Exploring Biological Theories of Criminality

May 14, 2025

Criminology: Biological Theories of Criminality

Overview

  • Focus on Biological Theories of criminality
  • Key area: Twin and Adoption Studies
  • Assessment criteria: 2.1

Categories of Biological Theories

  1. Genetic
  2. Physiological
  3. Biochemistry
  4. Brain Abnormality

Genetic Explanations

  • Examine the correlation between criminality in:
    • Twins
    • Adopted children and their biological parents
  • Genetics influence criminal behavior, passed from biological parent to child

Twin Studies

Types of Twins

  • Identical Twins (Monozygotic)
    • 100% genetic similarity
    • Genetic factors attributed if both commit crimes
  • Non-identical Twins (Dizygotic)
    • Less genetic similarity
    • Different behaviors suggest genetic influence

Studies & Findings

  • Lang's Study
    • Higher concordance in identical twins (10 out of 13)
    • Lower in non-identical twins (2 out of 17)
  • Christansen's Study (Denmark)
    • 35% identical twins had criminal records
    • Only 13.3% of non-identical twins
  • Ishikawa and Rain's Research
    • Supports genetic explanations for crime

Limitations of Twin Studies

  • Difficult to separate Nature vs. Nurture
  • Environmental influences: raised in same household
  • Social perceptions and differing socialization of twins
  • Concordance rates are not 100%

Adoption Studies

Findings

  • Kings and Mednik
    • Higher concordance between criminal biological parents and adopted children
  • Mednik’s Separate Study
    • 20% risk with biological criminal parents
    • 14.7% risk with adoptive criminal parents

Strengths and Limitations

  • Strengths
    • Reduction of social influences, focus on genetics
  • Limitations
    • Similar adoptive environments could mimic biological environments
    • Psychological impacts of adoption could influence behavior

Conclusion

  • Twin and adoption studies offer insights but have limitations in completely isolating genetic factors from environmental influences in explaining criminal behavior.