So walkthroughs in business are fantastic. Imagine um going to let's say you want to buy a building, you want to buy a house and or you want to buy, I don't know, let's say uh an an out house in in Hawaii. Instead of you having to travel to go there and see it and experience it and see whether it's what you want or the area you want, you can actually visit the place in virtual reality, which is what we've got here. You can put on the goggles and the people selling the house or the estate agents if they've got the 360 model uh of the house, you can actually walk around in the house, interact, open the doors, walk through, see the bedrooms, see what the views like at night, see what it's like during the day, and you can actually see and experience as best as possible that virtual world of that house before deciding whether you want to spend the money to go see it in real life. And that way you can actually shop or go look for very so many other places. You can do walkthroughs at history museums. You can do walkthroughs in let's say uh things which don't exist anymore. Let's say um worlds which have been destroyed or don't exist anymore. And you can do let's say field trips with a school class. So the benefits saves time and travel and cost. So this is a really good example with VR example if you have to give you know benefits and this that the other disadvantages. It's always about the money. Show me the money. It's expensive guys. VR is expensive. I've only ever put a headset on once in Malta when I went to do some training for some educators over there. And you know, I liked it, but they are expensive. And that's just for the goggles and just to have a phone to sending the information, but if you're going to do gaming and real world walkthroughs and this that the other, it can be really expensive. Health issues. Some people experience motion sickness or dizziness from that. Same with 3D glasses. You don't have the real world interaction. So, if you're doing social networking and you're in a virtual environment meeting people, um you are simply meeting them in a virtual world, you're not having real life interactions. And usually people are fake when you can't actually see them in real life. Uh it gives you that god effect where behind the keyboard you can be anyone you want, but in actual life you're not. So, um yeah, you lose that you lose that skill of social uh interaction with people. limited mobility and space. Not all of us have the space for an actual u and and the money for uh such equipment, technical issues and not suitable for everyone, disabled people or um people which have got limited uh mobility or elderly. So here's the answer for you know this very small answer we've covered quite a bit. Gaming allows the user to experience the game as if they're actually in the game. So we only need to state so this is a bulletoint type of question. We only need to state two uses. Educational trips. I'm just giving a little bit more. So even if I put educational trips, I probably get the mark there. And gaming probably get the mark there because I only need to state. Okay. And this is the second question that we had on there. Discuss the impact of virtual reality on everyday life. Now this is the six mark question. We're looking at discuss the impact on everyday life. So I'm giving a small example here very quickly what virtual reality is and it allows people to experience things they would not be able to do normally because it would be too expensive or too dangerous. For example, take a tour to see the workings of a nuclear power station. You couldn't do that. You die of radiation. But you can in a virtual world to see what it's like and how it works and what the security measures are. Taking a class of students on a tour on an active volcano. Again, too dangerous, but I've got two marks there. Okay. Skills can be developed through practicing virtual world to improve technique, minimizing cost of practicing in the real world. So, we can experience things like, I don't know, Formula 1 driving, flying an airplane, simulating flying an airplane through a tornado. Would you actually do that? No, you wouldn't. it would take too long before you can actually find the tornado to get the airplane up and go through it. But in a virtual world, you can simulate it and that virtual react can actually help you develop some skills and responses in case that does happen. Designs can be ch um so we can also have the walkthroughs um where we have uh where are we? We've got virtually however cannot where are we? Uh extreme scenarios which are not likely to happen. So say tornado designs can be changed quickly for review before approval is given for a final design to be constructed. For example, um if you're going to construct something, let's say a building or whatever, before you actually build a model, which takes a lot of time, you can actually make a virtual model of it and experience it in virtual reality before somebody actually goes and invests um into creating this model or this building. Can I say increases creativity of people? Well, what does Buffitis always say when a student answers? My answer is why are you explaining how it improves creativity? Someone just asked that. No, you haven't. So, you won't get an answer. You won't get a mark for that. Now, if you explain how it improves or increases creativity, then yes. So, give me an expl give an explanation of how it increases creativity. That's your mark. Okay, this is important. Whenever you write something down as an answer, especially with discuss and evaluate and all these, always say to yourself, what does that bold guy Oh yeah, I've seen the nicknames you will give me. The bold guy, the guy with the plunger on his head and all the just say, what does the bold guy always say? He says, why? Whenever you write something down, think of me saying why. Why? Why? Why are you writing that down? That's the important thing. Oh, where have I gone? Right. Uh, designs can be changed. So, uh, where are virtual reality, however, cannot replace real life experiences. So, this is the disadvantage. So, it's another impact. So, it doesn't have to be negative or positive. It's both. Um, users can be addicted to virtual gaming. Now, people are addicted to gaming as it is. If it's not in the mark scheme, does it count? If it is a correct validated response, then yes, it does count. But what you think is a valid response and what is a valid response may be different. If you give a correct answer then absolutely if it's valid the uh examiners are trained to mark positively. So think before your answer always ask yourself why. And if you've got the why answered then you've probably got a mark and you've probably got a good answer. The Y guy. There's my new nickname. I'm going to put that on my next one. the why guy because it's that why that makes the difference. You have the answers. You know why you're saying people it increases people's creativity because you've thought of something. You need to write that thought down. That's the important thing. Okay, there's the mark sheet. Again, you've got the mark sheets. I'm giving you the mark sheet so you don't have to hunt for these. Question six. Okay, explain. Now, now we're going to augmented reality. what is the differences between virtual reality and augmented reality and then discuss the impact of augmented reality on everyday life. So, we had virtual reality, now we've got augmented reality. Again, this is the new thing. Now, augmented reality um yeah, wow. What's the difference? Well, virtual reality immerses us in a virtual world, a new world. It could be a world somewhere that exists somewhere else in the world, but it's not our world where we are right now. It could be a totally imaginary world like a game. That's fine. Augmented reality takes the world you are in right now, your bedroom, your living room, outside at the shops, wherever you are, and it will put a layer on top of your world to show data, information, things you can interact with. And the fantastic example, and I'm happy to say I actually lived this for my with my boys. Pokemon Go. What was Pokemon Go about? You use your smartphone. It uses the camera and you can see with the camera around your room and all of a sudden, whoop, a Pokemon will pop up. That Pokemon is a layer on top of what your camera is seeing in your world, not a virtual world. That is what augmented reality is. So here I have some examples for you. Gaming. This one is a fantastic one. Let's say you want to um you've got now companies, furniture companies which will allow you what you can do. You can go and select items like a couch. open the camera on your mobile phone and you can then just put the couch where you're think ah yeah I like the couch but now that I've put it in my augmented reality software where I can see the empty space that couch is not that good or it doesn't fit like I thought it would fit. Maybe the colors are and you can go try other couches or tables. You can furnish your whole room and play around with it until you got the room perfect the way you want and then you've got the items you want before buying them and putting them in. So that's a fantastic example. You can instead of creating a virtual reality of the natural history museum in London again then where you are at home instead of at the museum itself, you can go to the museum itself. You can wear some goggles or use your phone. If you see an artifact in the museum and you want to know about it, you can use your phone and what it will do, it will pop up information about that artifact for you if it's been programmed. If if there is the augmented reality setup in the museum. So you could be walking around just pointing things at your camera, what you're looking at, and information will pop up and you can interact with that. Now, the thing with augmented reality is it's cheaper. You need less equipment. You just need a smart device like a smartphone or a tablet for a bigger screen. You don't need all the expensive equipment. The only difference is it's actually displaying your real world, not a virtual world. So here I've got um a description of different scenarios for gaming, real retail and furniture, maintenance and repair, um healthcare, museums and education, fashion and makeup tryon. So you can have augmented reality where you can, you know, have your camera facing you, your front-facing camera, and you can test like different glasses or hats or makeup or whatever. Okay, navigation, eg Google or maps. Okay. So, I've got for you descriptions of these things, what they are, and the impact it has on everyday life. I'm not going to read through them one by one. Where can I access these notes? I've posted the link. I'm going to post it again. Uh let me just put this up. Let me post the link again. And again, I'm going to be posting it at some other point as well. So, there's that link again. So, you can download the PDF of this. And if I update the PDF cuz I made some changes, I will the link will work again. Okay. All right. So, here are some um descriptions and impacts of every daily life using AR. Right. The main disadvantages and these are general disadvantage of AR. High cost but it's not as expensive as uh virtual reality battery drain. It will drain your battery. I remember going around with my boys when they were younger years and years ago and they were looking for Pokemon this that the other. they had to take a we had to buy a a booster to charge their phone because the battery would drain quite quickly. Requires fast internet and GPS. Um so either internet access through Wi-Fi or um through 4G, 3G, 4G, well 4G and 5G. 3G will probably be a bit slow. Limited device support. Now AR often requires modern smartphones or tablets. So you can't just get any old phone and just use it. um some some users may not have access to to these kind of uh um systems distraction and safety issue. Now this this one here is a big big big problem. We've already got so many people walking around on pavements crossing the road and this that the going downstairs and not looking where they're going because they either taking selfies or they're reading things on their phone. Augmented reality amplifies this because if people were walking around, I remember someone got hit by a car because they were they were walking to find I can't remember. There was a really really um a rare Pokemon. Was it Charizard? Is my memory serving me correctly. Uh you could tell me in the comments if it was. I think it was Charizard. I think he found Charizad and he he went across the high road to go and get Charizard to supposedly to catch it and he got hit by a car. Okay. though it is distracting. People are focusing too much on their mobile phones and not looking where they're going. Needless to say, how many people are tripping over things? Okay, this slide here is a comparison. Does my PDF cover everything? No, the PDF is what I've got here. The 13 questions I'm doing, guys. So, comparing virtual reality and augmented reality. Here is a table for you to have a look at. It talks about the environment, the devices used, user awareness, and interaction level. So this is a really easy table just by looking at it. Um so if we just take one let's say the device used virtual reality requires a VR headset. Augmented reality requires a smartphone tablets or AR glasses you know smartphones and tablets people have normally got. Not everybody we're not going to go into down that path right now but in general most people have some kind of smart device. Uh the interaction level again with virtual reality it's very very high um because everything is in a virtual world you're interacting with everything whereas with augmented reality it's limited. You're only interacting with certain things that pop up which are in your actual world. Think about going to a natural history museum and just using your phone to um point at something and it will give you information about it. It's a good marketing product. By the way, there's a whiskey company that actually um you they've got a QR code on the box of their whiskey bottle and when you open your camera, it will open up the augmented reality and I think one of the founders or whatever will come out and we'll talk to you about that whiskey, when it was made, how it's made and this that the other. So yeah, fantastic little advertising tool as well. So here's the first part of that question we've got here. Virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one and requires the use of headsets. Augmented reality places digital overlays on top of the real world and simply requires a smart device with a camera. You can use other things but the most basic form is this. The long answer question this is to do the discussion again the impact of augmented on everyday life. So again, we start off by saying what AR um augmented reality is. Users see different, for example, users uh we've got a wide range of users. So users see different furniture placed in their homes before deciding on what to purchase. They can have overlays on maps, can provide navigation information and warnings, uh making traveling easier and safer. So if you look at navigation systems, they can actually create an overlay showing you where there's traffic or if a road is closed and this that the other in in the actual map. Um AR is used in museums or education where interactive images and text can be placed on items in the real world providing information about items without need. So this is basically everything I've gone through and put it together as a little paragraph. Again, probably a little bit more than needed, but I'd rather give you a more complete answer. You can have guided tours of augmented reality. So, if you're going like if you go to Rome and they take you for a ro around, let's say in the 16th chapel, um instead, the guide will talk to you and tell you, but you could also have your augmented reality on your phone and just point to things and see and get information about different items. Um, okay. Or buildings. interactions with real humans is reduced and on-screen information can be distracting. Okay, so it says here AR have a does have its disadvantage. So again, interaction with humans, all of these devices, all of these things we do, it's reducing our social networking skills in person. um generally used with a smartphone in everyday life, it can reduce the users's awareness of surroundings while looking at the screen uh increasing the risk of accidents and we've discussed this. So whether it's driving or whether it's walking around and looking for Pokémons or or whatever else that you're looking for when you're using augmented reality on your phone, it will distract you from your surroundings. And here again are the mark sheets and it says six from here. Again, please these are just tips given to the examiners so that they can identify things in your answer, your discussion answer, not a bullet point. I'm just trying to see some of these comments. It's actually interesting some of your comments here. Right, number seven. All right. So here we're going to go down to uh something which normally pops up a question that pops up quite oftenly uh in different forms. Okay. So I've put something together for you which should be able to answer any form of the question. So it talks about a college principle and again say do I need to read this part? Yes. This is the scenario which bases the the whole foundation of your answer. So it's talking about college principal. So we're talking about schools has decided that students can use mobile devices to take notes in lessons. Some students use laptop computers while others use smartphones. So this is the important part there. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of using laptop computers rather than smartphones for this purpose. What is the purpose to take notes? So I need to identify the purpose and I want the benefits and drawbacks of using laptop computers or smartphones. That's the one question. This is the other question because it's a two-part question. It then says there are safety issues related to bringing laptop computers into the college. The network manager has decided to produce a paperbased certificate for students to prove that their laptop computer is safe to use. This is a very very badly worded question. It's badly worded because they want to produce a certificate. describe the main features that should be considered for the design of the city. And this is the key word that's going to guide you into what you have to do. So let's tackle the first question first. Here I've got for you on this slide here the different types of computers. Smartphones, fabts, tablets. A fabt is a device which is in between a smartphone and a tablet. So, it's slightly bigger than a smartphone. It's smaller than a tablet, but it has the processing power of a smartphone. Okay? So, it's an in between. So, whatever you can do, let's say, with a smartphone, you can do with your fabt. And whatever you can practically do, most of anything you can do with your tablet, you can do with the fabt. The main differences are going to be the screen size. Then you've got laptops and desktop computers. Now then we're going to move on to this. So let's have a look and see what I've got for you. Now I've put together a table for you which identifies the different devices, laptop, smartphone, tablet, tablet, desktop, PC, and the things that we can compare them with. Things like battery life. These are things that you should be able to identify to be able to compare devices. The battery life, how portable it is, the screen size, the storage capacity, the input method, connectivity that we connectivity to the internet or a network, processing power, software compatibility, camera quality, cost, and best for the really important ones I would generally say are that one, that one, that one, that one. Yes. Um, I would also go down to connectivity. You're going to say, "Well, aren't they all important?" Well, yes, they are. But in any question, you're not asked to identify everything. Okay? Camera quality or use cost. I try to get my students to avoid the term of cost. Why? Because they say it's more expensive. And what is my new nickname, guys? Why? What do you mean it's more expensive? What is more expensive? The tablet over the tablet, the tablet over the laptop, the smartphone over the tablet, the desktop over the laptop, it's very hard to put your finger on it. So unless you've got something which is really really um uh clearcut to discuss, then avoid it. So cost is usually u one that I tend to avoid. So I've got quite a few things here for you. So if we just take very quickly something like a just compare the smartphone to a tablet because a fabt the only differences are going to be really from a a phone and a tablet is going to be the size of the screen for the tablet is bigger. The tablet is smaller but it's bigger to a smartphone. However, the battery life is the same as that of a smartphone. So it's got higher battery life than what a tablet would be. Now do you need to know all of these things and the numbers? Absolutely not. But you have to have an understanding of them. So when they give you a scenario um you're able to identify things and put them in that discussion question. So any question that you get where you have to decide what is the best device or between two devices discuss the advantages and disadvantages for a scenario or any question to do with devices. These are the things that you have to focus on. How portable must the device be? We've seen a question in the past where it says you're going to be recording, I don't know, say the life of monkeys or gorillas in the jungle. What will be the best device to take? Well, a desktop is definitely not going to be the one. You need something which is portable. You're going to be out there for a long time, so you need something which has a good battery life. You need something that you're going to be able to take pictures quickly and clearly. You need something which will last you can charge easily in the jungle. So using a battery pack. The screen size is not really that important. You can just use it to take some very very small notes so that you can remember when you go back to your base camp to write your notes using a laptop let's say. So something like this I would say something like a smartphone. It gives you internet connections through 3G, 4G. It has a good camera. It's very portable, great battery life, and you can charge it with a very small battery charger to get an extended battery life. You've got notepad so you can write things. You can touch draw as well on a small screen, yes, but you can make simple notes. So when you go back, you can write things up on your desktop or on your laptop. Okay? So you have to think of things like how portable is it? What is the battery life? Is there availability for charging? Or is there a power outlet where you're going to be using it? Do you need to take pictures? Do you need to take front-facing and rearfacing pictures to make it easier to take the picture? Is the screen size important? Are you going to be doing detailed diagrams and you need something bigger? Probably a tablet. Does it have to have touchscreen requirements? Well, let's say you're using augmented reality, then yes, you need touchscreen. Does the processing power matter? Well, if you're using software like a computer and a laptop does, then yes, it does. If you're able to use applications, then you're good with a tablet, a smartphone, or a tablet. Keyboard requirements, are you going to be doing a lot of typing? Then you need a dedicated keyboard, a decent keyboard. So, you're looking at a laptop or a desktop. Worst case, I wouldn't advise it so much. problem. You won't have a question like is let's say have an an external keyboard for your tablet. Okay? As long as you say why. You have to give the reason why. Okay? General rules. Now, this is the second question. Okay? So, if we just go to answering this first question first. So, the benefits are I've got laptops unlike smartphones have a larger screen and a physical keyboard making it easier to type and see your screen while making notes. So remember this is to do with students taking notes. Okay, laptops over using smartphones. We need to describe the benefits and drawbacks. Software on laptops is generally more powerful and often uh that should be often offer more features than applications found on smartphones. However, battery life on the laptop is less. So you may not have a full school day using your laptop. You're going to need to charge it. Can you charge it? No. Your smartphone though will last. Smartphones have a longer battery life and can easily be charged from a portable power bank if you need more power. Uh smartphones are more uh more portable. So you don't have a big laptop and a charging cable that you're carrying in your backpack. You have it in your back pocket. It's easier to take pictures. A lot of students are taking pictures of notes and screenshots these days. So it's easier than with a laptop. Most laptops don't have a rearfacing camera. And you could also record video very easily. So there are advantages and disadvantages. Now for this question where you're going to design the certificate. So let's have a look and see what I've given you here. Where it says designing the certificate. This is the same for everything. They may ask you to design a certificate. They may ask you to design a form. They may ask you a question on databases in the theory saying you're creating a a form to enter data into electronic database. The data you're collecting are people's first name, last name, date of birth, whether their gender and this that. Design the form or explain how you would design the form. The answer is always the same. Okay? Always the same. For example, if this is the size of my form, I want to make sure I use make good use of the white space. I don't want to put all the questions here and have all this white space here empty. That's bad design. Secondly, the text should be easily read and have good contrast. So, don't use blue paper with blue ink, white paper, black ink. It has to have good contrast. Put the common items together. So, if you've got the person's uh first name and last name up here, don't ask for their address down here. Put all the personal details in one section. Okay? So, you could have all personal details here. You could have all educational details, let's say, here. You could put a picture of them there. That's giving you good space. now. Okay. Anyway, um good use of whites space. We said that text boxes should uh should be appropriately sized. What does this mean? If you're asking for somebody to um put their date or what data, but their first name and you put the text box this big that okay, first name. They probably know if they only need this much space, don't put a text box that big. If you're putting, for example, uh, enter your date of birth, you don't need to put a text box which is this big. You can just put a text box which is this big. Okay. So, the size of the text boxes is important because they can cause confusion. Um, use tick boxes. So, this is good when we're doing data validation. So we can have options or radio buttons like when you did with uh paper two where the person will tick what they want. Okay, that saves errors. You can have if it's an electronic form, you can have a drop-own list box where there's a list that will drop down that little arrow that you get there and they select the item they want. With the certificate, it's paperbased. So again, make good use of the whites space. put uh common details, group them together. Make sure that um you you can have things like tick boxes to select items so they don't have to write anything. The colors should not be overused. Uh but you can use them to organize the form and you can include tips to help user complete them. So if this is the date here, you could put let's say in text here dd mm y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y to make sure they enter the date here in the correct format. Okay. Now electronic forms, you can also add navigation and controls. So if this was an electronic form that you're designing on paper that you're going to create electronically let's say in access you can put for example a go to next button a go to previous button and you could put I don't know add new button or whatever they're probably good so this is the general rule for creating any form whether it's electronic or paper and that's the answer here the certificate should be uh should use clear and easy to read font contrast with any background color used uh the form should group common data like personal details and device information to make it easy to read and find required information. Boxes that students will fill in should be big enough to fit the required data but not too big. Use tick boxes uh can be used to select items to avoid spelling mistakes. The form can include tips to help students fill in the form. There's more than four marks there but you get the idea. The the point was to try and understand that it's a form that you have to design. Question eight, where are we? I was thinking this was going to go about two hours. I think we're going to be just in time. Can we mention font for this? I've got Well, you're talking about different things that I'm focusing on here. Okay. Explain why data protection. Oh, here we go. This is again very very hot topic. Data legislation, copyright legislation. You have to know these things from these questions I'm going over. you're definitely going to get at least two questions which are related to this for sure if not more. Okay. Um so that's a good percentage. That's like about 15 16% of the paper which is excellent. So you have to understand what um data legislation is and data protection is. So I've got some material here for you. These are laws that regulate and govern the collection, storage, use and sharing of personal and sensitive data to protect individuals privacy and ensure responsible data handling. What does this mean? You see in Europe and this is something which has come up in Europe has been become a massive massive thing in all countries in the EU. The data protection act. Now um the data protection act is laws and regulations which apply to companies which collect data. So you need to try and relate this to something you know. Let's take your school for example. You all those of you that go to school that school has some information about you. So when you are applying to go to a school, whether it's a public state school or private school, you need to do an application. On that application, they ask for some data. So here's some data. They may ask for your first name, your last name, your date of birth. Is this information that they need for you to be enrolled at the school? Absolutely. Do they need information about your guardians or your parents? Well, yes. If they need to contact someone about you, they need that information. Do they need to know what job your parents do? No, they don't need that information for you to apply to go to the school. So, they shouldn't be asking these questions. Does that make sense? So one rule when it comes to data legislation is they should only be collecting the data which is needed for the purpose that the application of the data is being collected. They shouldn't be asking for more data because then it could be used wrongfully. Then how is this data who has access to this data? anybody and everybody or is the data let's say controlled with controlled access. What's the data path from the time you do an application to your school? What happens to that data? Who does it go to? Where does it end up? Who has access to it? These are rules which have to be followed by companies. If you leave the school, what happens to your data? Do they keep it or do they have to delete it? If you want to see what data that your school has about you, do you have the right to ask for that data? Well, yes, you do. And they have to give it to you. Okay. So, this is what data legislation is all about. The collection, the storage of data, how that data is used, who has access to it. So here I've put the principle, why it's required, and an ICT example. For example, data must be collected and used fairly and lawfully. What does this mean? To protect individuals from unethical or secretive data collection and misuse. In other words, they should only collect the data which is required. ICT example, a social media application must inform users why it collects their location, eg for personalized content. You know, sometimes when you open an application, it says this application wants to use your location. Do you allow it? Yes or no. They have to ask you that. They can't do that by default. This is why this is data protection. Your location is personal data to you. Data must only uh be used for the stated purpose. So if they say we're collecting this data so that we know who you are, we can connect uh contact your parents or know if you have any allergies or any other medical issues so that we can help you if needed. That's what it's for. They're not allowed to sell this information so that they can sell it to advertise advertising companies so that they can send advertising material to them. That's illegal. They have to say why it's being used. So I'm not going to go through all of these. I'm going to go through one or two more of these. Um data must not be kept longer than necessary. Oops, gone back. So this is again important one. So if the data that's being collected is let's say they collect your data for a competition or something like that and that competition is over, there's no need for them to keep your data anymore unless that competition is going to run again the next year and you've allowed them to keep it for the next year. So this risk this minimizes the risk of um your data being leaked or if their system gets hacked. your data should not still be on there if it's not needed. So, school must delete or um or archive student information after a defined retention period like five years. So, you can ask your school, how long do you keep my data after I've left? They have to tell you and they can only keep it longer if there is any specific reason why. There could be a legal reason why. Okay. data must be kept secure and the how it's kept secure and maintained the security maintained has to be uh there has to be some kind of regulations in that company or that school. So different levels of access and um who can access this is has to be a path of who where that data goes and who has access to it. These things have to then be recorded and if there is a breach of data, the company is legally obliged to report this breach of data and there could be big fines. Okay, so this is what data protection and legislation is all about. Your data being protected. So here's the answer. Data legislation is required so that companies have clear guidelines on how data they collect is managed. So this is not about you. Data legislation is for the companies or the people that are collecting the data. They have to know so that they are not responsible afterwards to pay big fines because they have not complied with the law. So they need to know how they manage and collect this data so that they meet the legal requirements and that's what it's about. So they have to have clear guidelines how the data is collected, managed, stored and accessed to prevent personal data from being misused, leaked or hacked. That's your complete answer and there's more marks there. It's required to protect the rights of the owners. The owners are the people who own the personal data. For example, your first name, your first your last name, and your date of birth belongs to you. That's your data. So, it's there to protect your information not being leaked and give you the control of the data being stored and to give you the right to be able to ask for that data. Okay, that's the mark sheet. I hope that's cleared a few things up because I was getting a lot of questions about copyright legislation and data legislation. And here we have oh here's another tricky one again today's world the nickname is goat of ICT. Okay I'm going to start going I'll have to do a a thumbnail at some point with me looking like a I'll probably do like a a merged picture kind of thing. What's it called? Um ah I forgotten the name now. um of me merged together with a goat, something like that. Anyway, let's go to uh what are the disadvantages of using web conferencing rather than video conferencing. So, the first thing that we need to see here is it's a discuss question. It's six marks and you're going to say, well, if you look at the books, they're not going to give you six marks, which is why I've got the resources for you. So here is the three four things that you need to know about. You have web conferencing. Web conferencing is primarily used for screen share presentations and file sharing. We're going to discuss this in a little bit more detail now. Okay. Right. I'm seeing something here about racism here and this that the other. I better not see anything like that because I will be deleting you and muting you permanently from my channel, not just from the live. If anybody is being rude, I'm going to go through the chats afterwards and if anybody has put anything rude, anything racist or anything like that, I'm not looking at the chat. No, guys. And in fact, I might even close the chat if this continues. But if anyone does put anything like that, I'm going to block you from my channel. Trust me, my channel is here to support everybody. It's not for me. is not to support me. It's for me to support all of you. Um, so it's Joe. Send me the username and I will check it up. Joe, if it is you, you better send a sincere apology right now or else I will block you from my channel. All right, so I'm going to continue. Just see what time we're on here. 6:39. So 1 hour 40. Okay. So video conferencing. This is primarily used for video. The name, let me just write that down for a sec. All right. Uh, so there's Indian hate. Okay, guys. Um, as I said, I'm going to be going through and if I do see any hate comments and this that the other, I will be blocking people from the channel and that's going to be that's going to be permanent. Um, secondly, as I said guys, people hating, it's because they're jealous of you. That's just the true fact. Haters are like babies. The more attention you give them, the more they cry and the more they complain. Ignore them. Ah, and they they're quiet again. So, you just pay no attention to just treat them like little babies. That That's all I have to say about that. Okay. Okay. Um, Joe Danielson, as I said, if you have put any hate comments out there, you better come back with a real apology, otherwise I will be uh blocking you. All right, so here we go. The next one is webcast primarily used for audio and video. Audience does not interact. Okay. So the audience does not interact with the webcast and then we've got webinar primarily audio and video audience interacts with the presenter. So this is just a a brief outline. Let's have a look. This is web conferencing. So with a web conference we can see that people can get together in like a teams meeting. You probably all know a little bit about teams and this that the other. Um and they can interact. The whole point is on web conferencing to do where everybody all the participants can share documents, they can present, they can chat, they can talk and and screen content. We don't normally have too many people in a web conference. Okay. But it usually has these features of screen sharing, slide presentation, chat, file sharing, so on and so forth. Think of an example. A teacher uses web conferencing software to deliver a presentation to students who are attending uh the lesson remotely. That's a web conference. Video conferencing. Now, this is this is something totally different. Video conferencing. Think about having a meeting. Let's say um your teachers are going to have a meeting to discuss performance whatever. This is where video conferencing comes in. If there are two sites or multiple sites across the world, you want to have all the participants to be able to talk to each other. Okay. And see each other. Now, video conferencing is all about the video concept in real time. And you can see in this picture here, video conferencing usually includes things like big screen TVs so that we can see participants and see displays. We have specialist equipments with microphones and cameras. these cameras many times um what they would do when somebody talks it will has a talker identifier and it and it zooms in on that person. So these people here they actually see the person in this meeting room and it focuses on that person. We normally have like a tablet or control unit here to set up the meeting and we normally have microphones set up on the desk uh along the desk depending on how big the conference room is so that everybody can be heard clearly. So video conferencing is all about creating an an environment where it's like everybody sitting together at the same table despite people being in remote locations. It usually requires more specialist equipment. it's focused primarily on video and audio and it normally need it requires things like big screen TV whereas a web conference you're going to do this on a small screen on your mobile phone for example or this that the other now um fisheye lenses and this that the other you don't need to go into that detail you just need the basics so web conferencing this is for um sharing slides documents this that the other you don't normally have specialist equipment and you can have everybody joining, seeing and talking, but it's not specifically for meetings. All right, video conferencing. We talked about what is a webcast. A webcast is something like what we're doing right now. This is a webcast. It's a live stream, but essentially what we've got, I've got the camera here. I've got my device and I'm casting everything that my video and audio is recording here to the rest of the world which is you guy like India, Pakistan, Dubai, all these places. Okay, so this is what a webcast is. It's usually one way. You guys here can't normally interact with me. If you can, it's usually limited like what you've got here with the chat. You can't share your screen. you can't share your documents or this that the other. So that's called a webcast. You're casting out to the web. It's usually one place, one way. A webinar. Okay. Uh this is like an online training session. It's like a webcast, but you've got a little bit more interaction from the users. So you normally got chats, questions, and answers. And it's usually two-way communication. So the others can communicate with you as well. um they can interact with the presenter like me uh by asking questions or joining discussions. So it's it's more like a training thing where the other people can communicate with the presenter. You normally only have one presenter. The difference with web conferencing is you have multiple people that might be presenting and this that the other whereas with a webinar it's usually the one person that's presenting and other people can interact with them. So here are some I've put a table here for you with um the different types that you can have a look at what web conferencing is video conferencing webcast and webinar the ma a a not the but a main purpose purpose if video is included we can see video is included in all of these what it's used for presenters and audience how many presenters do we normally have in the audience and the audience interaction so this just makes it a bit easier for you in one table just to have a look at and get a much clearer picture on what the differences are. Okay, so a quick question guys. Has this whole issue with what was coming up before with racism, has that stopped? Just give me a yes or a no there was I would like to know whether I'm going to continue this or not. Okay. All right. So, here's here's the answer. Here we go. So, this was to do advantage or disadvantages of web conferences and video conferencing. Yes. Thank you guys. Good. And as always, even on my channel, if things like that or you feel that um you're being victim in any way at all, send me a message. You can send me an email. My email is public and I will look into it and I will ban people from being able to write comments from the channel. Okay, so here's the answer. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of using web conferencing. So we've got here uh web conferencing and video conferencing. So we said video conferencing is all about videos. uses more specialist equipment require purpose is for videos uh for video streaming and audio so that people can interact as if they're in a meeting. Web conferencing is more about sharing files, documents and this that the other and you normally have quite a few presenters. Okay. Um now I've got here uh what was it? So the web conferencing will be easier to use compared to video conferencing because there's less specialist equipment. People participating in the web conference can be doing other things. Yeah, this is the other thing as well with a web conference. If you don't have your camera on uh you could be doing other things because it's not necessary in a in in a web conference that the participants are watching. Remember web conference you got that one person and who's presenting. If you were doing online lessons during COVID, then you know a lot of you were, you know, you log in, you have your camera off and you're pretending that you're there, but you're not actually there. So that's one disadvantage. You don't know whether participants are actually paying attention, whether they're participating. Um, and as there's no video, then issues like video freezing or buffering is not an issue. So since there's no video in in a web conference from the participants that are watching, then it's not so much of an issue. So anyway, there's the answer. I'm going to post again the link to this resource cuz I'm going to be putting it again afterwards, but there's the link to the resource again. Um, so you can have a look at the answer and the mark sheet. Question 10. Getting close. Ah, time wise, we're doing pretty good. AI, artificial intelligence, again, a very, very, very big thing everywhere worldwide, whether it's in business, whether it's in schools, whether it's in um In absolutely everything, AI is the topic. So, we can assume we're going to have a question on AI. Um, that's not a guarantee, but I would assume there probably would be because it's what's um very very hot. So, the questions I'll state what is meant by artificial intelligence and evaluate the impact of AI in the use of social media, not for anything but for social media. very important because here we now um have the issue where we have to understand what the question is artificial intell it's in the title isn't it it's artificial intelligence what is intelligence but what we have between our ears hopefully the way that what makes us human our intelligence and if it's artificial then it's something which is trying to mimic our intelligence so it's computers that can simulate human intelligence like our decision making, our problem solving, our decisions pa based on previous decisions and outcomes. What did we do last time? You know, we touched the kettle and we burnt our finger and it was very hot. So the next time we go touch the kettle, we think, "Ah, hang on. Last time I burnt my hand. Let me check carefully this time if it's hot. See, we learn from previous actions, reactions, and from those results. And that's a very very very big part of AI. The whole point of it, learning based on other decisions. So when AI gives you a response to a question that you ask and it says, did you find this answer useful? What you're actually doing by responding to that, you're improving AI. you're improving that engine because if you say no then it will not give a similar answer again in the future. It will go and see where people have said yes to similar answers and it will use those answers and build up on those. So the impact of AI do I love you in a way of not knowing you and this that the other I do love all my students and I do consider all of you guys my students. Now impact of AI in different contexts. So we've got the three main things that you could be asked on school which is something that you know about the workplace. It could be any work environment and your social media. All right. So I've got the positive and the negative impacts for schools. Well, we all know the problem. students instead of actually reading a book and knowing how to use a book or trying to find information, decipher information and learn, they use AI to get responses and they don't even read the answer. Guys, come on, read what it's giving you. Learn it at least. Um, automated grading, you know, that saves a lot of time for teachers. That's absolutely fantastic. In fact, content creation, most of your teachers now using content created AI to produce things like worksheets, question papers, everything. I've created some of this content, but none of it by just copy pasting it. But some of the content I've used here, I've used to reword. Remember, I'm dyslexic. I've said this many times. So, me putting things together in a text context is hard. So, I've used AI to modify my text and the understanding of the English I'm using. Um, but the negative things are, you know, we rely too much on artificial intelligence. It reduces teacher student interaction because students instead of asking their teachers for help and getting a definitive focused answer they will go to AI because it's usually faster and the teacher isn't there 24/7. Data privacy concerns with student info. Now all of this information you're doing it's being recorded somewhere. Your information is being recorded. So that is a bit of an issue a tricky one. workplace increased productivity, automated uh repetitive tasks, better decision making. You're going to say why is it better? If you think about it, if you want to make based a decision based on let's say uh 100 different documents that have been put together with minutes of 100 meetings in the past and you now want to go and see an analysis or trend or make a decision, it's easier to get AI to um quickly get all those documents and analyze it and come back with a pattern rather than you going through that pattern. So that's one thing. Chat bots handle customer service 24/7. I use chat bots. I give chat bots to my students. I I get the material from the 0417 IGCSE. I put it into a chatbot, train the chatbot on the syllabus and then give them the chat bots on each chapter. So if they if I'm not there, they want to ask a question, they can use the chatbot and I know that the answers they get are based on the syllabus and it's not a general answer from chat GPT. So chatbots are great as well. They're great for answering simple questions for companies. So instead of having a receptionist answer everything and every single question or a technician or a technical person, you can get chat bots to answer most of the questions and if it hasn't resolved the problem or answer the question then they can get through to a person. So you have you know you can use less employees which is can be an advantage or the disadvantage job losses reduce human oversight in critical decisions. So, you know, it can only go based on experiences or data that already exists. Whereas humans can base decisions on actual events at that time. Okay. Um, if somebody's going to lose their job, you might have to reskill them in another in another job, for example. So, that's going to cost money and you're going to have to reskill workers. You can't just sack everybody. Can I make a live revision for all chapters? No. Sorry. um all chapters 10 chapters is that will take something like trying to do the whole syllabus the theory syllabus in what two three it's not possible there are two two too too many scenarios and and different things around it so a lot of the things in the different chapters that you got guys um is just understanding and memory the questions I'm going through are the ones that you have to actually think about and understand how to answer questions and things that you won't find easily in the book This these things are usually these questions are down to your own experiences. You answer from your experience. You have to dig into your life to be able to answer these questions. It's not about um let's say what is the what storage device would you use um uh let's say an SSD for? You know that's a clearcut answer. it it these are questions that you have to relate your experiences to be able to answer which is why I'm focusing on them. This is why these questions have so many marks. Okay. Now AI this isn't that kind of question but because AI is very um hot more than likely it's going to be included I'm thinking so having a good understanding of AI and its impact positive or negative is good. So this is just basically what AI is. So here we evaluate the impact in social media. Now I've already given you this in the table here social media the impact. Okay. So that's there and this is the disadvantages. So this is what I'm going to have in my answer as well. You're on social media and then you see advertisement and you say wow look at that. That's exactly what I was going to look for. How does it know? All of these social media sites, they're collecting all this information. If you got the location services uh enabled, where you are, where you go, everything that you search for on Google is recorded. And if it's under your profile, then your patterns are recorded. Your age is probably identified. So it's going to direct marketing and advertisement custommade based on your characteristics that it's recorded. That's what AI does. It gets all that data, analyzes it, sees what other people which have the same traits as you purchase or look for and creates the same kind of thing for you. And that's where AI comes into social uh into uh social networking. So it helps filter spam. So if people are using social media to spam things or uh to um do let's say false advertising this that the other those traits can be identified they can be filtered and the other thing you get automatic tagging of friends in AI. So if you got a picture instead of you going around tagging each face one by one if they're in your friends face recognition can actually tag people um straight away without any issue. Okay. So, it saves you time. The disadvantage is it can bots can give misinformation. With teachers, we always say, and I'm going to take this down to my friend George Gakufa's wife, Helen Gakufa. She's also um a fantastic fantastic educator. Uh and she taught me a term, dog feeding. So, when when teachers are producing things, let's say using AI, you can't just give it to students as if you know it's correct. You have to check it. So, if you create a quiz using AI, you have to test the quiz yourself. You have to go through it and make sure everything's correct. Otherwise, it's called dog feeding. Um, dog feeding essentially, you don't taste the dog's food before you feed it to them. You put the food in, you give it to the dog. You don't want to do that with students when you're preparing material. You need to read it. You need to check it. Check and make sure it's correct before you give it out. And you know, bots and um AI generators can generate mistakes. So, you need to be checking these things. That's in a disadvantage. And you've also got privacy issues from AI analyzing user data. Um when when you're paying for accounts for um AI, your data is there. Your patterns, your behavior, your searches, they're going to be used to improve that AI. that is an issue as far as data privacy is concerned. Okay. So I've got here for the question by analyzing a human's behavior in social media site behavior like comments, searches and posts, AI can be used to personalize ads which are presented to the user so that they are more meaningful. So these ads that you get instead of you just skipping through all the time sometimes you know you think ah that's kind of interesting. How did he know? You don't get my aura. I've never had my aura color checked, so I don't know what it is. Okay. So, this can be a method to improve user experience, but also to encourage users to purchase items which are relevant to their searches. So if you're searching for certain things, then by suggesting items for you to buy which are related to your searches, there's a higher chance that you are going to purchase something. And as a knock on effect, if you are purchasing something, then they will be able to charge more for advertising those those items because that method of advertising is causing revenue for that company. So the more that they make, the more they're willing to pay for ads. Another impact is the growing connections by suggesting possible friends. Have you ever I've had a friend which I haven't seen for over 25 30 years. 30 years. And it it was suggested to me as a friend and I was thinking wow isn't it amazing and you know we connected again after so many years and it was you know awesome to catch up but I would not have made that connection. No way. I actually forgot about that connection all these years and it's just amazing because all the interactions of who your friends are the friends of your friends and this that the it can actually make links which schools you went to um your interests so a common interest it's also good things like LinkedIn now you don't want to use brand names but LinkedIn may suggest people for roles for jobs based on what they post and what the credentials and their CV is to people that are looking for to employ somebody. So all of these AI engines are they are fantastic but they do have their disadvantages as we said 11. Okay. So here now we've got um another legislation which we're going to have a look at or well this is to do with authentication. So the first question here is about uh using a physical token. So, a student needs to ensure her data is kept safe. When the student logs into the university computer, a physical token is used as an authentication method. What is it? Then the next question is, she's received an email with an attachment. She needs to download the attachment and store it on her disk. Describe the steps the student needs to take to ensure her data is kept safe when she downloads the attachment. Let's look at the data for the first question. the links for this. I'll send the link again. People asking for this. I'm going to send the link to this PDF again right now. There it is there. Okay. So, you can download the PDF of of um everything that I'm using now. All right. So, the first part, the first question is related to to all of this these things. Ah, not that. Let's go back. Where am I? That one. So, here we go. These are physical tokens or security tokens. And over here, this is to do with downloading files. What do we do? We need some malware protection software. Okay. Malware is anything. Are you Turkish, Cypus, or Greek Cyp? I'm I'm Greek criate if I may. Absolutely, you may ask. Right. So essentially this this first question is this here I had one of these right? So this basically deals with this. So let me just show you. We now have as two factor authentication. We got things like authenticator. So let me uh open one that I've got here. All right. So let's do this one. Something which isn't okay. Okay. So, I'm just going to hide that top part there. Okay. So, you can see here that Oh, can you that that number there? That's a number which changes every three every 30 seconds. That's my Oh, it's coming and going. Okay. So, that's basically my authenticator. And what that would do when I go to sign into whatever device that is, it asks me for a code, my two-factor authentication. So I go to my application, I see the number that's displaying currently. I type it in and wow, there it is. And after 30 seconds, that number will change. So if I take too long, it's I'm going to have to put the new number in. These security tokens, this is what we used before we had applications. This is when we had those bricks for phones. We didn't have applications on phones. Our phones were actually phones. Yes, you can. I am going to post this video at some point. I'm going to download it and post it the whole thing um as a video afterwards. And no, I don't teach Alevel. Um I used to stop. Right, let's continue with this. Um so what you would do when you were asked to enter the the security number, you will press this button here or it would display and display on this screen this number. And this was like your authenticator, your 2FA. Okay. And that's a physical token. The physical token could be something like a USB, which essentially means that when you want to access the computer, if you don't plug this USB into the device, which has some kind of code encrypted on it or some kind of security key encrypted on it, then your device will not give you access. So there are devices where or there were also software where you had to have a security dongle or a physical token. So if you were to purchase some software for example, you tried to open it, you had to have something plugged into your computer for that software to work. Okay? And the other type of physical token that we have now are things like smart cards where you got a smart card with that little chip. Okay? So this this chip has like some information on there and you have to plug in the card for something to unload. And the whole point of this is to authenticate that you are the person you say you are. Okay? And and not just say, "Oh, take my word for it. I know the password. It's okay." So, you had to have something extra. So, that's what physical tokens are. So, here are different authentication methods. And again, I'm going further into this thing because authentication is another big problem. Remember data protection it requires authentication as well. So we've got username and password. We've got the description and example. Biometric authentication. Biometric authentication is absolutely anything which uses your physical characteristics of your body or your actions or your character to identify your fingerprint, a retina scan, face scan, which is what a lot of you use your phones to unlock them with uh face scanners or a fingerprint scanner. There you go. I've got a fingerprint scanner there. So I when I put my finger on that, it's going to scan my finger and there you go. It opens up. So these are biometrics. Two-factor authentication. Well, we talked about that just now. We have an application which will give you a number. That type of two-factor authentication or it might send the code to your phone. Smart cards and ID badges. So you may have a smart card or an ID badge. So if you put your username and password, you might have to scan your card as well to authenticate you. It might be a student card. It might be a staff card. But beyond you just putting a username password, you might have to have that card as well to authenticate yourself and security tokens. Well, we've seen pictures of them and we've got here examples of how these things can be used. So for this next question, uh if we look at the answer for here, a physical device, what is meant by physical token? It's a physical device or hardware. So it's something which is physical. That word physical token says it all. That one there uh produces a singleuse code used to authenticate the user. It provides an extra layer of security beyond that of a username and password. That's basically what it is. So these two marks here uh there's that mark sheet there. So it's a physical token. It authorizes it generates a code. It's just an extra layer of security. This other question that we had this one describe the student uh the steps the student needs to take to ensure data is kept safe when downloading. So, I'm going to give you the general rules of anything. Whether you're downloading an attachment, downloading a file from the internet, from the email, whether you're accessing a file or opening a file from a USB, or absolutely anything. This is the rules that you're going to follow for a question like this. Okay. What first of all, what are the implications? The implications are you may get infected. You may install malware on your device if you download and open something or put a USB stick in when open a file which somebody else gave to you. You may get malware if you download something to the internet. So all of these can be related to any scenario. So whether you're downloading from the internet attachment from email USB stick here's the process. If you don't have malware anti-malware installed you need to install it. One, after you've installed it, you need to make sure the malware is updated. There's different kinds of malware that come out every single day, and you need to keep your malware updated so it can identify the more recent threats. Then you can set up your anti-malware to automatically check all files that you download, all files that you open. All files that you open may make your device go a bit slow, but that's fine. This is for an exam question answer. It doesn't matter if if your device is going to work slow. I don't think anybody has um scanning of every single file. Uh download download uh scanning your emails and all the attachments automatically. Then scan the email. If it uh if the downloaded file is identified to have some kind of malware, delete the email and attachment immediately. If it is not, you can download it. After you've downloaded it, then you can scan it again. If something's found, you can delete it. And if it's not, then you can open it. This is the general rules for anything. Okay? So, they're there. Again, it's not something that you have to read and remember. These are things that you already know. You just need to be reminded of them. I've seen one or two spelling mistakes there. So, I'm just going to correct that. Have I? Um, where is it? I've got something here. Antimalware. So, anyway, you can here. Download file. Download. I will fix that later. That one there. Scan the email file down uh the email or the file downloaded. Anyway, so the answer to that, I've got this one here. It's this process. She needs to make sure that she has antimalware or antivirus software installed. If not, download it, install it, make sure it's up to date, so on and so forth. Everything I've just explained now. Okay? But you have to make sure that your answer is based on the downloaded attachment email. All right? So you need to set it up to scan the email, download the attachment, scan the file, so on and so forth. Mark sheet number 12, second from last one. We're doing good. State two methods that software producers use to enforce software copyright legislation. H do I hate this one. I hate this one. Do you know why? Let me show you something. All right. This is an exam paper. This is a theory paper from 2021. I'm using this one because it's 2021. I can actually show it. And can you see down here on all the question papers from CIE? Look at this. Can you see that there? That is the copyright legislation that there. All of the question papers are copyrighted. So guys, when you ask me on my channel, can you please give us a copy of the question paper that you're solving all the resource files? I used to. I can't anymore. CIE has already complained about me. They've already given me a strike on YouTube. In fact, that strike is a 90-day strike. It's expiring right now as we're doing this live session right now. I think it's just expired. Um because I was making these files available to you. Now, you're going to say, "Well, these are publicly available anyway. It doesn't matter. CIE holds the right to do that. If they haven't released them for public use or straight up then I can't I can't do anything about it. So I can't share the files with you if they're recent files. Files which they've actually given already in the past. RFID tags I can go over at the end of this if you want. I can do that because it is one that does come up every so often. So um in the past it um any papers that have come out way in the past and they have been publicly released that's fine but they hold the right to only allow teachers to give to their students but not to make them publicly available. So that's so that comes to our question what is copyright legislation? Well, it's all about giving the power to the person who created the content and giving them the power to decide how their content is used, shared, distributed, downloaded. All of these things gives the power to the content creator and that's normal. Okay? So, it's a law that protects the original work of authors. authors, if it's text, artists for artwork, musicians and software developers by giving them the legal right to control how their work is used. It's their work. It's entirely up to them. You don't own it. So, this basically means others cannot copy, distribute, edit, or use the work without the creator's permission. It applies to many forms of digital content including text, images, videos, music, and software. It helps prevent plagiarism. It's a good word for you guys. And illegal distribution. So, I've put this table for you. I've made many tables for you. Um, watermarking, text, art, music, and video. So, text one, a method that they can use is called watermarking. You can do plagiarism detection software. where documents, electronic documents can be uploaded to a system and AI can identify if this is your original work or not, if it's been work that's been used elsewhere. Students, be very careful when you're applying to universities, you're doing your personal statement. Do not get something AI generated. Do not use something that somebody else has been used has used before because it will be identified and you will be blacklisted. So be very very very careful. copyright notices, artwork, invisible watermarks. Now, what do we mean by this? Whenever you take a picture, you're going to do digital work or digital artwork, you have what's known as metadata. Metadata is extra data which is in the electronic file and it stores things like the what camera would let's say you take a picture, a photograph. The metadata holds when the picture was taken, where it was taken, what kind of device used to take the picture, the name of the camera, the quality, and so much more information about that data that you don't see. This is invisible watermarks. Or they could put a visible watermark over there. And so many times when you go get pictures from the internet, they've got that these little writing or copyright or watermarks on top of them. Now, you're going to say, "Well, what happens if you use it anyway?" Well, if you're making money out of it, you can be sued. You can are legally responsible to get the person's permission. And if you're making money because of somebody else's content and you haven't got that permission, you're in trouble. Okay. Digital music. And um again, you can have um inside uh the metadata, you can have uh things written in there. You can have digital audio watermarks. We don't need to go too much into that. Just think about a digital watermark on anything which is electronic. You can see watermarks are on absolutely everything text uh art, music and video. Okay. Now um for you got licensing system for music, you got restriction on downloads and sharing. So you might have to have an account to give you the ability to do that. Even clubs which use music to make money, they have to pay royalties to the creators. Um, so, oh, what's happened here? Let me just turn this on. It's got a bit dark. There we go. And back. Good. Okay. So, now for all of these you have what's known as the DRM. You could also apply DRM. This is essentially the digital rights management. And so so you can understand this what DRM is. It can be applied to all of these. It's technology which is used to control how digital content is used, copied or shared. And for example, it can limit the number of devices a file can be used on. So you might buy software or something like that or a game and it will only allow you to use it on one device. Think about some of the streaming uh devices that you might get from your service providers and say you well you could only have this connected to one TV. prevents copying, editing or printing digital d uh digital files. So you can have restrictions on these and it will block you from printing or copying. Uh it might have uh internet or things like Adobe CC. Please don't use brand names. I'm just using this so you can understand. Um with um some licenses like Adobe Creative Cloud, if you don't have internet connection after a certain amount of time, then you're locked out of your software. You have to have internet connection so that it can verify you still have a license. Okay. And then things like with music, videos or ebooks, software and games of so the this is something used by the and I've got examples here for music. Think about Spotify. It prevents you downloading songs without a subscription. So you have to pay the money that you pay. A lot of that goes to the creators when you're downloading video. Netflix only lets you stream on authorized devices. So you can't just you need a specific device to actually or an and and an an account uh which you pay for to be able to stream from Netflix. So that's uh a digital right management. They're managing the rights digitally to give you the right to stream. Software things like Microsoft Office, they check for valid license keys. So if you don't have a valid license key, then it will lock your software or a licensed account. Ebooks, you need uh Kindle books and they can't be copied or printed freely. you need to pay. Now, all of these are examples for you just to um identify things that you know, but you can't use things like Spotify, Netflix, Microsoft, or Amazon. You can't use brand names or product names in your answers. Just to give you a better understanding, these answers here are the ones that are going to be the easiest ones for you to remember for any device, any type of uh copyright. For software, we also have things like you might buy the software on a CD or a DVD or a game or something like that. So, you might have a license key which you need the license key to unlock that software or an activation code which is provided when you buy the software. Even if you buy it electronically or digitally, you might get a code that you have to type in. You have a what you call the ulers, the enduser license agreement. So you have to agree to that license and the terms and then if you break those rules you can be liable. Online activation is probably the most common one now and one of the safest ones because it has it keeps going and checking. You have to have a live internet connection and it will every so often go and check that your account or your val your license is still valid. So if you stop paying you get kicked out essentially. Holograms. Um, holograms, they were used a lot on software, CDs and DVDs, and there was a hologram. It's like money. You know, when you get paper notes, and they got like holograms or unique features, that's to prevent copying. So, when you're buying software, physically software, let's say you're getting the the the hardware version like a CD, a DVD, or something like that, to make sure it is the original. So, you might have a hologram. Um it's kind of outdated. Serial numbers again um quite common. Again, a lot of these now have really been replaced with license keys which you will purchase and online activation. So these are the different types of methods for protecting um copyright laws. So here I've just put for these two answers here online activation and product activation keys. Last question. Oh, wow. Um, you want the link again? Let me just put the link here again. Now, this is to the PDF of everything what I'm using here in the PowerPoint. I've got it as a PDF, so I'll just put it there for you to download again. Um, all right. pin it with a link. I'll think about just give me a second to get over this and I'll put it up again. Um, I am new to live streaming. It wasn't something that um, do I like Diddy? I don't know what Diddy is. Um, and I hope I just haven't said something which I shouldn't say there. Yo, Baldi, what's up? Yeah, quite bored right now. All right, last question. Let's get this over with and then, as I said, I'm going to do something on RFID because it is something which hasn't come up quite recently. 2024. So, chances are it may come up. Okay. Interfaces. So, a dialogue based interface can be used to program a satellite navigation system device in a vehicle. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using a dialogue based interface in this scenario. So, the scenario itself. Yeah, I don't know half of the stuff you guys are saying there. So, I'm just going to I'm just going to leave that. Right. So all of this all these questions that might be to do with interfaces whether it's a sat navigation in the car whether it's a um a diagnostic system or whatever as long as you know the different types of interfaces you know their their uses their advantages and disadvantage you can answer any question so let's look at them and then go back to the question first interface guey but before we get to that what is an interface An interface basically is something that goes between two two things we call them whatever. Let's say we've got a my drawing is terribly. We got a human and we have a computer. Human cannot talk digital. Digital cannot talk human. For example, English digital is digital. Language is language. So what we have in between so that we can communicate with devices is something known as an interface something which will translate human language into computer language and computer language into human language so that we can communicate. So one method that we can do is the very well-known guey the graphical user interface and that essentially means it Windows communicates with us or a lot of the operating systems communicate with us um with pictures. We don't know what the computer's doing. In fact, we don't even know how to learn how to use a computer. We could just click on something because we can identify the picture. If I've got a word document and a picture, I know which one the word document is without reading anything, just by looking at the picture. So that's what a graphical user interface is. And it usually uses things called icons. Icons is from a Greek word igona. And they were actually used there to represent a god. And each god had a unique feature. So they were called icons. So each icon for each program has to be unique. and that allows us to communicate with it. So graphical user interface it's really easy to use. You don't need much skills or any prior knowledge or this that the other just by reading things like the start button or just identifying the file clicking on things happen without you having any knowledge. It takes a lot of resources because there's a lot of pictures, a lot of processing power and it it requires a more powerful computer and more storage space. Command line interface or CLI. CLI is when we have text. We need to write that text. We need to write the commands which means we need to know the commands. If you don't know the commands, you can't do anything with it. Text interface. Let me see if I can bring up When I got my first computer, I didn't do ICT, by the way. There was no ICT or computer science by then. But anyways, long story short, I got my first computer. I was hearing about computers and I thought, "Wow, computer. I'm God. I can now hack the banks." Yeah. Like a typical boy. I can hack banks. I can do this. I I had no idea what computer. But I switched it on and all I got I didn't I just got this little blinking line just one line flashing at me and I'm sitting there looking at it waiting for the magic to happen. This wonderful world of computers nothing happened. I didn't know what to do. I was typing things. An editing nothing was happening. Okay. And then I had to start learning things to say well you know someone said well if you need some just type help and you know I will type things like help. And I say, "Woo, magic." But it's not doing anything. If you don't know the right commands, you can't do anything with it. But the good thing with command line interface is it's a very, very, very small interface. So you need very little storage. It's very low on processing power. But the difficult thing is you need to know the commands. You have to type them correctly. And you need to have some knowledge. Menudriven interface. If you used an ATM or you've gone to a fast food restaurant where I know McDonald's have them. I'm a big McDonald's fan by the way. Love McDonald's. I'm a I'm a junk food eater. So anyway, I hate ordering from these things. You know when you go to those boards and then they've got a menu, you choose the items that you want and then you click and you pay. These are menu or if you go to the ATM the automatic teller machine of a bank it gives you the messages there and you click on the button for the me for for the next action that you want. This is known as a menudriven interface. It's easy. You require no knowledge. Everything that you need to make your decision you click on the right one and it's very it's very limited to what you can do. Okay. So, it's a fixed process that you will follow and you choose the item from the menu, but it's really easy to use and learn. I'm going to go to touchscreen first. This one down here before we go to dialogue base. Now, touchscreen we normally see on simple um devices like a um an ordering system. When you go to and you tell the people what you want, they they touch bang bang bang bang bang. Touchcreen makes it easier to select things. you don't need any um any movement with mouses or keyboards. It's really fast to input and this that the other. But again, everything that you're going to do is a little bit more limited and it can get tiring if you're using it for very very very long periods and you know clumsy or fat fingers like me, you might press on the wrong thing. Now dialoguebased basically means a device which you can communicate with through voice not graphics not text that you type not choosing menus and not the touchcreen voice think of a navigation system you say um I don't know find me the or Alexa or Siri these are dialogue based interface you're communicating with the device using dialogue so the good thing with driving is You keep your hands on the steering wheel. You're not looking at a screen clicking on things or punching things or typing things or looking at pictures. You're simply talking and it's talking back to you. Find me the quickest route to go to this place. Yes, the quickest route is via this and it will show it on the map for you. So, that's a really good system when you want hands-free. You want to be focused on something else. The bad thing is things like your accent may not work as well. You may it may interpret what you're saying as wrong, okay? And give you the wrong information or the wrong access. I'm not into football, guys. I will say though, the one team that I did support because my nephew um up until 18 or what, he doesn't play football anymore. He was he was actually playing in uh for Chelsea. So, that's the only team I really supported, Chelsea. Right. So, interface types. I've got for you here the different interface types, the key features, the advantages, the disadvantages, and an example of each one. Okay. So, basically everything that I've gone over just now, but in a table form, so you've got quick access. You only need to look at this once, and I think it was really clear. Once you've seen this once, it's been explained to you properly. I think you don't really need to memorize it. It makes sense. gesture-based interface. Yes, that can come up. That's really good. So, gesture based I haven't actually included. Um, a good question. Now, gesture based is when you are using gestures. So, you do have gestures on your mobile phones. I saw my son at some point what he was doing. He was like doing this and he was unlocking or actually taking a picture once. So gesture based is usually going to use a camera of some sort and you can do a gesture or a movement and that movement will be related to some kind of command. These are really good for people that might have some kind of move uh some kind of disability. If they can't talk for example or if they're visually impaired, they can do gestures and movements to control something. So yes, uh gesture based as well. Uh if I do have time, I will put that in. Thank you for bringing that up. That is something I did miss out on that. So gesture-based is another one. Now the disadvantage is there's only so many gestures you could do. So the it's like a menu based system. It's more limited in the amount of things that you can input, but it does have its place um with with um let's say either disabilities or for quick access instead of typing something or saying something that somebody else can hear. You can do a gesture to turn something on to access something or whatever. So yes, absolutely gesture based as well. That should go in there. And if I have time, I will update this and I will update the PDF. And if I update the PDF, I will write that down here. Um, the link will update as well. Okay. So, if I just I post the link to the PDF again. I've I've got to pin this, but I want to finish this before I start looking at pinning things. I'm not Right. So, what else do we have? The answer. So a dialogue based interface can be used to program a site blah blah blah. So when it comes to this question focuses on the benefits and drawbacks of using dialogue based interface in this scenario. What's the scenario? A satellite navigation device in a vehicle. I'm not going to read this. I'm going to let you think about this and let's just talk about it. What are the advantages? We've seen what we've we've understood what what it is now. A dialogue based interface. So if you're driving, the good thing is you can focus on the road. You can give instructions. You can listen to the turn left at in 200 m. Perfect. I don't need to look anywhere. I'm focusing on the so it's much safer to drive. I don't have to take my hands off the steering wheel. There are disadvantages though. I may not understand what it's saying or it may not understand my instructions and give me the wrong directions. In fact, I this happened to me um 28th on the 28th on Monday. I had to go somewhere uh and I I somewhere I go quite often. We we've got this whole thing with um army duty in the Cypress and I in Cypus and I had to go attend my army duty and I keep forgetting how to get there. So, I turned it on and I said where I wanted to go and it looked like I was going in the right direction, but it took me to a pet store because it didn't understand exactly what I was saying. Thankfully, it understood the area that I wanted to go in. So, it didn't take me far off. Um, I was only about 2 minutes away from where I should have been, but I didn't realize until I was parked outside the pet store. So yeah, your accent, the way you say things can be misinterpreted. Okay. Um, so we've got down here accents of speech could also be an issue. Commands will have to be learned. Okay. Some commands as well you have to learn. So anyway, there's your answer there. So that's it. Those 13 questions. I think um you're definitely going to get something there. Don't ask about thresholds, guys. Nobody knows what the threshold's going to be. The threshold is going to be determined after the results are in there. So, what I'm going to do now, before I actually do anything else, I'm going to go over RFID, RFID chips, how it works, and the basis of some of the responses to help you guys out a little bit. So, let me just get something from What should I do here? Let's do a little bit. Let me just add another slide. I'm going to discard all of that. Okay, I'm just going to draw on this slide here. Now, I'm sorry, my drawing is actually terrible. [Music] Um, but anyway, you have to put up with it. You don't have a choice. All right. And let me just go find something on RFID here. [Music] Let's have a look. Okay, let's take this picture here. That there. All right. So here's RF. So this is something what you will find as an RFID sticker. Now inside a plastic card, if you got an ID card with an RFID chip, what happens is you normally have something that looks like this. This is your card. And inside the card, there's a little chip embedded inside the plastic with a circular wire. And that's the aerial. And that's the same as this little wire here. Can you see in this picture here? Um, and this is important to understand how this works. So this wire that goes all the way around, this is like an antenna. So what is RFID and how does it work? The first thing that you have to remember with RFID, it's radio frequency identification. Now on this little device here, this little square dot here or the little chip, it has some information. That information can be Hey, stop calling people dumb now. Then that information can be your personal information. It could be an RFID chip in your passport which has your information, your picture, your details and this that the other. The communication path from RFID and reader is one way the the RFID cannot receive data under normal circumstance. The RFID cannot receive data. The next thing that we understand about RFID, it doesn't have a power source. So, how does it work? The reader, and if we look at this, if this is my reader here, I'm going to put R here. This is the reader device. The reader transmits a radio signal. When this device, whatever device you have with an RFID chip, when it goes in the area where the where that radio signal is, the antenna picks up that radio signal and that radio signal energizes gives power to this chip. So, let's get rid of that bit there. And now while this is getting power from this radio wave here, this chip now starts transmitting back one way a very weaker signal. It sends the information it has on the to the RFID reader. Okay. So the RFID reader what it does it produces a radio wave. When the RFID chip is in that vicinity, the chip is energized from that radio. Think of it like wireless charging your mobile phone. How does that work? A wave wirelessly. When your phone is close enough, it starts charging your phone. That energy is transferred. So here the RFID is energizing. The reader is energizing the RFID chip. Once it gets energized, the RFID transmits the re uh the chip. It starts sending the data it has to the reader and the reader can now read that information and input it into a computer system. This is the basis of RFID and that's all you have to know about RFID. If you know how it works, we can now implement it in the different scenarios. Think of it this way. Let me show you something here. This is an example I give to students as well. These things you know about. At least I hope you know what a barcode is. Copy image. You go to the supermarket and every item you buy has got one of these. He's got a barcode. And the cashier has to take each item, go beep, get the next one, beep, get the next one. Beep. One by one. If you got 300 items, then that cash has to go and scan 300 items. So, what we could do instead instead is this. If every item had an RFID chip on it, then what we could do is this. As we take our trolley, so if this is the RFID reader, this is your trolley. with your items inside. All the items got an RF. As you take your trolley through, the radio wave from the reader energizes all of these RFID chips. And all of these RFID chips now start transmitting their data back. And now automatically every item in your cart has just been scanned. Beautiful. Easy. And because what it's sending is the code like the barcode, then you just get a total which you pay. Okay? So you don't even have to take your items out of the trolley. That's one use. Here's another use. Think of exactly the same scenario now, but this time instead of a trolley with shopping items, you have an RFID reader. And here you've got loads of people coming in from the airport walking past and they have their passports in their pockets and they're walking through this area here. The RFID reader transmits a signal when each per as the people walk through their RFID readers start transmitting. They're energized. They transmit their passport information here. And all of that passport information is now checked. If anybody's blacklisted, it's a beep beep beep beep beep. And it will identify this person here. It shouldn't be traveling for example. So that's another way to use an RFID reader. The next one, another quick example is I think there was an example with um an ambulance and how it can be used. Okay, so we'll do that one as a final one and how you it can control the traffic lights and how that system will work. So if we take this being I don't know if I'm going to do a good ambulance here, but anyway, we'll just put a red N. All right, there's my ambulance. Now, if we have an RFID chip on every ambulance, each RFID chip contains a serial number for that ambulance. As we get to the traffic lights, let's say these are overhead traffic lights here on the side of the road somewhere before the traffic lights, there's an RFID reader. As the ambulance goes through the RFID reader, the the waves from the RFID reader energize the chip. The chip starts transmitting the serial number for that ambulance. The RFID reader now sends the information to a central control station saying this is ambulance number 13. Is this ambulance on an emergency call? If the answer is no, then the traffic lights will stay as normal and work as normal. If however it is registered as yes, then this distance here, let's say it's got I don't know say 500 m, it will then send a signal to the control lights to turn green. Well, that would be green, not red. But anyway, you get you get what I'm saying? So that would be a green light there. So by the time the ambulance gets to this point, the lights are green and it will go straight through. Okay. So what have we learned about RFID chips? It is one-way communication. The RFID produces a radio wave which energizes the RFID chip when it's in range. And once it's energized, it transmits the data it has on it. The information is one way, not two-way. Then that information can be sent to a computer, can be whatever you want. Okay? It's it's a serial number for shopping items. It is a serial number for an ambulance. It is your personal detail on a passport control. It it can be used any way you want as long as as long as you know. It could be books in a library. Instead of scanning the book, you just take the book and as you walk outside, it registers that you've taken that book. So as long as you know how it works, you can implement it in any scenario. And these three things will make will give you the maximum well most of the marks saying it's one way communication. The RFID reader sends radio wave energizes the chip. The chip starts transmitting its data and the data is one way. Now then how you use it, just use your nugget and you'll be able to apply it in any way you want. Um there's so many requests coming in guys. I don't know how much more I can do but I'll do one more because this is something which is totally new. Give me a second and let me just find this material here. I'll do expert systems for you as well. Yeah, it's been too long. Imagine my voice. I even brought my water bolt here. I haven't had some water. So, I'm going to have some water now. I keep forgetting this is live and I'm I'm not recording for a video. Wow. All right. Give me a second. Okay. Um, I give you a link to this as well. Ah, I ain't got time for a break. I got to go in 10 minutes. So, 10 15 minutes. So, uh, no break. I'll take a break later. All right. Okay. So, here's a link. I'll put this in here as well. I've got to I'm going to pin both links. All right. So, here's a link to the one for actually I'll put both of them up here. Expert systems. Here are the links to the PDF and to the expert systems PowerPoint that I've got here. So there's both links. No, that's too long. I've got to do them separately. Oh, there's a limit. Okay. So, let's take the expert systems now. There we go. Okay. Expert systems. All right. So the first thing that you have to understand about expert systems is this. It makes you a non-expert become an expert. Easy. It's a little bit like AI. But don't use that analogy. I'm just using this so you can try and understand it a little bit easier in the sense that where's my pen gone? Here it is. All right. So the first thing that we have to realize is that it's going to help you become an expert system. Become an expert when you're not an expert. And by answering specific questions, it will give you an expert answer what an expert would answer. So, think about being a mechanic. If you've got a, I don't know, take a a BMW and there's something wrong with it. It's not working. You can either take it to a specialist, which will cost a lot of money, or you can take it to your average mechanic. Now, the average mechanic, because he's not an expert on BMWs, he probably won't be able to figure out what the problem is. But what he can do is if he uses an expert system and a diagnostic software, he can answer questions like, "Does the engine start up?" Yes or no? Yes. All right. Is it making a funny noise? Yes. Is it coming from behind? Blah blah blah. But answer these questions. And once he's answered all the questions, essentially, it will come up with a list of probable things which is wrong with the BMW. And if it's a good expert system, then wow, straight away he's now solved. He's given an expert answer without being an expert himself. So, how does an expert system work? Essentially, you have four four pieces or four different parts in an expert system. The first part which you don't see is the knowledge base. Now, the knowledge base, oh, you guys are already in this. I've given you the link and you've already jumped into Okay, I'm going to get like 3,000 people joining this now. Um, all right. So, anyway, here we go. The knowledge base which is here. This is a pool of data and this is where we get all the information from all the experts. So, we get a whole load of experts. We get whatever information that we can have and we throw it inside what we call the knowledge base. This is where all the information comes from. And let's say doctors, you can get information from a whole load of doctors and put them inside the knowledge base. Today, your knowledge base will probably be based on AI. How did I become how did become an ICT teacher? How did I decide to do that? I'm going to tell you the truth because I always tell my students the truth. I became a teacher as a joke. Enough said about that. I never wanted to be a teacher. 26 27 years later I'm still teaching. Right? So there you go. So never think that what you plan is what's going to happen to you. All right? So we take all the knowledge from an expert from the expert and we put them in the knowledge base. The next part the next part is the interface. This is where the non-expert or the user, for example, you, is going to use something like a form or a menu and you're going to answer questions. That's basically it. You answer qu let's say it's a expert system for medical diagnosis. Do you or does the person have a fever? Yes. Next question. Um, is he throwing up? No. Next question. and you answer question and depending on your answers it will come up with another question or then finally give you an answer. So that's the user interface. This is the interface. Now the interface can be well what have we learned about interfaces? It can be a graphical user interface. It may be a menudriven interface. Usually for an expert system it's more like a menudriven one. Okay. It could be a command line interface or a simple input interface. Uh or it could be a voice interface, a dialogue based one, but usually it's a menu based one. That interface now communicates. So when you answer a list of questions, it sends the information to what we call the inference engine. Now this is the heart and soul of your expert system. What does this do? Based on your answers, it will then check the rules. This is where your programming or the programmer whoever programmed this thing comes in. The better the expert system, the more sophisticated it is, the better it is at making decisions. It will decide, does it need to ask you more questions? If yes, it will ask you the next questions. Once you've answered all the questions, the inference engine will then get the most appropriate answer based on your answers from the knowledge base and that will be your expert answer. That's how an expert system works. So you've got your knowledge base, your interface. The knowledge base is all the information from the experts. The interface is has been designed to collect information from the non-expert and then the heart and soul the inference engine has the rules which will then based on the answers from the interface from the user will decide if it wants more answers or it will return an answer. Now it may return an answer or it may return that it cannot give an answer. That's it. So what else do you have in this PowerPoint here? It says here what the knowledge base is. It's the collection of facts and rules. This acts rather like a search engine. So that's what the inference engine is examining the knowledge base for information that matches the query. So if you think about the interface where you're answering the questions, think about that as the criteria in an access database when you're putting the criteria and it filters your records. Every time you answer something, it reduces the results because you're narrowing down the results. That's what the inference engine will do. And then once it's asked everything it can ask, it will return what the possible results are of that just like a database. Here are some examples of uh inference engines that you can think about. Medical diagnosis, strategy games like chess, um providing financial advice for example, what would that be? you get all the information from different financial um let's say logistics or charts from the stock exchange when prices went up when prices went down so on and so forth and then that information can be used based on the information that you give whether it's a good time to invest or not identifying items so you could if you're do if you're a biologist you can you find the species you don't know exactly know what it is that you might have an expert system to identify something. Is it an exoskeleton um insect? Does it have eight legs? Does it have four legs? What color is it? Does it have any distinguishing marks? You put all that information, it will go to the knowledge base and say, "It's probably this." Or it say, "I have no idea what this is. You've discovered a new species." Okay. Now, what are the disadvantages? Well, can expert systems make mistakes? Absolutely. Okay. They're only as good as the the expert knowledge that's been placed into it and as good as the inference engine is. The more questions it can ask, the more be the better the criteria, let's say, then the more detailed answer it can give based on what expert information it has. It can't adapt easily to certain problems. So it may be that uh let's say a medical diagnosis one um let's say somebody's skin is flush red and it doesn't have a way to put that information in then the diagnosis is going to give is going to be inaccurate because there's information there that you want to give and you can't. So the more detailed the more higher power let's say an uh an expert system is usually the more complicated it is to use. So if you really want to get a really really really good expert system then usually it's slightly more complicated but the responses are going to be much better. It's also good in geology if you want to find oil. You can take samples of the soil and the surroundings and this that the other. Put all that information in and the expert system can tell you based on knowledge it has from other places where oil was found. For example, um most likely you will or will not find oil in the location where you took the samples. Okay. So um and they don't have common sense. You know, you can turn around and say that um these are all the things, these are all the symptoms and blah blah blah. You know, throwing up, dizzy spells in the morning, and it says you're probably pregnant, but it's a male. It can't see it's a male if it hasn't asked. Okay. All right. Um wow, guys, there's so so so we're going to be here all night long. Um, okay. So, I'm going to think I'm going to give that call a day. I'm just going to have a quick look from here because I've there's so many comments, so many questions. Um, on the practical related questions for the Uh I don't have I don't have powerpoints on on on everything. This is just one that I had which is why I thought I would do it. I know I I I prefer to teach by giving um examples that students can relate to. We've got a book but you know the book unless you actually practice answering the questions. It's really hard. Um yeah if I do have anything I'm happy to share. Where are we walking? Seriously, we've gone over anchors a hundred times. There's one anchor, one type of anchor. It's the A tag. Okay, the A tag is an anchor. Depending on the question when it asks you, if it asks you to create an anchor to a link in a particular point in a web page, then that link has to be that anchor has to point to something. All anchors have to point to something. So, the A tag has to point to something. It's either going to point to a URL. It's either going to point to a file. It's going to point to another HTML file to create a web uh um a website instead of just a web page. Or it can point to an ID. If you read the question, it asks you to read carefully. Yeah. Don't the anchor thing. This is to do with um web design. Um so really don't put much attention into what I'm going into right now. It's just a question that's been coming up again and again and again and again from from Wilkin here. So just it's getting a bit confusing here as to what it is. So don't worry about what I'm talking about. Now the the only things that you will find in the theory uh as far as practical is concerned is going to be things on databases things like data validation verification which comes up in the system life cycle or you may get questions to do with Excel. You're not going to get questions on other practical components um in the theory anymore. Those are pre203 syllabus. From 2023 onwards, those practical question style things that came up or the theory style questions that came in the practical really kind of stopped. Um so anyway, what else have we got? So, um can I post the live? I will do if I get time. I'm going to do it tonight or I'm going to do it tomorrow. U going to be quite big. I want to edit some things out. I'm glad you like the lesson. What does the rules base do? Well, the rules base in the expert system decides on a couple of things. So, the the rules base is the set of rules how the expert system will work. And where are we? So if you give an answer to in the interface then the rules base will decide if based on your answer it needs to either ask another question. For example take a medical system. If you then um say does the person have a fever? If you say no then the rules base will then decide right so the answer is no. What shall I ask next? Um, do I ask if uh their site is blurry? If it says yes, if the user says yes, then the rules base will say, "Okay, my next question is, is there a different tone to the color or are their lips dry or their eyes pale or whatever." So, the rules base decides what happens next. If there are no other questions to decide, the rules base will then go to the inference engine to get the most appropriate answer based on the question or based on the answers given. So that's what the rules base does. It is the rules that decide what happens next and if it's going to ask any more questions. You're more than welcome. Thank you. So many people asking me to respond. I don't know what I'm responding to. Uh where are we? Don't edit out, please. It's nice how it is. Yeah, I agree with you. It is. Um I just want to take out the little bit that um you know, we're talking about people being rude or racist and I want to have a look at um you know, something was said and see if I'm going to mute people. But I think that stopped after a while. Have a nice night to all of you guys. I just want to say on my behalf, it's an honor, a pleasure. It's been fantastic working with you guys uh and helping you out. I'm really glad the practical uh the tutorials helped you out. Um I want to thank all of you for your kind comments. Um I really do enjoy reading them. Your comments are actually fantastic. It's actually great to see that students do appreciate um work that some of you some of us teachers do. I I've really felt the love and appreciation from you guys. It's what keeps me going to keep doing these tutorials. Um so, and the fact that, you know, this channel has gone so wide um worldwide is just phenomenal. I'm I'm I'm really happy that I'm able to approach so many of you and I just love hearing where you guys are from. So, whenever you're going to comment to any of my to any of my videos or they said there, just write down where you are because I really like seeing where you guys are from. Um, it's just amazing how technology can actually just break those barriers of the walls of the classroom and just bring everyone together. It would have been nice if we could have like a more interaction where you can talk to me as well, but there's so many of you that wouldn't be possible. But I I do feel that um I'm a lot closer to all of you and you know even afterwards I I'm going to love to hear how you did in your exams, what results you got afterwards and even after when you finished with the IGCSE, you know, drop by, say hello, drop a comment. It's always fun uh to hear how you guys are doing. I I I do teach some bits of the A, but I don't have time to do Alevel work, guys. I'm really really sorry. Um I'm really really swamped. So yeah, it's just awesome, awesome, awesome just hearing where all you guys are from and all all these different countries from all over the world. It's Yeah, I I get so many so many comments and so many from Pakistan, Dubai, India, um Ghana. I've actually got relatives from Ghana. My nephew's from Ghana. So um I it's it's just absolutely fantastic and yeah, awesome. Awesome. So guys, I'm gonna just leave that there. Good luck. Goodbye. And please uh you know, come back. Give me a shout out. Tell me how you did with your exams in August when the results come out. Good luck with the theory. I'm going to try and answer any questions that you give me after I post this on the onto the recording. I'm going to post it in YouTube and um I'm going to try and answer as best as I can. And uh yeah, this has been an experience for me as well. So this is me, Nicholas Papidis from Sunny Cyprus, saying goodbye. I did want to bring my cat to say hello to you. Shall I go grab her and bring her up so she can say a quick hello? Let me go have a look if I Does anyone want Let me Let me go see if I have if I can go get uh Leslie up for a sec. the PowerPoint expert systems. Yep, here it is. This is expert systems and this is the PDF. And I'll go and try and see if I can grab my cat, Leslie. All right, let me give me a sec. Okay, there we go. And here's Leslie. Want to say hello? Hey, why are you shy now? Why are you shy? You want to say hello? This is my furry friend Leslie. Oh, there you go. She was actually not very well recently. Um, but she's doing a lot lot lot better now. Ella, come say hello. Oh, where you going? There's a tail. Yeah. So, that was Leslie. Hey, come here. Come here. Come say hello. Hello. There you go. [Music] Yeah. Okay. So, love from Leslie here. You want to say bye-bye? Say bye-bye to everyone. Bye-bye. You can go. There you go. All right then, guys. Take care. Good luck. I will see you or hear from you soon once your results are out. Take care and Mr. Wise Cat. Now, I've got to go. If I sit here reading all these comments, I'm going to be laughing. I'm not going to go. I've got to go. [Music] Um, I don't know. I'm really quite strict sometimes. I don't know. Maybe if there's any of my students in here, they will tell you because I've invited my students as well. So, anyway, you can keep that up. Bye-bye everyone. bye-bye from me.