welcome to chapter 11 lecture I'm going to try to divide this lecture into a number of smaller lectures so I can upload them to YouTube it's much better to upload them to YouTube I feel because then you can watch them anywhere but then I'll try to spice them together if you wanted to watch them in one that's why this one's going to be disjointed so this is the first part the chapter 11 lecture until my alarm goes off on my fancy-pants phone and then I pause it and I start a new lecture okay so welcome class to chapter 11 Copernicus incites a revolution this is more than just about Copernicus and I think this is a fun lecture but then again I'm here in my comfortable office what I want it to be a fun lecture for me okay so last class we were discussing how Europe was a backwater and it went from a backwater to be triumphs or the West that's a book by the way by a guy by the name of JM Roberts it's a very good book although he died like 40 years ago he was most I'm just gonna get him that along but most famous in the 1980s when I was a kid I hope until the TV series and we went from a backwater to of course how they're going to dominate the world the place where the Scientific Revolution would occur now we talked about last night now the Scientific Revolution was delayed why was a delayed Kim well it was delayed because of the let's see if I got this right the Little Ice Age the bubonic or the black plague and the 100 Years War that ended with the beginning of the gunpowder Revolution and I was reading this book we just want to [ __ ] out the Gunpowder I mean called of the modern Middle East and they were arguing that the Hutter Years War involved the gunpowder revolution and that's one reason they were going to be able to succeed that's a good something to think about I'm not sure okay now that I thought about worldviews at this time there are different worldviews on one side there are as medieval Europe yes and there were very religious or theological that means that one it for example thundered they said oh my gosh God is demonstrating his power they thought in theological religious terms that doesn't mean that now beginning in the 18th century with that we're a scientific revolution it doesn't mean we're not scientific but now beginning at this time we're going to become wait did I say that right beginning anyway what I mean to say is in beginning the 18th century we became secular and scientific that doesn't mean we're not religious but our worldview is not religious meaning that if it thunders now we don't say oh my gosh God is demonstrating is his a power we're going to say oh I think it's going to rain what yeah where did you go from that now if we say I have a stomachache it's not the medieval Europe religious view of I forgot to say my morning prayers and God gave me a stomachache no it could be oh I have a stomachache because a too much candy or something right with different reason so our worldview is gonna change this large mesh in large measure because of the Scientific Revolution remember that before one of the things during the Middle Ages that I emphasized was medicine medieval medicine especially the four elements air earth water fire air earth fire and water and the humors that are associated with the elements all right yellow bile black bile blood and phlegm and Dan we said there are manifest qualities like you could feel cold if you have too much phlegm and black bile right the manifest quality of those are going to be oh I'm feeling cold in fact we still use the term today I have a cold place of that in Brazil when I was living there like I have a cold they're like yeah you're cold you want a jacket no I have eight cold like that doesn't make any sense because we use that as a noun as well well or whatever all right these are manifest qualities for example one of the manifest qualities of having too much blank bio would be it's called in Greek may I can't say this right melancholy we're lighting the cool a melancholy anyway so then of course that still my point is is it going to continue to influence us even into the Scientific Revolution so we don't drop off our traditional ideas we just more to it and slowly one begins to become more important than the other and so the other starts to disappear it's very interesting how that works historians love to study this kind of stuff I'm skipping a bunch of this stuff right here here is a famous painting it's one of those things it's not really painting I said they're wrong it's uh they did what do you call it tone block printing right where you carve out the printer with a little knife and then you put ink on the negative spaces then you put it down and then you could print a whole bunch of these that's what they use and this was guy by a guy by the name of Albrecht Durer he was very famous he was a a Catholic and then became a Protestant business person Reformation right and this is one of the most famous because it had elements that everybody understood sorry about the little bit of nudity in it but there's elements and everybody understand like the phlegmatic Fox the sanguine rabbit the choleric cat melancholic elk and people like what is familiar to them so even as this new period comes along we still have lots of aspects of the old period okay we also talked about a little bit previously and this is a review that now that you have the Scientific Revolution they're going to be contrasting that with a new developed idea which was Aristotelian and Christian and for example we said that the new idea was that the earth was a center of the universe and right out here is the kingdom of God and in here well right up here we have the firmament it says right here from a stationary star stationary and then all of these planets that are going to be held up by angels and/or Saints and they of course are gonna help us in order to get our prayers oftentimes off to God himself so you know one of those ideas I'm skipping this part right here it's going to be and you write this down Copernicus that is going to come up with this new theory called the heliocentric theory the idea that the Sun is a center of the universe Copernicus was a Polish polish astronomer but but by his day job right is he was canon lawyer and a canon lawyer is somebody that knows for example if he said well I would like to become a priest but I'm only 12 years old can I become a priest well I don't know ask Copernicus he's the one that studies this he knows it so kind of like if somebody says well is it illegal the speed on Sunday you say I don't know why don't you ask the police or something the people that know but anyway when I went to the National Archives last I was gonna go last week remember I meet enemy but I couldn't go there for lots of reasons so was it last because that way before it's all motion together then they have this amazing watch that I was gonna buy but it was - I didn't oh wow so much for that skipped a bunch of stuff that is interesting my boy at the same time they write down somehow that the Scientific Revolution is go only going to be made possible because of another revolution and that is what I want you to write down which is the communication revolution so we started to talk about the Scientific Revolution started by Copernicus who creates an idea that the Sun is the center of the universe and then we paused and then we say but nobody's gonna find out about that and tell we give beginning to print books spread of books so let's talk a few minutes about books and the spread of books I love the communication revolution as a reminder that printing movable block was invented in China but it was not spread everywhere why not it wasn't spread anywhere because of their relative geographic isolation so they stopped using it it was just too hard to use ah and then it's going to be invented later on by Gutenberg in the 1430s ironically Gutenberg first printing is going to be something called indulgences those indulgences are also going to lead to the Protestant Reformation how interesting here is an amazing Bible to go view sometime this is the Gutenberg Bible at the Library of Congress I believe it was but I also saw more recently in in Austin when I was doing some research but it's the very first Bible that was ever printed in fact here's the plaque the Gutenberg Bible is the first great book printed in Western Europe from movable metal type it is therefore a monument that marks the turning point in the art of bookmaking consequently in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern world this case they're saying that this is a key turning for transition can we go from old fuddy-duddy stuff to modern world because of the availability of knowledge absolutely you have now stepped into another world in what you have information at your fingertips on your phone another step I don't know what we would call that later we're gonna have to change names and stuff because now you can find anything out on your phone you can even watch my beautiful face on your phone and take notes on a computer or however you want to take notes how amazing you could even do all this without a single leaving your house what you will I hope right did you know the paper books are gonna be printed on paper you're like what well yes they are paper was invented in China it was called parchment the word paper that we use came from a papyrus but papyrus was not paper papyrus was Reed's that had been woven together after being smooshed in ancient Egypt but paper in this case is parchment parchment means it's kind of like the dollar bill which has a lot of other stuff added took besides simply wood in it some Europe had been using Feldman to the a 11th century and beyond so until they have this technology the other technology would not be beneficial so both technologies are important here one led leads to the other one one of the key things I keep talking about is how all technology has unintended consequences for example cell phones I use this example a lot remember I could make you text and drive and unintended consequences of this so this right here is a Magna Carta in 1215 look at how teeny tiny it is you can I can't even read it even it was in normal vernacular English it's written in Latin right but you know it's a teeny teeny tiny you know because they have to preserve because it's on vellum but now of course you can use paper and paper is going to make it so much cheaper okay great here is a printing press this is an 18th century 19th century printing press that I went to it's like a museum that they're trying to recreate and show you how things were printed I think it's fun to go visit some of these places and in this case as you can see here then they have the movable-type here they take it out of these boxes that are down here or indoors but these are boxes and then they put it there and then they put the paper up while they put ink on it then they put the paper over and press it into place this is to put the ink on it and press it into place and then you have a whole bunch of what printing how wonderful now you can print a book relatively fast once you get the typeset up thinking about whole bunch of printings so much so then this case is drying but so much so that's you have piles and piles reams of paper and then you can cut them and you can bind them into books and this is wonderful so as you know or should know printing is important because it leads to another revolution reading reading or communication revolution kinda like the communication that erupted from the cell phones in my lifetime where instead of talking to people you could actually send them a message without even moving your mouth this text messages was revolutionary and I love it I love texting people I think it's awesome but this is the revolution and as you can imagine the revolution involves and there's skip bunch of stuff reading of books books about everything first of course is the Bible you gotta be the Bible first that's the most important thing but then how many of you guys gonna curl up and Bend read the Bible you might but y'all somebody said well I'm gonna read something else so in the fifteenth century there's not a lot of books but by the 16th century 200 million books about anything short chat books big long book stories palms the damn novels yet but all sorts of amazing books by 18th century almost a billion books out there to read this is a reading revolution this is one of the things that leads to the priesthood of all believers we can all learn by reading the Bible for ourselves and that's just amazing printing press also led to a uniformity and spelling yes where before we could say well hmm I would say the word can make it but I would write it gonna get but later on for some reason the spelling stays the same because printing led to uniformity but the way we pronounce things change over time so we say night but we spell it can make it we say NAT but we spell it connect because uniformity and spelling stays the same by the way we said did we that's why I'm saying some of these words these names I'm like well this is the way I think it's pronounced cuz I've rented a million times but I was not alive at the time of Christopher Columbus Chris tomorrow : gusto ma Colombo something like that okay with that in mind let's stop with this lecture and start a new one