Lecture Notes: Structure of the Court System - Crash Course in Government and Politics

Overview

• The court system is a complex network that plays a crucial role in the administration of justice.
• Understanding the structure is key to comprehending how laws are applied and interpreted.

Key Components of the Court System

1. Federal and State Court Systems

• Federal Courts: Handle cases involving federal laws, constitutional issues, or disputes between states.
• State Courts: Deal with violations of state laws and other disputes within state jurisdiction.

2. Levels of Court

• Trial Courts: The first point of contact where cases are initially heard.
  • Handle both civil and criminal cases.
  • Jurors may be present to determine the outcome.
• Appellate Courts: Review decisions made by trial courts.
  • No jurors; focus on legal errors made in trial courts.
  • Can uphold, reverse, or remand cases.
• Supreme Court: The highest court, typically for final appeals.
  • Usually has discretionary jurisdiction, meaning they choose which cases to hear.

Functions of the Court System

• Interpretation of Law: Courts interpret laws and set precedent, influencing future cases.
• Dispute Resolution: Provide a formal setting to resolve disputes between parties.
• Protection of Rights: Uphold constitutional rights and ensure justice is administered.

Importance of Judicial Review

• Judicial Review: Key function allowing courts to determine the constitutionality of laws or executive actions.
• Established by the landmark case Marbury v. Madison.
• Ensures checks and balances within the government.

Key Terms

• Jurisdiction: The authority of a court to hear a case.
• Precedent: Past court decisions that influence future cases.
• Remand: Sending a case back to a lower court for further action.

Conclusion

• The court system is integral to maintaining legal order and ensuring fair application of law.
• Understanding its structure helps in grasping how justice is executed across different levels and jurisdictions.