Four Generic Possibilities to Explain Reality

Introduction

Four possible explanations for the existence of something (e.g., a piece of chalk):

1. It is an illusion
2. It is self-created
3. It is self-existent
4. It is created by something ultimately self-existent

First Possibility: Reality as an Illusion

• Though it may seem unproductive, the idea that everything is an illusion has been seriously considered by philosophers.
• Rene Descartes used rigorous skepticism to address this.

Historical Context

• 17th century rationalist and mathematician.
• Time of crisis in authority: post-16th century Protestant Reformation and Copernican revolution.
  • Protestant Reformation: Questioned the authority of the Church.
  • Copernican Revolution: Questioned scientific authorities (e.g., Ptolemaic system).
  • Galileo confirmed new astronomical theories with his telescope, adding to the crisis.

Descartes' Response to Skepticism

• Aimed to restore certainty in truth through clear and distinct ideas.
• Followed a method of doubt, questioning everything that could be doubted.
• Sought foundational truths to rebuild knowledge.

Methodology

• Descartes doubted sensory perception, as senses can be deceived.
  • Considered the possibility of a Great Deceiver manipulating reality.
• Cogito, ergo sum (