Stone Age Classification and Tools

Hello friends, Hello friends, in today's video we will cover an important topic of ancient history, in today's video we will cover an important topic of ancient history, stone age, stone age, in detail. in detail. The sources of this video are RS Sharma NCERT class 11 and history of ancient and early medieval by Appendra Singh. The sources of this video are RS Sharma NCERT class 11 and history of ancient and early medieval by Appendra Singh. In this video we will cover the classification of stone age. In this video we will cover the classification of stone age. And after that we will see what the climate was like in the early paleolithic period. And after that we will see what the climate was like in the early paleolithic period. Where did humans live at that time, Where did humans live at that time, what did they eat, what did they eat, and what tools did they use for hunting. and what tools did they use for hunting. So basically the Stone Age is a part of the prehistoric period and this was the time when humans used tools made of stones. So basically the Stone Age is a part of the prehistoric period and this was the time when humans used tools made of stones. We divide the Stone Age into three parts. We divide the Stone Age into three parts. Paleolithic, Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. Mesolithic and Neolithic. Lithic means stone. Lithic means stone. And Paleo means old. And Paleo means old. That is why we also call Paleolithic as Old Stone Age. That is why we also call Paleolithic as Old Stone Age. Similarly, Similarly, Mesolithic is called Late Stone Age and Neolithic is called New Stone Age. Mesolithic is called Late Stone Age and Neolithic is called New Stone Age. Now this Paleolithic period lasted for a very long time. Now this Paleolithic period lasted for a very long time. That is why we further divide this period into Lower Paleolithic, That is why we further divide this period into Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic Age. Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic Age. We have found remains of 3.5 million years old stone tools from East Africa. We have found remains of 3.5 million years old stone tools from East Africa. That is why we consider the Paleolithic Age to have started 3.5 million years ago. That is why we consider the Paleolithic Age to have started 3.5 million years ago. And this Paleolithic Age lasted till 10,000 years ago. And this Paleolithic Age lasted till 10,000 years ago. That is, That is, till around 8000 BC. till around 8,000 BC. If we look at its further categorization, If we look at its further categorization, the lower Paleolithic age started from 3.5 million years ago and lasted till 1 lakh years ago. the lower Paleolithic age started from 3.5 million years ago and lasted till 1 lakh years ago. And the middle Paleolithic age lasted till 400 years ago. And the middle Paleolithic age lasted till 400 years ago. And then we consider the Mesolithic to be from 8000 BC to 4000 BC. And then we consider the Mesolithic to be from 8000 BC to 4000 BC. That is, That is, till 6000 years ago. till 6000 years ago. We have found remains of human activity in India up to 5 lakh years old. We have found remains of human activity in India up to 5 lakh years old. That is, That is, humans were living in India even in the lower Paleolithic time. humans were living in India even in the lower Paleolithic time. Now you can see that even before that, Now you can see that even before that, humans had learned to stand upright. humans had learned to stand upright. The species of humans that had learned to stand upright was called Homo erectus. The species of humans that had learned to stand upright was called Homo erectus. And Homo sapiens means the way we look today, And Homo sapiens means the way we look today, that is, that is, modern human beings. modern human beings. So these were called Homo sapiens. So these were called Homo sapiens. They were first found in the upper Paleolithic age. They were first found in the upper Paleolithic age. Now one more thing to note here is that the Paleolithic period also coincides with the Pleistocene period. Now one more thing to note here is that the Paleolithic period also coincides with the Pleistocene period. That is, That is, the Paleolithic period was when the Ice Age was also going on. the Paleolithic period was when the Ice Age was also going on. At that time, At that time, most of the earth was covered with ice. most of the Earth was covered with ice. Especially the places with higher altitude. Especially the places with higher altitude. So first of all, So first of all, let's start from the Lower Paleolithic. let's start from the Lower Paleolithic. That is, That is, the time that started 35 lakh years ago and ended 1 lakh years ago. the time that started 35 lakh years ago and ended 1 lakh years ago. And if we talk about the climate, And if we talk about the climate, Then there was ice age at that time and as is the case in icy areas, then there was Ice Age at that time and as is the case in icy areas, the climate was cold and dry at that time too. the climate was cold and dry at that time too. But he needed some place to live. But he needed some place to live. But the problem was that the people of that time did not know how to build houses. But the problem was that the people of that time did not know how to build houses. So in such a situation he used to live in caves. So in such a situation he used to live in caves. That is, That is, humans started living in the place between the mountains. humans started living in the place between the mountains. A river passes through Mirpur in Uttar Pradesh, A river passes through Mirpur in Uttar Pradesh, Belen River. Belen River. In the valley of this Belen River, In the valley of this Belen River, we find many caves and rock shelters. we find many caves and rock shelters. Sometimes they work like seasonal camps. Sometimes they work like seasonal camps. That is, That is, if the cold increased too much, if the cold increased too much, then people started living in these places and when the weather was good, Then people started living in these places and when the weather was good, then they went to new places. then they went to new places. Similarly, Similarly, many lower Paleolithic settlements have been found in Sun River Valley which is in today's Pakistan. many lower Paleolithic settlements have been found in Sun River Valley which is in today's Pakistan. Actually, Actually, many such sites have been found in India. many such sites have been found in India. Many such settlements have been found in Thar Desert, Many such settlements have been found in Thar Desert, Kashmir Valley, Kashmir Valley, Mewar Plains, Mewar Plains, Saurashtra, Saurashtra, Gujarat, Gujarat, Central India, Central India, Deccan Plateau, Deccan Plateau, Chodan Agpa Plateau and north of Kaveri River. Chhota Nagpur Plateau and north of Kaveri River. But perhaps the rock shelters of Bimbet attracted humans the most in the Stone Age. But perhaps the rock shelters of Bimbet attracted humans the most in the Stone Age. There are around There are around 100s of caves here. 100s of caves here. And it was seen that humans lived in these caves not only in the Lower Paleolithic times but also in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic times. And it was seen that humans lived in these caves not only in the Lower Paleolithic times but also in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic times. Actually, Actually, these caves were very attractive to humans in the Paleolithic Age and the reason for this was that they got a place to live and there are many forests and many water sources around these caves. these caves were very attractive to humans in the Paleolithic Age and the reason for this was that they got a place to live and there and there are many forests and many water sources around these caves. So they had the arrangement of both food and water. so they had the arrangement of both food and water. These bimbit caves are basically made of sandstone and quadsite and the humans of that time used quadsite to make tools. These bimbit caves are basically made of sandstone and quadsite and the humans of that time used quadsite to make tools. So one advantage of living in these caves was that the raw material for tools was readily available. So one advantage of living in these caves was that the raw material for tools was readily available. So we saw the settlement. So we saw the settlement. That is, That is, we saw how humans lived. we saw how humans lived. Now let us see what humans did for food. Now let us see what humans did for food. So in the lower paleolithic, So in the lower paleolithic, Humans had no knowledge of cultivation or farming. humans had no knowledge of cultivation or farming, So hunting was the only option available to them. so hunting was the only option available to them. But for hunting they needed tools. But for hunting they needed tools. In the lower Paleolithic, In the lower Paleolithic, they made their tools from stone. they made their tools from stone. And these tools used to be unpolished, And these tools used to be unpolished, undressed and rough. undressed and rough. What these people used to do was break a big stone a little from one side so that some rough edges were formed on one side of the stone. What these people used to do was break a big stone a little from the bottom. one side so that some rough edges were formed on one side of the stone. So when they split the stone, So when they split the stone, its bigger part was called core and the smaller part was called flake. its bigger part was called core and the smaller part was called flake. In the lower Paleolithic, In the lower Paleolithic, which we also call early Paleolithic, which we also call early Paleolithic, stone tools were basically made from the core. stone tools were basically made from the core. Look, Look, the tools that humans were using at that time were hand axes, the tools that humans were using at that time were hand axes, cleavers and pebble tools. cleavers and pebble tools. And the tools that were being used here in India, And the tools that were being used here in India, similar tools were being used in Western Asia, similar tools were being used in western Asia. Europe and Africa as well. Europe and Africa as well. That means similar tools were found all over the world. That means similar tools were found all over the world. And these tools were made from Quazite and other strong rock pieces. And these tools were made from Quazite and other strong rock pieces. Quazite is basically hard metamorphic rocks. Quazite is basically hard metamorphic rocks. Now let's see the difference between hand axes and cleavers. Now let's see the difference between hand axes and cleavers. Now both of these are basically core tools but hand axes were basically rubbed or broken in such a way that its shape becomes a little triangular. Now both of these are basically core tools but hand axes were basically rubbed or broken in such a way that its shape becomes a little triangular. Now from one side it looks a little pointed. Now from one side it looks a little pointed. but it is not very pointed. But it is not very pointed. But still for that time it was okay that if you throw it and hit it, But still for that time it was okay that if you throw it and hit it, it would break the head of some animal. it would break the head of some animal. Now this hand axe looks a little gold type. Now this hand axe looks a little gold type. But this cleaver used to be a little flat. But this cleaver used to be a little flat. Its shape was rectangular or sometimes triangular. Its shape was rectangular or sometimes triangular. Now the special thing about it is that one side of it looks a little straight and it was sharpened. Now the special thing about it is that one side of it looks a little straight and it was sharpened. It was sharpened by rubbing it a little. It was sharpened by rubbing it a little. Again I will say one thing that these were sharpened, Again, I will say one thing that these were sharpened, but they were not very sharp. but they were not very sharp. It does not mean that someone's throat could be slit with it, It does not mean that someone's throat could be slit with it. but still they were a little sharp. But still they were a little sharp. So in this way we have covered all the important topics of the lower Paleolithic period. So in this way we have covered all the important topics of the lower paleolithic period. To understand the history of India and the Indian constitution in detail, To understand the history of India and the Indian constitution in in detail, follow the playlist of books Sabah. follow the playlist of books Sabah. You will find the link in the description. You will find the link in the description. Thank you for watching book sabah. Thank you for watching books Sabah.

In this video we will cover the classification of stone age. And after that we will see what the climate was like in the early paleolithic period. And after that we will see what the climate was like in the early paleolithic period. Where did humans live at that time, Where did humans live at that time, what did they eat, what did they eat, and what tools did they use for hunting. and what tools did they use for hunting.

So basically the Stone Age is a part of the prehistoric period and this was the time when humans used tools made of stones. So basically the Stone Age is a part of the prehistoric period and this was the time when humans used tools made of stones. We divide the Stone Age into three parts.

We divide the Stone Age into three parts. Paleolithic, Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. Mesolithic and Neolithic. Lithic means stone.

Lithic means stone. And Paleo means old. And Paleo means old.

That is why we also call Paleolithic as Old Stone Age. That is why we also call Paleolithic as Old Stone Age. Similarly, Similarly, Mesolithic is called Late Stone Age and Neolithic is called New Stone Age. Mesolithic is called Late Stone Age and Neolithic is called New Stone Age. Now this Paleolithic period lasted for a very long time.

Now this Paleolithic period lasted for a very long time. That is why we further divide this period into Lower Paleolithic, That is why we further divide this period into Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic Age. Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic Age. We have found remains of 3.5 million years old stone tools from East Africa.

We have found remains of 3.5 million years old stone tools from East Africa. That is why we consider the Paleolithic Age to have started 3.5 million years ago. That is why we consider the Paleolithic Age to have started 3.5 million years ago. And this Paleolithic Age lasted till 10,000 years ago. And this Paleolithic Age lasted till 10,000 years ago.

That is, That is, till around 8000 BC. till around 8,000 BC. If we look at its further categorization, If we look at its further categorization, the lower Paleolithic age started from 3.5 million years ago and lasted till 1 lakh years ago. the lower Paleolithic age started from 3.5 million years ago and lasted till 1 lakh years ago. And the middle Paleolithic age lasted till 400 years ago.

And the middle Paleolithic age lasted till 400 years ago. And then we consider the Mesolithic to be from 8000 BC to 4000 BC. And then we consider the Mesolithic to be from 8000 BC to 4000 BC.

That is, That is, till 6000 years ago. till 6000 years ago. We have found remains of human activity in India up to 5 lakh years old. We have found remains of human activity in India up to 5 lakh years old. That is, That is, humans were living in India even in the lower Paleolithic time.

humans were living in India even in the lower Paleolithic time. Now you can see that even before that, Now you can see that even before that, humans had learned to stand upright. humans had learned to stand upright. The species of humans that had learned to stand upright was called Homo erectus. The species of humans that had learned to stand upright was called Homo erectus.

And Homo sapiens means the way we look today, And Homo sapiens means the way we look today, that is, that is, modern human beings. modern human beings. So these were called Homo sapiens.

So these were called Homo sapiens. They were first found in the upper Paleolithic age. They were first found in the upper Paleolithic age. Now one more thing to note here is that the Paleolithic period also coincides with the Pleistocene period.

Now one more thing to note here is that the Paleolithic period also coincides with the Pleistocene period. That is, That is, the Paleolithic period was when the Ice Age was also going on. the Paleolithic period was when the Ice Age was also going on. At that time, At that time, most of the earth was covered with ice. most of the Earth was covered with ice.

Especially the places with higher altitude. Especially the places with higher altitude. So first of all, So first of all, let's start from the Lower Paleolithic.

let's start from the Lower Paleolithic. That is, That is, the time that started 35 lakh years ago and ended 1 lakh years ago. the time that started 35 lakh years ago and ended 1 lakh years ago. And if we talk about the climate, And if we talk about the climate, Then there was ice age at that time and as is the case in icy areas, then there was Ice Age at that time and as is the case in icy areas, the climate was cold and dry at that time too.

the climate was cold and dry at that time too. But he needed some place to live. But he needed some place to live. But the problem was that the people of that time did not know how to build houses.

But the problem was that the people of that time did not know how to build houses. So in such a situation he used to live in caves. So in such a situation he used to live in caves. That is, That is, humans started living in the place between the mountains.

humans started living in the place between the mountains. A river passes through Mirpur in Uttar Pradesh, A river passes through Mirpur in Uttar Pradesh, Belen River. Belen River. In the valley of this Belen River, In the valley of this Belen River, we find many caves and rock shelters.

we find many caves and rock shelters. Sometimes they work like seasonal camps. Sometimes they work like seasonal camps. That is, That is, if the cold increased too much, if the cold increased too much, then people started living in these places and when the weather was good, Then people started living in these places and when the weather was good, then they went to new places. then they went to new places.

Similarly, Similarly, many lower Paleolithic settlements have been found in Sun River Valley which is in today's Pakistan. many lower Paleolithic settlements have been found in Sun River Valley which is in today's Pakistan. Actually, Actually, many such sites have been found in India. many such sites have been found in India. Many such settlements have been found in Thar Desert, Many such settlements have been found in Thar Desert, Kashmir Valley, Kashmir Valley, Mewar Plains, Mewar Plains, Saurashtra, Saurashtra, Gujarat, Gujarat, Central India, Central India, Deccan Plateau, Deccan Plateau, Chodan Agpa Plateau and north of Kaveri River.

Chhota Nagpur Plateau and north of Kaveri River. But perhaps the rock shelters of Bimbet attracted humans the most in the Stone Age. But perhaps the rock shelters of Bimbet attracted humans the most in the Stone Age.

There are around There are around 100s of caves here. 100s of caves here. And it was seen that humans lived in these caves not only in the Lower Paleolithic times but also in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic times. And it was seen that humans lived in these caves not only in the Lower Paleolithic times but also in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic times.

Actually, Actually, these caves were very attractive to humans in the Paleolithic Age and the reason for this was that they got a place to live and there are many forests and many water sources around these caves. these caves were very attractive to humans in the Paleolithic Age and the reason for this was that they got a place to live and there and there are many forests and many water sources around these caves. So they had the arrangement of both food and water.

so they had the arrangement of both food and water. These bimbit caves are basically made of sandstone and quadsite and the humans of that time used quadsite to make tools. These bimbit caves are basically made of sandstone and quadsite and the humans of that time used quadsite to make tools. So one advantage of living in these caves was that the raw material for tools was readily available.

So one advantage of living in these caves was that the raw material for tools was readily available. So we saw the settlement. So we saw the settlement.

That is, That is, we saw how humans lived. we saw how humans lived. Now let us see what humans did for food.

Now let us see what humans did for food. So in the lower paleolithic, So in the lower paleolithic, Humans had no knowledge of cultivation or farming. humans had no knowledge of cultivation or farming, So hunting was the only option available to them.

so hunting was the only option available to them. But for hunting they needed tools. But for hunting they needed tools. In the lower Paleolithic, In the lower Paleolithic, they made their tools from stone. they made their tools from stone.

And these tools used to be unpolished, And these tools used to be unpolished, undressed and rough. undressed and rough. What these people used to do was break a big stone a little from one side so that some rough edges were formed on one side of the stone.

What these people used to do was break a big stone a little from the bottom. one side so that some rough edges were formed on one side of the stone. So when they split the stone, So when they split the stone, its bigger part was called core and the smaller part was called flake. its bigger part was called core and the smaller part was called flake. In the lower Paleolithic, In the lower Paleolithic, which we also call early Paleolithic, which we also call early Paleolithic, stone tools were basically made from the core.

stone tools were basically made from the core. Look, Look, the tools that humans were using at that time were hand axes, the tools that humans were using at that time were hand axes, cleavers and pebble tools. cleavers and pebble tools. And the tools that were being used here in India, And the tools that were being used here in India, similar tools were being used in Western Asia, similar tools were being used in western Asia.

Europe and Africa as well. Europe and Africa as well. That means similar tools were found all over the world. That means similar tools were found all over the world.

And these tools were made from Quazite and other strong rock pieces. And these tools were made from Quazite and other strong rock pieces. Quazite is basically hard metamorphic rocks. Quazite is basically hard metamorphic rocks.

Now let's see the difference between hand axes and cleavers. Now let's see the difference between hand axes and cleavers. Now both of these are basically core tools but hand axes were basically rubbed or broken in such a way that its shape becomes a little triangular.

Now both of these are basically core tools but hand axes were basically rubbed or broken in such a way that its shape becomes a little triangular. Now from one side it looks a little pointed. Now from one side it looks a little pointed. but it is not very pointed. But it is not very pointed.

But still for that time it was okay that if you throw it and hit it, But still for that time it was okay that if you throw it and hit it, it would break the head of some animal. it would break the head of some animal. Now this hand axe looks a little gold type.

Now this hand axe looks a little gold type. But this cleaver used to be a little flat. But this cleaver used to be a little flat. Its shape was rectangular or sometimes triangular.

Its shape was rectangular or sometimes triangular. Now the special thing about it is that one side of it looks a little straight and it was sharpened. Now the special thing about it is that one side of it looks a little straight and it was sharpened. It was sharpened by rubbing it a little. It was sharpened by rubbing it a little.

Again I will say one thing that these were sharpened, Again, I will say one thing that these were sharpened, but they were not very sharp. but they were not very sharp. It does not mean that someone's throat could be slit with it, It does not mean that someone's throat could be slit with it.

but still they were a little sharp. But still they were a little sharp. So in this way we have covered all the important topics of the lower Paleolithic period. So in this way we have covered all the important topics of the lower paleolithic period.

To understand the history of India and the Indian constitution in detail, To understand the history of India and the Indian constitution in in detail, follow the playlist of books Sabah. follow the playlist of books Sabah. You will find the link in the description. You will find the link in the description. Thank you for watching book sabah.

Thank you for watching books Sabah.

Transcript for:Stone Age Classification and Tools

Transcript for:
Stone Age Classification and Tools