good morning everybody nice to see you here we're gonna talk about a few things before we get into our uh our discussion today and um let's see we'll take a little look here at the schedule that's coming up so i've got my canvas showing if you can't see it let me know taking a moment here all right so we're already on the 7th of april can't believe that as you know um homework 6a and 6b were cancelled so you don't have to worry about that the next assignment that's coming up is homework 7. i think i mentioned this to you last time that we met that it's something that you should just take a look at see if there's um anything that you should know about in preparation uh for doing it it's not one of those things that you should wait till the last minute just because if you have to prepare something you might not have the time so just take a look at it decide what you're gonna work on for that and then you'll have a better idea okay so um in addition to that we only have you know two more meetings and then an exam so we've got a lot to talk about make sure you're watching your videos as if you have been watching them you know this stuff is really abstract really bizarre stuff and um it's not something that you can really you know easily um check on you know to uh like sorry it's not easily something that you can just get by guessing or by context there really is very little context in this because very few of us have had this kind of experience talking about um cellular respiration at least to this detail thanks for letting me know dina i will try to resend that email to you okay all right so let's see so that's it for the for homework seven that's coming up again look at that uh you know just take a moment check it out and make sure you have what you need for that okay and so now what we're going to do is move right away uh into what we were looking at last time last time we were looking at two kinds of chemical reactions that was in the study guide for section four and uh we started working on the couple reactions activity so that's what we're going to take a look at today okay so i'm going to go into canvas and that is in the weekly module nine i guess we're in week nine you guys getting there so week nine and uh there's the study guide and we go into here into google docs i think i actually even have it available here uh no that's a different thing okay so let me go ahead and open this up here make a copy of it okay so the context of what we're looking at today is that we have chemical reactions that are happening in our bodies so as you know um when you want to get energy or you're feeling hungry is really the the reason why you probably think about this but it's about energy um what will happen is you'll get cues that you're hungry you'll eat something and of course the eating includes ingesting it it means chewing it breaking it down into smaller pieces and from there we can start calling it digestion all the way into the stomach and so forth right but digestion doesn't end there the term digestion means to break down right so at this point in your mouth and in your stomach you've broken down the molecules from really large stuff right compared to um to smaller set thanks for letting me know steven good luck okay that's annoying um in any you know to have your computer audio not working in any case um so when you're you break down your food you know it's pretty big even into your stomach so that's not small enough to get into a cell um not until a little bit later so once you get it at a small enough stage into a cell we still have to break it down to actually get energy out of it and that's what we're talking about here now the way this happens are through um catabolic and anabolic reactions if you remember catabolic means to break down anabolic is to build up anabolic would be when we're maybe making a molecule like a molecule of fat for storage or making a new muscle protein protein in a muscle or if you're talking about um you know building more dna something like that um or photosynthesis is also a anabolic reaction when it's catabolic of course we're breaking it down and the reason why we're doing that is to get the energy out of it so that kind of molecule is going to be known as an exergonic reaction all right so um in any case uh any questions so far i noticed my um pictures came up for a second and i'm not sure why gizelle you fell over your camera fell over it was funny okay so in any case when we're taking a look at these uh coupled reactions we're gonna see that there's a lot of really crazy stuff happening to get that energy out of the molecules that you eat into a form that you can use in your body so last time we talked again about exergonic and endergonic reactions that exergonic reactions our energy is released and you can see that because it's written here on the product side the pointy side of the arrow and so that's the energy and then the molecules themselves naturally are going to have more energy potential energy when they're a reactant right and then the energy comes out it's released and then the products are going to have less and then that's considered an exergonic reaction in an endergonic reaction it's going to take energy to do this so you're going to have smaller molecules that get built up with more potential energy that's endergonic now the other thing that we talked about last time is that all of this is involving uh strangely enough electrons and hydrogens so let me ask you we learned a mnemonic device last time what was that mnemonic device to help us with the redox reactions what was it that we wrote down you guys got it that's right so it's oil rig right so oh well you're here giselle thank you for letting me know okay so oxidation or oil is oxidation is losing and what we're talking about when oxidation is losing we're talking about electrons and sometimes you can't see the electrons they might be in a bond and that's not always written out in a way that we can see it however if that bond is with a hydrogen then all of a sudden you start to see oh i can see it in a hydrogen and then rig stands for reduction reduction is gaining and gaining of what we're talking about electrons again and again you can't really always see electrons we don't write the little e minus out so what we end up doing is looking for hydrogens again so last time what we did was we looked through these um two questions first we saw that there was malic acid that was that was yielding oxaloacetic acid whatever that is and we could see something else was going on now um we found out that um malic acid has two hydrogens what process did we go through to be able to figure that out what process is that we went to figure this out last time yeah counted what though yep you're right we counted the hydrogens so in this case it was pretty easy because we could look at the structure right here and just count them that was it and then we found out well in this case it looks like we have uh what was it four no no no how many do we have sorry i'm remembering the other one how many did we have here yeah thank you six hydrogen and then we saw that ultimately in oxaloacetic acid how many did we have there that's where the four was okay so in the process of going from six to four what happened to the number of hydrogens did we gain or did we lose good so since we lost them what is that called oxidation that's right because oxidation is losing okay so with our with our oil rig right oxidation okay so that's what we ended up figuring out over time that we lost so that's how we got this answer here okay and then the next question was for the coupled reaction above which is true and so the question is malic acid is being reduced or malic acid is being oxidized so you can see right here already what we're talking about is basically opposites to each other so one of those is going to be right um and then we have to find out what's going on with nad plus so we already told ourselves well it's lost here that means malic acid is being oxidized we said that here okay let me get this oxidized and then what we want to do is make sure okay if that's the case did nad plus get reduced well when we take a look at nad plus how are we going to determine if it's being reduced or not what are we going to look for there sure i can repeat that again we're looking at nad plus and we want to find out to make sure if it's oxidized or reduced right how are we going to know when we look at nad plus to nadh that's right catherine we're going to look at those hydrogens that's right danny so we're going to look at it well nad plus i mean we don't have the structure or anything but when you take a look at it with this nadh that's funny i didn't even notice the mistake danny i just read it was fine um so looking at it here it's going to have one more hydrogen at least right so it's going to gain like like danny said so yeah here it has no hydrogens and here it has one hydrogen so going from here what we can at least kind of say let's that's interesting let's do that we'll start here here for the nad plus we can see that that is we'll put this on this color that one has at least that we can tell zero hydrogen oh i guess it really wants us to have that pink color still get rid of that okay so zero hydrogens make that no deeper color so we can see it and then over here to this end when we're looking at it we can see oh well we actually gained one hydrogen right and then we got at least to this point it looked like it because we have this one hydrogen here at the end so here we have one hydrogen so that tells us again that yes we have had this reduced okay good are there any questions about that because this is kind of the underpinnings of everything and like i said it's a really weird section so if you don't understand this part it gets to be a little bit difficult all right seems good to me too all right so let's take a look at number three um for the coupled reaction below which is true pyruvic acid has become reduced to lactic acid or pyruvic acid has become oxidized to lactic acid so often you're going to see these in pairs right you're going to determine one versus the other and then here it looks like we're doing something similar with the reduction or oxidation but this time of nadh and nad plus okay so that's kind of what we're looking at in general let's take a look at this um so what are we gonna do first here and let's hear from somebody that we haven't heard from yet so far that that would be really nice um is it the same thing as last time counting the hydrogens you got it you absolutely have it that's right good for you was that giselle yeah excellent so we're going to count them so it's really easy in this one we can either look at the diagram or we can look right here at the formula either one will work so from there we're just going to count them in the first one in pyruvic acid it looks like we have uh let's see four yeah thank you katie okay we'll put that in here we got four hydrogens and then in lactic acid how many do we have there it's really small is that six or is that five yeah i think it's six okay so we gained didn't we we gained two hydrogen okay and we say it's gaining what is that called again yeah reduction which feels really weird saying that isn't it you're like gaining is reducing yeah right so it's one of those things that that little demonic device will help you um so you don't you know inadvertently and logically get messed up okay so here this tells us so far that we've got um one of these is correct we've got looks like pyruvic acid has become oxidized as wrong and it looks like this one's right so far but we still have these other things to contend with make sure that they're not uh messing us up okay so nadh has become reduced to nad plus what's wrong with that statement right there what's happened to nad h well nadh it has already hydrogen right danny that's really cute it loved hydrogen i know that's what you meant but it was really sweet thinking about nadh loving it do you see it already has it right so here it has one hydrogen i hope you are okay with me laughing because that was really sweet danny i enjoyed that all right so no i can't take either you see that all the time okay so here we have one hydrogen but then over at the end how many hydrogens do we have that we can see yeah i don't see any on there it's not really obvious to me at all so here we lost one hydrogen at least so at this point when we're looking at it all the way over here here we have you know zero hydrogen sorry let me try that again zero hydrogen what do we call that when we lose it you're right you guys oxidation okay so this first one can't be right letter c nadh because it became reduced no that's not right it became oxidized right so here let's see if we can cross that one off here this is in the way here always okay so that's the word that's wrong there um and making this one completely wrong what's wrong with letter d first yeah you're right akin it is the other way around right the nad plus should be on this side and the nadh should be on that side see it starts off with nadh and here it goes to nad plus so oops let's try this so i've got this little guy going all the time here so what's happened is this is backwards this is backwards right all right so any questions on that all good good i'm going to just do a quick pull on this just to see where everybody's at so all good just need practice or i have a question i suppose you could say or i'm lost so if you're lost tell me you know a little bit about what you're lost about is it something specific that we can take a look at or uh you know what is it that we need okay and then if you have a question come up with something specific like which part is not sticking with you good let's have everybody vote nice okay excellent that helps a lot looking like so far we're either all good or just need a little bit of practice which is perfectly reasonable okay so um let's go ahead and erase that stuff yeah that's what we're going to do we're going to need a more variety of questions that work that's what we're going to give you now at keen i promise you that all right um number four for the coupled reaction below which is true adp yields atp alone is an exergonic reaction or it's an endergonic reaction well wait a moment now we're talking about something different kind of like akeem said more variety of questions right so we're talking about extragonic and endergonic is that about losing or gaining electrons anymore it sure isn't right so this is about energy right exergonic endergonic now there's something here that you really want to pay attention to when you see a question like this notice here that it has the term alone okay that's important when it says alone you really want to um take a look at that in a different way than you would otherwise okay so remember the time that we saw this was with those graphs so let's take a quick look at those graphs and remind ourselves what we're seeing here we see something about energy which is atp but since we're talking about the energy molecule here how can you have energy molecule and then release it from itself that doesn't really make sense so we're going to look at atp as a molecule of a size a particular size because the size of it is going to tell you how much potential energy there is the more bonds that you have the more potential energy so taking a look at adp versus atp so right here for example okay which one is bigger is it atp or adp akin says i guess atp why do you think that akin you're right it's a it says adenosine triphosphate so tri means three i don't know that's exactly that's exactly the thinking so it has triphosphate and what about adp what does that mean adenosine diphosphate right diphosphate and what is dynein two two so two phosphates right and therefore it's going to be smaller hey katie you went for it and that's what's appreciated so this one's gonna be smaller and this one's gonna be larger good okay so then what we do is we look at our graph we go okay we're going from small to large so in this graph here at the top which one is going from small to large the left one or the right one you're right danny this one's going from small to large so that's right good daniel and akeem good okay so if that's the case oh we gotta look at it what is it we're going from small to large that's endergonic so we can say here the correct answer for this one is endergonic okay we'll put that in green here like the rest of this okay all right so let's look at number five now um okay number five is for the coupled reaction above this one which is true acetyl phosphate yields acetic acid oh vinegar acetyl phosphate yields acetic acid is an exergonic reaction or um it's an endergonic reaction oh akin i see that you asked do you have a question yes what if he doesn't say that alone what eve ah that's going to be question six you have the right question to ask okay just pause on that and we'll get there okay okay perfect question you knew that that was going to be something since i was pointing that out huh good for you i love it okay so here we say acetyl phosphate uh yields acetic acid is either exergonic or endergonic well we're going to do the same kind of thing by looking at the size of the molecule so which one is bigger and which one is smaller is acetyl phosphate bigger or is acetic acid bigger acetyl-phosphate yes and bravo for attempting that name good for you acetyl phosphate is bigger but how did you know that because it looks like there is more like the phosphate is added to it and there there's four like i guess letters instead of three with the acetic acid yeah yeah absolutely you've done the right thing now of course i'm gonna play devil's advocate here but but dorothy here it has c2 and this one has three c3 what would you say to that that the extra c would come from the adp that's possible yeah and then but what about like if why can i say i can say but this one looks smaller because it only has two c's and this one looks like it's got three and how can you say that this one is larger than so what would your argument about that be because it's added to the p the phosphates added onto it yes good there's a phosphorus and there's three oxygens making a total of a phosphate there right so yeah okay maybe we have one less carbon but we have all these other atoms that are there good for you dorothy and good for you for standing up for what you know all right so in this situation here this one's going to be larger and this one's going to be smaller when we're looking at the acetic acid okay for this one okay so that tells you we're going from large to small all right so look at our diagrams here which one looks like large to small the left or the right you got it this one's large too small right correct all right so let's take a look here if that's the case it said we're gonna be exergonic so that means it's going to be this one here that's so dark let's try another one all right whoa i don't know what happened there got rid of that okay so now we're on to a keane's question he said but wait a moment what if it doesn't have the word alone in it what what do we do then well we're at that situation because notice it says we're gonna do the overall reaction now we're not just going to be looking at adp and atp we're going to look at the whole thing so that's a different scenario altogether i'm just going to put this down here to illustrate it okay so looking at this one we're trying to identify what's happening with the entire reaction let me give a little space here okay get rid of these guys they're kind of in the way hear that okay so let's see sorry getting having some computer things going on here okay so we're going to be looking at the overall reaction when we're looking for the overall reaction we're not looking at the sizes of a little thing of the little parts of it what we're trying to do is look at did we get something out of this and when we're talking about exergonic or endergonic what are we talking about what is it that we're looking for what is going to come out of it in other words what is exergonic and endergonic referring to is it referring to size is it referring to electrons yes catherine you got it we're looking for energy right well we know the molecule that cells use for energy is atp right so this is what we're looking for atp where is the energy at this point so what we want to do oops i'm getting lots of little d phase what we want to do is notice this that we we know in a reaction you write it as reactant by reacting uh yield products right so on the stick end of the arrows the reactants on the pointy end are the products so we want to see is this atp on the reactant side or on the product side so which one is it on the reactant side or on the product side yeah it's on the product side see it's on the pointy end of the arrow right it's over here so taking a look at that when we go up here now we get to look at the energy molecule here it is and here it is right that's atp so which one has atp on the product side is it the left one or the right one does anybody want me to repeat my question okay i'll repeat it here so we were looking for the atp molecule right here and the atp molecule we saw was on the pointy end on the pointy side right so where is the atp molecule on the pointy side the left graft or the right graft graph you see how the arrow has the point here and it's pointing to it so it's going to be this left one right here does that make sense okay good all right so if that's the case the overall reaction is going to be exergonic so we'll highlight that one okay all right i'm gonna go ahead and ask a poll again so let's see this is about uh four five and six so let's see what you guys think relaunch so for four five and six are we all good fine just need practice not sure about it a little lost all right fair enough it looks like everybody's all good or fine just named practice okay good so um that is that set of questions practice practice practice that's right okay that's exactly what it takes it's just one of those things right why is this off here okay so we're going to take a look at number seven with respect to the conversion of pyruvate and ox oh sorry and co2 to oxaloacetate which is a true statement these crazy names huh the conversion of pyruvate and co2 to oxaloacetate is anabolic and endergonic or catabolic and exergonic okay so this is the first time we've seen this term this time around we're talking about anabolic and catabolic right so let's take a look at this what we have is pyruvate and co2 as we can see here on this on this diagram right this piece and this piece and then we have all this atp and height and water then we have oxaloacetate that's the only other thing they asked about and they have adp and pi whatever that's all about but they're telling us to focus on the stuff in green so what is the word anabolic mean what does anabolic mean that's how i remember it daniel is about muscle building right because people talk about anabolic steroids right so those are steroids used anabolically which means to build right so in this case it could be building other things too but that's how i remember it um daniel is by the fact that some people kind of well why do people bother to do that why would people want to do that basically it's when they try to like when they believe they've reached their peak in uh muscle building and they go to like an anabolic steroid used to see if they could go even farther like they always recommend men wait till they're 21 when they're fully developed to start using that stuff why is that why do they wait do you know uh it's all for usually just bodybuilding and whatnot like like it sucks to say but all those huge bodybuilders like you have to use that to get there uh-huh like there's no other like natural way to get there so why is it that they suggest not to use it under 21. does anybody know and the key is saying to edge out others right it's a competitive thing right like bodybuilding is competitive yeah exactly but why is it that they're saying don't use it for sure until after 21 if you're gonna use it does anybody know isn't it like mess up beer like growth and testosterone yeah you're not done developing right and so what ends up happening is um in of course people need the testosterone but if you're getting this artificial form your body will stop making as much of it and if you remember seeing from the video when we talked about steroids and fats and things like that that there are some side effects that are not so wanted right does anybody know what some of the side effects can be irritability and enhanced anger for sure yes that's definitely one anybody else know another one or any and it could be you too as well daniel uh like someone also said it really diminishes your testosterone like badly uh-huh anything else you're absolutely right so one of the side effects can often be shrinkage of the genitalia bad thing that people don't generally want right so and that's because again because you're not done growing and it can cause that even with adult males who are over 21 yes being impotent exactly can be a side effect from it i know i was a little bit embarrassed to say it too but i don't know why because when um i think it's because we haven't really seen each other in person but um it's so funny when i say this in class people like whoo and i'm so used to saying words like penis because i'm a biologist oh my goodness yeah so it's it's uh risky right and so um you know people realize it's not the best uh for bodies but some people will do anything for competition right so it's not necessarily something legal right um because it will use it for other things other than bodybuilding too but okay so yes anabolic i remember in the context of anabolic steroids meaning to build muscles that's just my little tag to remember it but then in general the word anabolic means to build so looking at this where we've got it in green here which is the building where do we build it are we building or are we breaking here going from the left to the right you must with the stuff in green how do you know for building or breaking so this is how i think about it um well okay so it's not the left versus the right that we're talking about a king this is the process um like beginning and after do you see what i'm saying so this is showing the whole process but why did you think the left was breaking i can see what you might be thinking akin well i guess um there's the addition of water and the triphosphate resulted into product of a diphosphate ah that's good thinking but right now we're not asking about the adp and the atp are we no well i was just i saw the addition of water and yeah yeah and knowing you're right because um i'm going to describe here let me see if i can change this color here this part right here is absolutely a hydrolysis we're breaking that atp to become adp we're breaking it with water remember we talked about dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis so in this case you're right it's hydrolysis but in this case we're looking at the green stuff so katie's like saying so maybe it's building and the way i think of this is well here we have two pieces of green and now we put them together together to have only one so wouldn't that be building i think it was like two legos that we stamped together to make one big piece do you see how that is but this is building that makes sense to everybody okay good yeah so um this is one of the tricks is that we have to and let me step back a lot of times we can have anabolic and catabolic together but not always um but what you want to do is look at only the part that they're asking for and then they'll probably ask about the other part later on because they're related to each other yeah so the answer to this one so far is we're looking at an anabolic situation but that's only the first part we have to see about the second part then okay now we're talking about endergonic or extragonic well when we talked about the parts last time like for example here uh when it said alone or here it's you know alone because we're just talking about those parts what did we look at how did we figure that out i'm gonna go back to here for example on question four um or question five so like take a look at the blue answers here what did we look at to see if it was extragonic or endergonic is it energy not quite that was the whole thing at the end look at the blue area right here what did we look at yeah the size of the molecule the energy this exergonic and endergonic is about energy but in this case it's really about the potential energy if it's larger or smaller in this case this is tough stuff so looking at this it kind of makes sense too that if we're going to put two together two pieces together those are going to be smaller each than the one that you ultimately make right so in this case when we look at it here these two are small right here oh yeah this color okay so this is small and this is small got a one in there i don't know where that came from and then it's a relative molecule would be this one with the larger because we just to put two small pieces together to make one bigger one okay so that would be going from small to large so which graph does that look like the left one or the right one small to large the right one yep you're right correct all right so that means we're entertonic okay good now we're going to have one of the akin questions that we saw before it's talking about the whole thing right and endergonic or exergonic has to do with what again energy energy so we're going to look for the energy molecule what's the energy molecule you're right atp let's try that again here atp so is the atp in this whole reaction here is it on the reactant side on the stick side of the arrow or is it on the pointy side of the arrow the product side reactant yeah it's on the reactant side so let's take a look at what that means if it's on the reactant side looking at these are so many little boxes in the way which one is on the reactant side is it the left one or the right one is it the right one yes good for you see where the stick is it's like star and then stick right and then the pointy end is over here versus this one's got the pointy end going that way so this is on the reactant side so that makes this one endergonic okay so right here that makes this one endergonic there's lots of steps to these huh it's not just one thing okay so how did it go with seven and eight does anybody want me to i don't mind going over it again too i can do that too so um if you maybe what we need to say is you know repeat let me stop this for a second i'm gonna do another one here okay so this one's all good fine just need practice and i have a question could be repeat or i have a question or i'm lost and if you're lost you're probably or you need some something else you're probably not the only one i mean this is weird stuff okay so there's the poll good good if everybody could vote that'll help so this is for seven and eight all right good so looking at that it says we've got a number of people who want to repeat so we'll just do that it does take deep observations you're absolutely right akeem and it's just bizarre stuff okay so let me see if i can get rid of all of this okay so get rid of that okay so the idea here in the first one number seven it says that we're looking at two molecules here and it's getting converted into one and so we said well if it's two getting into one that means they got stuck together right that means it's going to be anabolic we can just tell if there was there were two pieces and then it got stuck together to be one then we built it into something bigger and then the other thing that we know is that if it's endergonic or extragonic that's talking about the size of the molecule well if you had two pieces before and now you only have one that means these must be two smaller pieces right a picture this is a lego with you know six dots and then this is a lego with four dots right and so now this is going to be a much bigger one it's going to be larger okay and so when we looked at from small to large looking at the reactants being small we compared it to this graph here's the reactant being small getting to be the reactant that's much larger right or the product that's much larger so that told us oh this kind is endergonic which kind of makes sense right if this axis is talking about energy here what that means is that this has very little energy but you put energy into it and it becomes with more energy right so that's endergonic energy is going in so that's how we know this is the answer right here okay so that's that one now for the next one it's talking about something different here we were talking very specifically about pieces of it but this one really specifically says oh no we're not just looking at pieces now we're looking at the entire reaction and we're trying to figure out if there's energy going in or energy coming out of this whole thing and so when we take a look at that we have to identify well where did we get that energy was it in the reactant side or was it in the product side well on the side where the arrow is not pointing that's before right so before we had to put energy in and at the end we got this bigger molecule that's how we got a bigger molecule is by putting energy into it so energy in is endergonic oops all right let's oh geez i can't seem to get away from this little star thing okay so oh let's try this energy in okay let's see how that went better this time anybody need to repeat i've got to pull up again good all right thank you for voting okay so we just have one left here let's take a look at that get rid of this little star okay so it says for each of the react reactions with the coupled reaction below so glutamic acid is being reduced to glutamine ah and then here it says we're being oxidized so what is that about when we see reduced and oxidized what is that about again again is that about energy somebody said something no what is it about then yeah it's about electrons right so it's about oil rig we got to think about that okay and then the next one is atp the adp alone is endergonic or exergonic so is that still about electrons no what's it about it's about energy that's right oh my goodness it's driving me crazy here try this again reduce there we go and then this one is about energy energy we go okay so if we're looking at electrons in the first one what are we going to do what did we do last time when we were trying to figure out about electrons since we can't see them what are we going to look at the hydrogens that's right you got it so how many hydrogens do we have in glutamic acid yeah take a look at all of them remember if they have a two here that means there's two of them so this is one two three four five six seven eight nine yeah there's nine of them okay so nine hydrogens and then um let's see what do we have in terms of for glutamine yeah i see 10 also good for you guys so what happened there did we gain or did we move you're right and we gained one hydrogen and what is that called then a reduction all right good so so far we can tell from this that we know it's not going to be this one so far the the one that looks good is a okay so the next one is about atp to adp alone and then you have to figure out if it's endergonic or exergonic so when we're looking at the small molecules not the overall reaction what do we look at what did we look at before look at your examples where we had adp okay yeah so the question is um if it's endergonic or exergonic and we're just looking at the molecules um what do we need to do this is not the entire reaction so laura we can't look at just the atp and where it's located this time that would be for an overall does that sound familiar and then but in this case what we want to look at is the size remember that does that sound familiar to everybody i know so much to remember okay oh do we look at where the adp and atp are on each side of the reaction that's when you have the entire reaction that's what you'll look at like we did on this one we put a star here or here is another one where we we looked at it we put a star here but when we're looking at alone in this situation we're going to look at the size of the molecule hard to keep track huh there's so many things going on does that make sense okay good so here is atp or adp the larger molecule yeah careful atp yeah there we go atp is large it has three phosphate and adp is small and here's the other one it got ripped off so that looks like it was some kind of uh enzyme that broke it off possibly okay so if it's going from large to small is it the left one or the right one that's correct it's extragonic good for you so that means this one right here we'll get rid of this one that one's not correct but that means this one is correct which means our overall answer here is this one okay all right so i'll ask one more time about this question all right here's the poll again good excellent good and then um so like akeem said what we need is practice practice practice right there's just no way around it if you don't have the practice then it's gonna go away because none of this stuff is things that we think about on a daily basis i mean not unless you're all into exergonic endergonic reductions oxidations basically you have to be a chemist to be really into this right so um you know you're not going to be able to uh remember this very easily at least most people won't so i've given you practice practice practice this is entirely up to you you might want to write down that you should complete it by i mean i would complete it by the next week that we meet so you can ask questions and would anybody like to have an answer key for these yes please all right so if you email me and ask me for one i will do so i will put one underneath where the study guide is okay so please email me and then that will happen for you okay excellent so those are those lovely endergonic exergonic reactions that are a bit of a challenge so let's take a look right now we're going to be looking at um the molecules in general that we're referring to there is something i wanted to ask actually before i do this i forgot about that for a moment okay let me share this page here and get this okay so we went through our coupled reactions and i want to ask you one question before we move on okay so this is going to have a b c d let me write a new one here for us okay okay good so here's the question in which molecule has carbon been most reduced so look at those i'm going to launch the question in which molecule has carbon been most reduced good let's have everybody vote all right so i'm gonna go ahead and stop there so quick question for yourself did you trick yourself what does it mean to be reduced what does it mean to be reduced i'm going to i'm going to launch it again what does it mean to be reduced looking better this time did you trick yourself isn't that frustrating when that happens thanks for letting me know chris christie good luck with your um your sister's birth okay you can do ras to make that up all right good so yeah don't be tricked with that word right don't let yourself get tricked oh it drives you crazy right reduction is gaining electrons and the way we've been seeing it is by gaining hydrogens right so it's hard to but try to get that stuck in your brain when you see it you know it's going to be carbon so there isn't any carbon in letter d but reduced means gaining and it means gaining electrons and hydrogens so remember that oil rig can drive you crazy okay um let's see next thing i would like to do is take a look um at some pictures here okay i want to take a look at this one so when we looked at working with glycolysis and the rest of cellular respiration hopefully you've watched those videos already because this is just going to get more and more weird when we're talking about it if you don't watch the videos so what we know about um the cellular respiration is that it has three main parts to it right there's glycolysis there's the intermediate step which has a lot of different names to it and then there's the citric acid cycle and then there's oxidative phosphorylation what's the job of glycolysis what are we trying to do there and what does glycolysis mean yeah careful if you say reduction of glucose remember because that means to gain electrons what's another way we could say it i know it could drive you crazy because i think i know what you mean what are we doing to glucose yeah i would say it's a little bit similar simpler i mean yeah that's what it is it's an oxidation but i would just say you're breaking it right but the reason why you're breaking it is for the reason that you said katie we're going to take those electrons right we're taking those electrons away from glucose and we're bringing them somewhere else we're going to bring them over to oxidative phosphorylation so we break it in half that's the pyruvate notice all of this is happening out into in the cytoplasm and then of course what's happening is that pyruvate is going to go into the mitochondrion which is we know is the powerhouse of the cell so this is the intermediate step is where we're going to go inside of the mitochondrion okay so if you haven't gone through glycolysis be sure to do that because it's it's not a simple um thing you'll see that i've explained it in the video now what we're going to do next is take a look at what's happening with the intermediate step here okay so in the intermediate step um what we're going to take a look at is on the study guide okay and what i'd like you to do is it says now that we have analyzed glycolysis in the video do the same for the intermediate step now the other thing i wanted to remind you is that in your book they call it pyruvate oxidation which is a pretty good description for it um but they also call it the intermediate step or the grooming step i guess it depends on you know who was giving it its name intermediate because it's like going from the glycolysis in the cytoplasm into the mitochondria i suppose or grooming to be able to get it through the membrane but what we're going to do with it to be able to do that is oxidize pyruvate so what i'd like you to do is take a moment and write down by looking at this diagram the three reactants of pipe excuse me a pyruvate oxidation write those down in your activity when you're done write down and while you're at it you can also write down the products the reactants and products all right again if you're done right done so what are the three reactants that we have what's one of them pyruvate good all right and then what how what's another one that we have good we have nad plus now gisele take a look carefully though see how the co2 is on the pointy end of the arrow we want stick end of the arrows right now does that make sense so where's another one on a stick end yeah coenzyme a that's why it's so weird like we can't just say it's on the left side or the right side because sometimes these arrows will go in different directions they're kind of crazy so that's why we have to look at the the stick end and the pointy end right okay so what's a product of pyruvate oxidation good carbon dioxide yeah kd you got it nada also you can put that h plus there too and then said acetyl coa good so we will continue talking about this next time um can i ask a quick question for anybody who has a moment i want to know to give our department um feedback on whether or not you would like um to if you had the choice if you would be going on to an online course next semester for whatever classes it doesn't necessarily mean biology online or on campus especially if you have a lab or you're not sure yet so hard to know all right there you go so if you could answer those questions that would really be helpful am i gonna post a key for this i would only post the key for the practice questions that way those people who are in class um would have the benefit of of this or watching the video and then but if you want further explanation you can always uh email me okay all right good so if everybody could vote on this would be really nice if you have the ability that way i can bring it back um to my department and i know that there's a lot of reasons for each one if you what are some reasons that you might want to stay online or on campus or if it's hard to know does anybody have any specific reasons that they might be able to share so focus and accountability for i'm assuming that means for being on campus i think that is so true i think it's so much harder this way you know what i mean i am the same way with being able to to do it is it's better um on campus but some people like it like akeem said you know convenience is one way i know labs should be on campus too that's how i feel travel time is something for some people that's why they can take more classes when they're online so it works for them yeah okay um yep it's true more people can um learn better in a classroom advi um environment i'm the same way dina about heart it's harder to focus online and then of course yeah the gas prices is another thing okay good these are very much like i would i anticipate it's what i feel in both situations too because i can see both sides on this i of course prefer online on campus but you know we got what we got right now thank you for taking the time everybody oh i agree with you on that katie and it's harder to to respond like you know it's like oh yeah you know even though i'm pretty fast i'm not there in that moment you know so true katie all right everybody thank you very much for your responses and i will see some of you on campus today all right have a good one thank you you too riley bye michelle you're welcome daniel all right let's see brady did you need any help or i know what did you need help all right i know if you can hear me um i will be emailing you later on i know that you said you couldn't make it to our appointment today that's not a problem we will reschedule i promise that okay have a good one