Globalization in Europe: Late 20th Century

Introduction to Globalization

• Definition: Globalization refers to the increasing economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world.
• Historical Context: Though globalization has historical roots, the late 20th and 21st centuries saw rapid acceleration.

Factors Driving Globalization

1. Proliferation of Multinational Corporations
   • Definition: Corporations incorporated in one country but operate globally.
   • Example: Nestle—headquartered in Switzerland, uses low-wage labor in West Africa, and sells globally.
2. Rise of International Governing Bodies
   • Examples: European Union, United Nations.
   • Role: Enact global policies over individual state benefits.
3. Advancements in Communication and Transportation Technologies
   • Impact: Multiplied connections across time and space.
   • Examples:
     • Telephone: Facilitated long-distance communication.
     • Radio (1930s) and Television (1950s): Democratized entertainment, initially American-dominated.
     • Internet (late 90s, early 2000s): Connected the world like never before, boosting global commerce.

Cultural Impacts and Criticisms

• American Cultural Influence:
  • Imported American entertainment led to the spread of American cultural values in Europe.
  • Criticism arose over perceived "cultural imperialism."

Transportation Technology

• Shift from Trains to Automobiles:
  • Post-1930s, widespread adoption of cars.
  • Infrastructure reoriented towards road transportation.
• Migration: Became easier with improved transportation.

Environmental Concerns and Green Parties

• Environmental Impact:
  • Industrial pollution worsened by globalization.
  • Examples: Pollution of the Rhine River and oil spills in Brittany, France.
• Rise of Green Parties:
  • Arose to combat environmental degradation and oppose globalization policies.
  • Notable success: German Green Party, influenced by events like the Chernobyl disaster.
  • By the end of the 20th century, every European state had its version of a green party.

Conclusion

• Globalization in late 20th century Europe was marked by corporate expansion, technological advances, cultural exchanges, and environmental challenges.
• Green parties emerged as significant political forces, questioning the sustainability of globalization.

• Further Study: AP Euro review materials are recommended for comprehensive exam preparation.